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BOOK TWO 


MAJOR LATIN 

Declensions, Conjugations, Syntax 
Roman Customs 


For High Schools and Preparatory Schools 

BY 

JOHN EVANS FORSYTHE, A. B. 

Formerly Principal of the Forsythe School, Philadelphia 


AND 

RICHARD MOTT GUMMERE, Ph. D. 


Head Master of the William Penn Charter School, Philadelphia 



PHILADELPHIA 

CHRISTOPHER SOWER COMPANY 
124 North Eighteenth Street 


TA fcoji 

. > "F6ft 

Co pj- a 


Copyright, 1920, by 
Christopher Sower Company 



/ 

APR 28 1920 


©CU566721 



K 


Tvo. ‘J- . 


PREFACE 


This book aims to present the story of Roman language^and life in interesting form, and at 
the same time to prepare the pupil for the reading of Caesar, Cicero, and Vergil. It reproduces 
the material of Junior Latin, Book I, presenting in spring attire the ideas which have weathered 
the winter. It enables the pupil, if he or she has covered Book I, to “review the forms” and 
yet suffer no restraint of necessary progress; or else, if just beginning the study of Latin with 
Book II, it provides the essentials, more advanced and yet no less complete. 

The Topics and Paradigms, transplanted and enlarged from Book I, preserve their natural 
visualization, and save time for the student and for the teacher. The broader horizon and the 
fuller understanding of the content of Roman life will bring increased pleasure to the reader. 

The Eight Parts of Speech form the framework of the whole study; and words are grouped 
throughout accordingly. 

Phrases and sentences illustrating the paradigms are provided abundantly, yet new sentences 
should be supplied in addition at the discretion of instructors as special needs require. 

Each Vocabulary presents a picture of its own. The double-column pages give opportunity 
of showing the two sides of a subject; for example, the substantive and the adjective properties 
of a Pronoun. 

The Verb is introduced gradually, but finally is completely summarized in Paradigm form. 
The treatment of Syntax provides for the reading of any representative Latin author in prepa- 
ration for college. But the pupil himself is the main object in hand; it is not so much a work 
about Latin as a work in Latin, an endeavor to present the Roman point of view in the Roman 
manner to his advantage. By this method Secondary Latin becomes a progressive pleasure 
rather than a meaningless toil. 

The authors gratefully acknowledge their indebtedness to many books of reference and 
grammars: Roby, Allen and Greenough, Harkness, Lane, Bennett, etc., also Becker, J. B. Carter, 
Friedlander, W. S. Fox, H. W. Johnstone, and a host of others. They feel that the most vital 
need of Latin today is a combination of “content-study” and systematic drill, and that this 
combination should be made both searching and interesting. The little learner should be met 
half-way, and escorted all the way. 


WHY DO WE STUDY LATIN? 


Since Latin is a dead language, what is the use of learning it? 

In answer to this, scholars say, “We study Latin to know English. Mastery of English 
is quite impossible without a knowledge of the Latin language.” 


1. Correct Spelling of English words is impossible without it. 


2. Accurate Definition in English is wholly impossible without it. 


3. English Grammar is built out of Latin. 


4. The Romans conquered and explored the known world and gave us the beginnings of our 
Geography. 


5. The Romans conquered the countries from Jerusalem to London, paving the way for 
Christianity, and laying the foundations of all Modern History. 


6. Science studies of Flowers, Birds, Insects, and Animals are full of Latin names. 


7. The Professions, Medicine, Law, Education, derive their terminology from Latin beginnings. 


8. The Sculptor and the Architect go back to Old Rome. 


9. Agriculture teaches the Farmer of today that his favorite farming operations are Roman, 
2000 years old. 

10. The Republics of the Americas find their origin and their model in the Roman Republic. 


Our English Alphabet contains the whole 25 Latin letters, and our English Grammar borrows 
the eight parts of speech, uses the same cases (or their equivalents), numbers, and persons, 
the same voices, moods, and tenses, and the very same method of Analysis, with word, phrase, 
clause, and sentence, Dependent and Independent. Hence it is manifest that Latin is not dead, 
but quite alive in English. A fact quite true also of French, Spanish, and Italian. They are 
full of live Latin. If we study Latin we lay the foundations for all these. 

4 


HOW TO STUDY SECONDARY LATIN 


1. Learn to pronounce your Latin correctly, familiarly, and easily. 

2. Paradigm or Vocabulary: study it accurately, with accents and long quantities, with 
parsings and definitions. 

3. Acquire the habit of reciting these essentials rapidly. The oral parsing, Noun, Fern. 1st 
or N. F. 1, is one thought and quickly said. This habit of intimate association of each Latin 
word by itself with its very own parsing is most helpful in translation through later years. 
Quite automatically, as we say 2x3 are 6, we can give “at one breath” the six facts about 
each Noun or Adjective, viz.: 

cura, curae, N. F. 1, care manus, manus, N. F. 4, a hand 

equus, equi, N. M. 2, a horse spes, spei, N. F. 5, hope 

avis, avis, N. F. 3, a bird brevis, breve, Adj. 3, 2, short 

4. Practice abundantly the exercises of writing and speaking English into Latin. Such 
training is indispensable and invaluable. Original material is readily supplied. 

5. Sight Translation and Rapid Reading are the rewards of persevering endeavor to think 
quickly and, so far as possible, to work without assistance. 

6. Use your Latin! Use it constantly! Observe the Etymologic Stems! They are the keys 
to the spelling and meaning of the thousands of words we daily read and hear. 

Note. — Diagrams for Analysis and Parsing, illustrated Bk. I. pg. 63, give excellent practice: much 
drill in little space. 

Note. — The illustrative Lists of Nouns, Adjectives, Verbs, and Adverbs, following the paradigms, are 
designed for convenient use and reference. Systematic memorizing of parts of these may be done with 
discretion. 


THE CULTURAL VALUE OF LATIN 

Latin and Algebra are reckoned by scholarly educators the two best whetstones that English- 
speaking peoples have. 

The abundant translation of good Latin matures a proficiency in English conversation and 
composition scarcely attainable through other mental discipline. 

Upon that study almost alone the Anglo-American race has climbed to the top in World- 
civilization through the past 500 years ; and with that selfsame impetus may it hope still to lead 
in Christian culture. 

Good Classical Education enriches the life of the citizen in youth, prime, and age; uplifting 
also the level of intellectuality of the nation at large, to the great encouragement of universal 
democracy. 

Brain-power is our Dynamo, essential in every vocation and sphere to best work, to quick 
thought, and to ripest enjoyment. 

We study Latin not merely “to prepare for Caesar,” nor “to prepare for College,” rather to 
promote successful lives. 


5 



BIBLIOTHECAE INSTRUMENTA 


6 



THE LANGUAGE LADDER 

Language is the expression of thought by sign or sound. 


littera, ae, F. 

a letter 


Th souS e } the Letters of the 


Alphabet 


Six Vowels, 

Nineteen Consonants. 


syllaba, ae, Gr. F. 

a syllable 

o / having Pronunciation according to 

syllables j Quantity and Accent. 

verbum, i, N. 

a word 

Tll7 f Eight Classes, called 

^ 0RDS ( Parts of Speech. 

locutio, onis, F. 
a 'phrase- Quint. 

Pttra*™ l used as Nouns > Verbs, 

1 hrases j Ad j ectives> Adverbs. 

membrum, i, N. 
incisum, i, N. 

a clause - Cic. 

r tcpq / ca lled Main or Principal or Independent, 

\ Subordinate or Dependent. 

sententia, ae, F. 

a sentence, 
a period- Cic. 

I Simple, Complex, Compound, 

\ Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative. 


[ Single Expressions of Single Speakers. 
Paragraphs j Groups of Sentences Related, treating 
{ single topics. 

pagina, ae, F. 

a page 

Pages 

caput, itis, N. 

a chapter 

Chapters 

volumen, inis, N. 

a roll 

Volumes 

codex, icis, M. 
liber, bri, M. 

a book 

Books 

bibliotheca, ae, Gr. F. 

the library 

The Library 


7 


THE BOOK 


A codex (orig.), a log of wood, was tied to the foot of a troublesome slave, to be dragged along with 
him about his work. Upon it also he often sat down to rest. 

A codex (later) was a cubical block of wood, sawn into very thin layers or tabulae, which were smeared 
with a coat of wax ready to receive the writing of the stilus, then bound together again much in the shape of 
our present books. 

The liber (orig.), the thin inside bark of trees, was used by the ancients to write upon. 

The liber (later) signified the vellum, sheepskin, or else the papyrus plant (a strong reed growing 
abundantly in the shallow waters on the banks of the Nile, and very largely used by the Hebrews, Greeks, 
and Romans for writing upon). The stalk of the papyrus was cut off in sections, between joints; then split, 
and the inner layers, laid crosswise upon each other, stuck together with Nile mud or flour paste; then 
dried in the sun, pressed flat and polished smooth with pumice-stone, making the pages for manuscripts. 

These pages, written upon the inner side, were pasted edge to edge, so that the reader, unrolling with 
his right hand and rolling up with his left, read straight along page after page through the whole volumen 
or roll. 

A roll was sometimes huge and of great length. A Homer, 120 yards long, was found at Constantinople. 
Usually a volumen had 100 pages or less. The last page was glued to a papyrus-stick to roll the whole upon. 
The ends of the stick, cornua, were painted or gilded. The titulus or index, handsomely colored, hung out 
from the end, whereon was written the title or subject treated, and the number of pages or perhaps of lines 
therein. Title, pages or lines, and author’s name were placed properly on the last page, just as we put 
them properly on the first one. 

The author’s picture was occasionally placed on the first page; also in much later times beautiful minia- 
tures, called illuminations, were inserted throughout. As a protection against age and worms the roll was 
smeared or dipped in cedar-oil, giving the paper a very yellow tint. 

A parchment cover in purple or yellow was provided, and the volumen was complete. 

The capsa, a cylindrical box of beech-wood with a tight cover and sometimes with lock and key, held the 
rolls upon the Library shelf. 

A liber, a book, was usually one volumen; but sometimes an author’s work was written on several 
rolls; hence Ovid speaks of the 15 books of his Metamorphoses as “ter quinque volumina”; the Iliad has 
come down to us also as 24 separate rolls or volumes, which we familiarly style “Books.” 

Ink, atramentum, jet black, made of soot and gum, also purple, from the cuttle-fish, and red, especially 
for signatures and ornaments, filled the twin bottles of the scribe. 

The pen, calamus, a reed sharpened and cleft at the point, was brought also from Egypt. But fashion- 
able persons often wrote with a calamus of silver. 

Other implements of the book-maker were a sponge, a pen-knife, a bit of pumice, compasses, scissors, 
a puncher, a ruler, a pointed bit of lead (for lead-pencil), an erasing blade, a sand-glass, and a water-ewer. 


8 


THE LIBRARY 


Excavators at Herculaneum uncovered a Library in a room so small that a person standing with out- 
stretched arms could touch both sides of it. Yet it had 1700 rolls in the “nests” round its walls and in the 
case in the centre of the room. 

Asinius Pollio (76 B. C.-A. D. 5) set up the first Public Library at Rome on the Aventine, which was 
followed by the grand Library of Augustus the great Emperor in the Temple of Apollo on the Palatine. 
Libraries then became fashionable, built on the sunny side of the rich man’s palace or villa. The owner 
sometimes could not understand even the titles of his books, yet he was mad with the rage of book-collecting. 
His Library hall was elegantly adorned with paintings, statuettes, and busts of great scholars and writers. 

As the art of printing was wholly unknown, and books were written entirely by hand, it is interesting 
to estimate the number of Manuscripts made, the mountainous product of patient toil. 

The Library of Alexandria was the great storehouse of antiquity. The number of its volumina is esti- 
mated variously, up to 700,000 rolls. The Arabs, it is said, in their ignorance deeming it all valueless, 
destroyed it by fire in the year A. D. 641, a loss that scholars of all ages have never ceased to mourn. 
Books in foreign languages were brought to Alexandria to be translated and placed in the Library. The 
Septuagint Version of the Old Testament was made in this way. 

Fire is always the great enemy of books, and especially is this true if they fall into the hands of 
benighted ignorance. 

Scribes, and monks of the Middle Ages, realizing this peril, hid their MSS. in the monasteries and 
abbeys: places safe because sacred. Thence modern scholars and book-lovers have sought them out, 


and placed them on the shelves of the great modern Libraries of Europe. 

The Vatican Library, at Rome, the finest in the World, contains 26,000 MSS. 

Other Libraries, of Rome, Florence, Venice, Milan 28,000 “ 

Bibliotheque Nationale, at Paris (MSS. Livy, Cicero, Ovid, Caesar, Sallust).. 100,000 “ 

Other Libraries, of Berlin, Munich, Vienna, Brussels, Hague, Leyden 123,800 “ 

British Museum, Oxford, and Cambridge 86,000 “ 

Total 363,800 MSS. 


Modern travellers visiting the Museum at Naples may see the cinder manuscript rolls, found in the 
buried cities near by, being unrolled. The work proceeds very slowly in a cubical glass case; the power 
applied is clock-work; the delicate cinder papyrus, as it unrolls, rests upon a broad receiving sheet of sticky 
paper, and is ready for scholars to decipher. Tons of MSS. unrolled and unread await the zeal of the future. 

Scholars study antiquities in excavated ruins, on Papyrus MSS., and Codices, also from Inscriptions on 
walls, on arches, tombs, coins, lamps, jars, vases, and other pottery. Graffiti, scratches, scrawls, or drawings 
made by idlers, slaves, and school-boys on walls, doors, and pillars with red chalk, charcoal, or something 
sharp, are all most valuable also to portray the thoughts and customs of the people. 


9 


THE ROMAN PRONUNCIATION 


a as in artis'tic 
e as in get 
l as in sin 
5 as in obey' 
u as in full 


The Vowels 

a as in art, fa'ther 
e as in prey , = a (English) 

I as in machine', police', = ee in seen 
6 as in go, note, vote 
u as in rule, = oo in fool 


y, or y between u and i, like the French u, and German ii 


Both in aha' 
Both in get' away' 
Both in six’ teen' 
Both in oho' 

Both in ciick'od 


The Diphthongs 

au like ow in now, ou in house ai 

ae like ai in aisle = “aye” (the English “yes”) .... . . . 

G1 like BX in 61/Q fit 

oe like oy in boy 

oi 

ui like English we = oo-ee 

eu like e followed by u in English = eh-oo ou 


= ah-ee 


= oh-ee 
= oh-oo 


c always like h 
g always as in get 
j like y in yet 
r slightly trilled 
s always as in sin 
t always as in tin 
v like English w 


The Consonants 

x always as Jcs 
bs pronounced like ps 
bt pronounced pt 

ph, th, ch like p, t, c. Before about 100 B. C. 
11, mm, nn, tt, both distinctly sounded 
qu like English qu in quit 
su like English sw in sweet 


Note 1 . — Read thus in English: a, a short; a, a long; a, a common. 

Note 2. — The letters u and v were originally the same. Later, u became always a vowel, and v a 
consonant. 

The letters i and j were also originally the same. Later, i became a vowel, and j a consonant. 

10 


SYLLABLES, QUANTITY, ACCENT 


Syllables 

Every word in Latin has as many syllables as 
it has separate vowels or diphthongs. 

Every syllable begins, if possible, with a con- 
sonant. 

The last syllable of a Latin word is called 
the Ultima; the one before the last, the Penult ; 
the second before the last, the Antepenult. 

Quantity 

A vowel is short or long according to the 
time required in pronouncing it; two short 
vowels being equal to one long one. 

Long vowels are marked thus, non, not. 
Short vowels when marked are thus, ea, she. 
A syllable is said to be short or long either 
by Nature or by Position, according to the 
vowel therein. 

Most Vowels and Syllables were perhaps 
originally short by Nature; but from emphasis 
and euphony, it seems, some became long by 
Nature, or were pronounced long by Position. 

Quantity Rules for Vowels 

a. A vowel before another vowel is short. 
h. A vowel before h is short. 

c. A diphthong is always long. 

d. A vowel before nf, ns, j (often), gn (often) 
is long. 

Quantity Rules for Syllables 

a. A syllable is long when it contains a long 
vowel. 

b. A syllable is long when it contains a diph- 
thong. 


c. A syllable is long when it contains a short 
vowel followed by x or z, or by two con- 
sonants (the latter of which is not 1 or r). 

d. A syllable is common when it contains a 
short vowel followed by two consonants 
(the latter of which is 1 or r). 

Quantity Rules for Final Syllables 

a. Most monosyllables are long by Nature. 

Exceptions to this, about 50. 

In polysyllables, 

b. Final i, 6, u are long, 

Exceptions j C-dtfi! dulfegS, mod5 

c. Final a, e, y are short, 

T? „ f a — in words like porta, ama, extra, triginta 

Exceptions j 6 _ in words like di€> mon6> max ime 

d. Final as, es, os are long, 

{ miles, itis 
seges, etis 
obses, idis 

e. Final is, us, ys are short, 

{ is — in plural cases; in words like audis 

f virtus, utis 

us — in 4th Decl.; in words like< palus, udis 
(tellus, uris 

/. Finals in polysyllables ending with a con- 
sonant (not s) are short. 

Accent 

Accent is stress of voice. 

Originally, it is said, all Latin words were 
accented on the first syllable, but with the 
progress of civilization the monotony grew 
irksome, variations crept in, and standard 
rules were established. 

Rules of Accent 

a. Words of two syllables have the accent on 
the penult, thus ho'mo, man. 
b. Words of more than two syllables have the 
accent on the penult if it is long, thus, 
Romano'rum, of the Romans; otherwise on 
the antepenult, thus, Ci'cerb, Cicero. 


11 


THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH 


The Noun 


Declensions, 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th 

flpnrlpr* / Masculine, Feminine, 

\ Neuter, Common 
Numbers, Singular, Plural 

Cases i Nominative, Genitive, Dative, 
\ Accusative, Vocative, Ablative 


The Adjective 

has 


Comparison ( P ositi , ve >. Comparative, 
( Superlative degrees 


1st and 2d 
3d 

Genders, Masc., Fem., Neut. 
Numbers, Sing., Plur. 

f Nom., Gen., Dat., 

\ Acc., Voc., Abl. 


Declensions 


Cases 


The Pronoun 

has 

Persons, 1st, 2d, 3d 

Declension 

Genders, Masc., Fem., Neut. 
Numbers, Sing., Plur. 

Cases ( Nom., Gen., Dat., 

\ Acc., Voc., Abl. 


The Verb 


Transitive 

Intransitive 


Tenses 


Conjugations, 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th 

Voices, Active, Passive 

Moods ( I nc ^ ca ti ve > Subjunctive, 

\ Imperative 

f Present, Imperfect, Future, 

\ Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect 
Numbers, Singular, Plural 
Persons, 1st, 2d, 3d 

also 

Noun forms = Infinitives, Gerunds, Supines 

Adjective forms — Participles 


The Adverb 


has 


Comparison 


Positive, Comparative, 
Superlative degrees 


f of Time, Place, Degree, Manner, 
Adverbs <! Cause, Condition, Concession, 

[ Comparison, Purpose, Result 


The Preposition 

{ connect words together, 

also 

show the relation between them 

{ 26 gov. the Acc. 

8 gov. the Abl. 

4 gov. both 


The Conjunction 


Coordinate 

Subordinate 


( words, 

clauses,’ 

sentences 

Conjunctive Adverbs serve a double purpose. 


They connect and also modify. 


The Interjection 

is an 


Expression of 


joy, 

grief, 

pain, 

surprise 


It is also used in calling attention 


There are about 40 Interjections in Latin. 


12 


INFLECTION 


1 

Inflection 


Inflection is the changing of the ending of a 
word to express change of meaning. 


There are three modes of 
Inflection : 


Declension 

Comparison 

Conjugation 


Nouns have Declension, 

Adjectives, Declension and Comparison, 
Pronouns, Declension, 

Adverbs, Comparison, 

Verbs have Conjugation. 


Rules of Gender 

Masculine: Names of males, of winds, and 
months; most names of rivers and mountains. 

Feminine: Names of females; most names 
of countries, towns, and islands; also most 
names of plants, flowers, shrubs, and trees. 

Neuter: Indeclinable nouns, infinitives, let- 
ters of the alphabet, words, phrases and clauses 
used as nouns, also many others. 

Common : Names “applicable to either sex/’ 
or imagined so. 


The Two Numbers 

Singular and Plural 

The Singular denotes one; the Plural, more 
than one. 

The Three Genders 

Masculine, Feminine, Neuter 

The term Masculine is applied to male nouns, 
and to nouns imagined to be male; as, agricola, 
farmer; honor, honor. 

The term Feminine is applied to female 
nouns, and to nouns imagined to be female; as, 
femina, woman; navis, a ship. 

The Latin term Neuter signifies neither of 
the two. It is often applied to nouns neither 
male nor female; as, metallum, a metal; mare, 
the sea. 

But some nouns in Latin are called Neuter, 
which cannot be imagined to be without gen- 
der; as, animal, an animal. 

Some nouns also have two genders, Mascu- 
line and Feminine. These are said to have 
Common Gender; as, mus, a mouse, a rat. 


The Cases 

The Three Cases in English 

1. Nominative, the case of the Subject; as, 

The boy runs. 

2. Possessive, the case of Possession; as, 

The boy’s boot. 

3. Objective, the case of the Object; as, 

The boy loves apples. 

The Six Cases in Latin 

1. Nominative, 

The Case of the Subject. 

2. Genitive, 

The English Objective with preposi- 
tion of. 

3. Dative, 

The English Objective with preposi- 
tions to or for. 

4. Accusative, 

The Case of the Object. 

5. Vocative, 

The Case of Address. 

6. Ablative, 

The English Objective with preposi- 
tions from, by, with, in. 


THE ROMAN PUNCTUATION 

Aristophanes, librarian of the great Alexandrian Library, born 257 B. C., was the founder of systematic 
Punctuation. He placed one dot “high,” on a level with the top of the letters = a Period, one dot in the 
middle of the line of writing = a Comma, one dot low down on the line = a Semicolon. 

But the Roman scribe did not do this. Of the four kinds of Greek letters, he preferred the large 
rounded Uncials. These letters ran on solidly in lines without separation of words. 

Later, to facilitate reading aloud, single dots stood between the words. This “Interpunction” is proved 
by a bit of poetry found in Herculaneum. Very slowly, through fourteen centuries, by the time printing 
was invented, men learned to space their words without the dot between, placing a double-dot (. .) or 
(:) at the end of every sentence, and finally the large full-stop dot (.) or modern period. 

13 


THE GREEK PREFIXES 


a, dv 

a-, an-, 

without 

a-, 


a vd 

ana-, 

up, throughout 

be-, 


dvrt 

anti-, 

against, opposite to 

dis-, 


duo 

apo-, 

from, away 

en- 


Kara 

cata-, 

down 

em- 

in- 


bid 

dia-, 

through 

im- 


§X , £% 

ec-, 

out, out of 

fore- 

> 

3 f 

87U 

epi-, 

upon 

mis-. 

i 

V7tep 

hyper-, 

over, above 

out-, 


c J 

Vito 

[isra 

hypo-, 

meta-, 

under 

beyond, after, among 

over- 

■> 

napd 

para-, 

by the side of 

un- 


7tepc 

peri-, 

round 

under-, 

ovv 

syn-, 

together, with 

with-, 


sy- 

syl- sym- 


THE SAXON PREFIXES 

on, in, to, at 

over, to make completely, (intensive) 
un-, not 

in, into, 
to make, 
to put into 

before, in front of 
wrong 

beyond, more than 
above (normal), too much 

t . . i {f rom > 

(before Verbs) to take {off. 


[away 


{ (before Adjectives) not 

beneath, less than 
from, against 


THE LATIN PREFIXES 


a- 


( ^ } (before Adjectives), not 

from, off, away un-J 

ig- il- im- ir- 

ad-, to, by or near, on or upon, up, against, for, at * nter_ ’ between, among 


ac- 

ap- 


af- 

ar- 


ag- 

as- 


al- 

at- 


de- 


ante-, before 

bi-, bis-, twice, two 

circum-, round 

cis-, on this side of 

con- (cum-), with, together, (intensive) j 

co- cog- col- com- cor- [ completely 
contra-, counter-, against, in an opposite direction 
j down, downward, down from, from, off, 
\away, about, concerning, un- 
dis-, not 

dis-, apart, asunder, opposite of 

di- dif- 

ex-, out, out of, from, away 

e- ec- ef- 

extra-, beyond 

in- ) , , _ . . / in, on, 

en- J ( into, upon 

il- im- ir- em- 

in- (before Nouns) opposite of, absence of 

im- ir- 


intro-, within 
ob-, against, in the way of / in front of 

oc- of- o- op- l (intensive) 
per-, through, thoroughly, (intensive) 
post-, after 
pre-, before 

preter-, beyond, more than 
j before, forward, forth 
** \ for or instead of 

re-, back, again, anew 
retro-, backwards 
se-, aside, apart 
semi-, half 
sine-, without 

{under, beneath, 

\ slightly 

sue- suf- sug- sum- sup- SUS' 

subter-, beneath, secretly 

super-) , 

gu j. > above, over 

trans-, across 
ultra-, beyond 


sub- 


A Prefix occasionally has no verbal definition. It is often intensive or merely contributing to euphony. 

14 


TABLE OF SUFFIXES 


In Adjectives 

-ac (Gr.) 

-al, -ial 
-ic, -ical 
-an, -ean 


In Nouns (abstract) 


-lan, -ane 
-id, -ite 
-ine, -ile 
-ar, -ary 
-y, -ory 


of, 

pertaining to, 
belonging to, 
relating to, 
according to, 
like, - ing 


| consisting of , like 


-acious, much, very, greatly 


-eous 

-aceous 


-ar 


relating to 


in the form of 
-ate, having, -ed, -d, -i 
-en (A. S.), made of, - ed 

-ant] 

-ent [ -ing, being 

-id J 

-escent, beginning to, becoming 
-er, more -est, most 

-ish (A. S.)( o/ - belo ^ng to, 
v ' [somewhat, like 

-ive, having the power to 

-like, (A, S.) ] 

-ly, (A. S.) \like, resembling 
-oid, (Gr.) ) 

-less (A. S.), without 

-ble 
-able 
-ible 
-ile 


may or can be, 
able to be, 
fit to be, 
worthy to be 


-ful (A. S.) 
-lent, -ed, -ied 
-ose, -ous 
-(e)ous, -(i)ous 
-some (A. S.) 
-y (A. S.) 


full of, 
consisting of, 
abounding in, 
devoted to, 
like, having 


-ward (A. S.), in the direction of 


-acy 
-ance 
-ancy 
-ence 
-ency 
-hood 
-mony 
-ness, -ice 
-t, -th 
-ude, -tude 
-ety, -ity, -ty 
-ure, -eur 
-ate, -y 


act of being, 
state of being, 
condition of 
being, 

quality of being, 
office of, 
practice of, 

-ing, - ness 


-escence, state of becoming 

-ics (Gr.), art or science of 

{ theory of, 
practice of, 
doctrine of 


-age 


collection of, 
collectively , 
payment for, 
state of being 


-acy (Gr.) ] office of, 

-dom (A. S.) [ dominion of, 
-ship (A. S.) j state of being 


-ion 


the act of, art of, 
the process of 


-ion ] the act of, 
-ment \ state of being, 

-ure ) 4ng 


In Adverbs 


■erly (A. S.) 
-ward (A. S.) 
-wards (A. S.) 
-wise (A. S.) 


-atim, (one) by (one) 

:r. 


in the direction 

of 


regard to 

manner 

15 


In Nouns (persons, places, things) 

-an, -en, -ean, -ian 
-ant, -ent 
-ar, -er, -or, -eur 
-ary, -ory, -y 
-ate, -al 
-ic, -ice, -ician one who, 
-t, -it, -ite (Gr.) ( that which 

-ive, -iff 
-ard (A. S.) 

-ee, -eer, -ier (Fr.) 

-ist (Gr.) 

-ster (A. S.) 


-ess 

-(tr)ix 


(Fem.), one who 


-ary, -ery 
-al, -ial 
-or, -ory 
-ment, -ide that which, 


a thing that, 


-mony 
-ice, -ive 
-ion, -ure 

-ary, -y 
-ery 
-ory 

-ry (A. S.) 

-cle, -cule, -ule 
-el, -le 

-en (A. S.) 

-kin (Dutch) 

-et, -ette, -let 
-ling (A. S.) 
-ock (A. S.) 


the place where 


place where 


little , 
slight , 

(diminutives) 


-en (A. S.) 

-fy 


In Verbs 

take, to g 
put, to take, to do 

to make 


j to make, to give, 

'{to 


-ish (Gr .) I to. make 

V 7 l (Wl 


(without signification) 


-ise (Gr.) ( to act, to speak, 

-ize (Gr.) \ to make, to put, to da 


PAGE OF POINTS 


Convenient for Reference 

A, an, the, Articles in English, are not found in Latin; in translation we insert them as 
convenient. 

His, her, its, their, Personal Pronouns, Possessive Case, were usually omitted in every-day 
Roman speech and writing as redundant. We insert them in translation; as, Civis togam induit, 
The citizen puts on (his) toga. 

Est, sunt, erat, erant, etc. (especially when they begin a sentence), are often conveniently translated 
(there) is, (there) are , (there) was, (there) were, etc. 


Gender in Latin Nouns does not regularly follow sex. 

In the 1st, 2d, 4th, and 5th Declensions it usually follows terminations, but in the 3d 
Declension it is purely a question of memory on the part of the student. No rule holds good. 

It is helpful to remember that things masterful or manly, in Roman eyes, are often 
Masculine ; as the whirlwind , the loadstone, the mountain, the blood, toil, pain, fear, love. 

Qualities or Conditions are apt to be Feminine; as health, strength, power, fever, thirst, hunger , 
night, weather, snow, light, liberty , loneliness, bravery, slavery, youth, age. 

Things of the Mind, mens, tis, F., are quite often Feminine; as desire, opinion, reason, art, 
law, peace, piety, pleasure, prayers, praise. 

Neuter Nouns, in all Declensions, have their Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative alike; 

w f Nom. templum [ Nom. templa. 

while the plurals oi these end in a: Singular \Acc. templum Plural \Acc. templa. 

I Voc. templum [ Voc. templa. 

Neuter Nouns, 3d Declension, short in the Nominative, keep their increment short; 
as, {£“' UrmtSis marmoris SSports capitis. Exceptions with Nouns in al, ar. 

Comparatives in Declension lengthen their increment; as, { SstSris. 

Hie, this, the Demonstrative Pronoun, scholars do not agree upon as to quantity. 

Hie, here, the Adverb of Place, was certainly pronounced long. 

Gerunds govern their Object in the Accusative Case. 

Gerundives agree with their Object in Gender, Number, and Case. 

Hidden Quantity occurs with every vowel standing before two consonants or a double con- 
sonant in any word. The poets made it long in their poetry, just as we often do. But its real 
sound in most Latin words is hidden, being lost through the centuries. Cicero has told us that 
a vowel before ns or nf was always long, but scholars are not all sure that a vowel before gn 
was long. We may say dens, pons, infans, but are not so sure of magnus, benignus. 

Most verbs ending in -go appear to have had their Perfect Indicative Active and Perfect 
Passive Participle long; as, rego, rexi, rectus; tego, texi, tectus. 

Verbs ending in -sco, called Inceptive, also we suppose had a long vowel before the sc; as, 
languesco, get weak; valesco, get strong. 


16 


THE NOUN, THE ADJECTIVE, THE ADVERB 


17 






VIR TOGATUS 


18 

« 


\ 



THE NOUN 


A Noun is a Name. (Latin nomen, nominis, N. N. 3, a name.) 

Noun is the name of any person, place, thing, or thought. 

The Nouns of the Five Declensions are distinguished by their stem-letter as well as by the 
termination of the Genitive Cases, Singular and Plural, viz. : 


1st 

2d 

3d 

4th 

Genitive f sing, ae 

i 

is is 

us 

Endings \ Piur. a-rum 

o-rum 

um, i-um 

u-um 

Stem Letter a 

0 

some “ 

consonant 1 

u 


5th 

ei, ei 
e-rum 
e 


The First Declension, Nouns Feminine mostly, includes 
Names of women, names of countries, also many names of cities and towns. 

The Second Declension, Nouns Masculine mostly, includes 

Names of men, names of nations, names of rivers; but names of rocks, stones, mines, 
metals, and minerals are Neuter; fruits also are Neuter, while fruit trees are Feminine. 

The Third Declension, all genders, like the Third Conjugation of Verbs, is very large. It 
includes the things and thoughts of daily life. 

The Fourth Declension, Nouns Masculine mostly, like the Fourth Conjugation of Verbs, is 
very meagre; including mostly abstract nouns of mind and motion. 

The Fifth Declension, Nouns Feminine, was borrowed from Greece at a later date, where 
we find it almost identical with the Latin First. 


THE ADJECTIVE 

The Adjective is a qualifying word. (Latin adjectus, a, um, P. P. P., thrown near.) 

An Adjective is a word placed near a Noun, either before or after it, to describe or limit it. 
Adjectives resemble Nouns so closely that some great scholars make little distinction. They 
say, Red is a color. Red is a Noun. 

Adjectives have Declension. 

Adjectives of 3 endings Adjectives of 2 endings Adjectives of 1 ending 


bonus, 

1st and 2d Decl’s. 

bona, 

bonum 

3d Decl. 

tristis, triste 

3d Decl. 

felix 

tener, 

tenera, 

tenerum 

tristior tristius 

prudens 

piger, 

pigra, 

pigrum 


vetus 

acer, 

3d Decl. 

acris, 

acre 




Adjectives have Comparison. 

firmus, firm firmior, firmei firmissimus, firmest 


THE ADVERB 

The Adverb is a modifying word. (Latin ad, near; verbum, i, N. N. 2, word.) 

An Adverb is a word placed near a Verb or Adjective, before or after it, to modify its meaning. 
Adverbium est pars 5rati5nis indeclinabilis, cujus significatio verbis adjicitur.-Quint. 
Adverbs are often said to be derived from Adjectives and Nouns. They are largely cases 
crystallized by custom. 

Adverbs have only Comparison. 

firmiter } firmius, more firmly firmissime, most firmly 

19 


1st 


FIRST DECLENSION— The a Nouns (a Stems) 


Endings ( The Genitive Singular of Nouns of the First Declension ends in ae. 

and <1 The Nominative Singular ends in a. 

Gender [Nouns of the First Declension are Feminine , unless they denote men. 


SINGULAR NUMBER 

Cases 


Nominative 

Genitive 

Dative 

Accusative 

Vocative 

Ablative 


port-ae (por'taye), of a gate 
port-ae (por'taye), to, for a gate 
port-am (por'tam), a gate (Obj.) 
port-a (por'ta),. 0 gate, gate! 

port-a (por'ta), gate 


Cases 

Nominative 

Genitive 

Dative 

Accusative 

Vocative 

Ablative 


PLURAL NUMBER 

port-ae (por'taye), { 

port-arum (porta'robm), of gates 
port-is (por'teece), to, for gates 
port-as (por'tas), gates (Obj.) 
port-ae (por'taye), 0 gates , gates ! 

port-is (por'teece), {^’ JJ’Jfoto 


Table of Terminations 


Sing. 

coro'n 



Nom. 

a, 

a crown (Subj.) 

Gen. 


ae, 

of a 

Dat. 


ae, 

to, for 

Acc. 


am, 

a ( ) (Obj.) 

Voc. 


a, 

0 

Abl. 


a, 

f from, by, 

\ with, in 

Plur. 




Nom. 

coro'n 

ae, 

crowns (Subj.) 

Gen. 


a'rum, 

of 

Dat. 


is, 

to, for 

Acc. 


as, 

( )s (Obj.) 

Voc. 


ae, 

0 

Abl. 


is, 

f from , by, 

\ with, in 


NOUNS, FEMININE, FIRST DECLENSION 


femina, ae, F. (fa'mlna), a woman 
puella, ae, F. (pob'ella), a girl 
regina, ae, F. (ragee'na), a queen 
aquila, ae, F. (a'kwila), an eagle 
columba, ae, F. (kolbbm'ba), a dove, a pigeon 
ulula, ae, F. (db'lbbla), an owl 


gallina, ae, F. (gallee'na), a hen 

vacca, ae, F. (wak'ka), a cow 

corona, ae, F. (koro'na), a wreath, a crown 

rosa, ae, F. (ro'sa), a rose 

viola, ae, F. (wl'ola), a violet 

palma, ae, F. (pal'ma), a palm 


VERBS INTRANSITIVE (having no Object) 

currit, (koor'rft), 3dPers. sing, runs ambulat, walks volat , flies 

currunt, (koor-roont), 3dPers. Piur. rww ambulant, walk volant, fly 


vivit, lives 
vivunt, live 


A 

Subject Intr. Vb. 

Nom. 3d Pers. 

Sing. Sing. 

1. Femina vivit. 

2. Puella currit. 

3. Regina ambulat. 

4. Aquila volat. 

5. Ulula volat. 


B 

Subject Intr. Vb. 
Nom. PI. 3d Pers. 

Plur. 

1. Feminae vivunt. 

2. Puellae currunt. 

3. Reginae ambulant. 

4. Aquilae volant. 

5. Ululae volant. 


C 

Subj. Intr. Vb. 

N. S. 3d S. 

1. The dove runs. 

2. The queen lives. 

3. The cow walks. 

4. The pigeon flies. 

5. The eagle lives. 

20 


D 

Subj. Intr. Vb. 

N. PI. 3d PI. 

1. The doves run. 

2. Queens live. 

3. The cows walk. 

4. The pigeons fly. 

5. The eagles live. 


NOONS MASCULINE, FIRST DECLENSION 


1st 


(parse N. M. 1) 

Very few in number 


agricola, ae, M. (agri'cola), a farmer 
auriga, ae, M. (ouree'ga), a charioteer 
poeta, ae, M. (poa'ta), a poet 
scriba, ae, M. (skree'ba), a scribe, (a f or hTre°/ b °° ks 
incola, ae, C. (een'kola), an inhabitant 
accola, ea, C. (ak'kola), a neighbor 


nauta, ae, M. (now'ta), a sailor 
pirata, ae, M. Gr. (peera'ta), a pirate 
advena, ae, C. (ad'wgna), a stranger 
conviva, ae, C. (konwee'wa), a guest (at table) 

athleta, ae, C. Gr. (atla'ta), j a m 


VERBS TRANSITIVE (having an Object) 


laudat, (low'dat), 3d sing, praises 

portat, carries habet, has, holds 

invltat, invites 

laudant, (low'dant) 

i, 3d Piur. praise 

portant, carry habent, have, hold 

invitant, invite 



Sentences 




A 



C 


Subject 

Object Trans. Vb. 

Subject 

Object 

Trans. Vb. 

Nom. 

Accus. 

3d Pers. 

Nom. 

Accus. 

3d Pers. 

Sing. 

Sing. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Plur. 

Plur. 

1. Agricola 

vaccam 

habet. 

1. Agricolae 

columbas 

habent. 

2. Auriga 

coronam 

habet. 

2. Aurlgae 

coronas 

habent. 

3. Regina 

coronam 

habet. 

3. Reglnae 

aurlgas 

habent. 

4. Poeta 

reglnam 

laudat. 

4. Poetae 

agri colas 

laudant. 

5. Nauta 

. aquilam 

laudat. 

5. Incolae 

poetas 

laudant. 

6. Regina 

rosam 

portat. 

6. Convlvae 

rosas 

portant. 

7. Columba 

palmam 

portat. 

7. Aurlgae 

palmas 

portant. 

8. Pirata 

ululam 

portat. 

8. Puellae 

violas 

portant. 

9. Regina 

scrlbam 

invltat. 

9. Feminae 

accolas 

invitant. 

10. Advena 

nautam 

invltat. 

10. Athletae 

incolas 

invitant. 


B 



D 


Subject 

Trans. Vb. 

Object 

Subject 

Trans. Vb. 

Object 

1. The woman 

has 

a violet. 

1. The women 

have 

roses. 

2. A guest 

praises 

the violet. 

2. Guests 

praise 

the roses. 

3. The girl 

carries 

a rose. 

3. Women 

carry 

violets. 

4. A guest 

praises 

the rose. 

4. Poets 

praise 

the violets. 

5. The farmer 

has 

a cow. 

5. Farmers 

have 

cows. 

6. A stranger 

praises 

the cow. 

6. The girls 

praise 

the wrestlers. 

7. The athlete 

carries 

a palm. 

7. The pirates 

praise 

the pigeons. 

8. A sailor 

praises 

the palm. 

8. The strangers 

carry 

palms. 

9. The queen 

invites 

a guest. 

9. The neighbors 

invite 

the strangers. 

10. A neighbor 

praises 

the guest. 

10. The inhabitants 

praise 

the eagle. 

Rule of Syntax. — 

The Subject of a 

Verb is in the 

Rule of Syntax.— 

■The Object of 

a Transitive Verb 


Nominative Case. is in the Accusative Case. 

21 


ORBIS TERRARUM 

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VOCABULARY I— ORBIS 

Many names of Countries and Islands 

Europa, ae, F. Europe 

Asia, ae, F. Asia 

Libya, ae, F. Libya , (now Africa) 

Celtica, ae, F. The country of the Celts, ( Seits ) 
Albion, ionis, (3d Deck), F. Britain, (the white land) 

Ierne', es, P. Gr. Hibernia {Xr. dtoTcoid for man 

Thule, es, F. Gr. Iceland 

Hiberia, ae, F. Gr. Iberia, (Greek name for Spain) 

Italia, ae, F. Italy 
Sicilia, ae, F. Sicily 

Thracia, ae, F. Gr. Thrace , (^country west of the 
Macedonia, ae, F. Gr. Macedonia, (t north of ry 

Greece) 


terra, ae, F. a land, a country 

patria, ae, F. the father-land, (one’s native country) 

insula, ae, F. an island 

paeninsula, ae, F. a peninsula 


A 


Subj. 

Vb. 

Pred. Nn. 

Abl. Place 

1. Sicilia 

est 

Insula 

in Europa. -Cic. 

2. Arabia 

est 

paeninsula 

in Asia -Plin. 

3. Italia 

est 

paeninsula 

in Europa. 

4. Graecia 

est 

paeninsula 

in Europa. 

5. Britannia 

est 

Insula 

in Europa. 

6. Hiberia 

erat paeninsula 

in Europa. 

7. Celtica 

erat terra 

in Europa. 

8. Aethiopia erat terra 

in Libya. 

9. India 

est 

terra 

in Asia. 

10. Armenia 

est 

terra 

in Asia. 


B 

1 . Macedonia was a country in Europe. 

2. Thrace was a country in Europe. 

3. Syria is a country in Asia. 

4. Media was a country in Asia. 

5. Judea was a country in Syria. 

Rule of Syntax. — The Predicate Noun takes the 
case of the Subject Noun . 


TERRARUM fS Roman World 8 | § t 

were Nouns, Fem., First, Singular only. 

Graecia, ae, F. Greece 
Syria, ae, F. Syria 

Palaestina, ae, F. Gr. Palestine, ‘^SS) 0 ' lhe 
Armenia, ae, F. Gr. Armenia, (home of the apricot) 
Arabia, ae, F. Gr. Arabia, (s ^ c e e s) of ecms and pel " 
Media, ae, F. Gr. Media 

India, ae, F. India , (source of ivory and pearls) 

Aetluopia, ae, F. Gr. Ethiopia, (la ^ e f the uppcr 
Taprobane', es, Gr. Ceylon { ha ' u “ e S. a8ricu1 ' 


Verbs 

est, is erat, was erit, will be 

sunt, are erant, were erunt, will be 

Prepositions 

in, in, on (with Abl.). Ablative of Place Where 

in, into, upon (with Acc.). Accusative of End of Motion 

ad, to, towards (with Acc.) 

c 

Subj. Vb. Pred. Nn. Lim. Gen. 

1. Greece was the fatherland of poets. 

2. Asia was the fatherland of pirates. 

3. Britain was the fatherland of the chariot- 

eers. 

4. India was the native country of the stran- 

gers. 

5. Judea was the fatherland of the scribes. 

6. Iberia is the fatherland of queens. 

7. Arabia was a native country of the palm. 

8. Italy was a native country of the dove. 

9. Sicily was a land of roses. 

10. Libya was a land of strangers. 

D 

1. Femina erat incola Siciliae. 

2. Graecia erat patria athletarum. 

3. Thracia erat patria plratarum. 

4. Britannia est patria nautarum. 

5. Italia erat patria agricolarum. 

Rule of Syntax. — The Limiting Noun is put in 
the Genitive. 


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24 


VOCABULARY II— ORBIS TERRARUM 


1st 


(Parse N. F. 1) 


Britannia, ae, F. Britain , (now England) 

{ a country without snakes, 
eat till they burst 

Gallia, ae, F. Gaul , (now France) 

Hispania, ae, F. Spain 
Lusitania, ae, F. Lusitania, (now Portugal) 
Germania, ae, F. Germany 
Scandinavia, ae, F. Zealand, (the island) 
Sarmatia, ae, F. Russia, (home of the Slavs) 

Dacia, ae, F. Gr. Dacia, (t^ountry north of the 
Corsica, ae, F. Corsica, (source of wild honey) 

. (famed for a poisonous herb, 

Sardinia, ae, F. Sardinia, which made its victims die 

laughing) 

Creta, ae, F. Gr. Crete, (the chalk island) 

A 

Subj. Vb. Pred. Abl. 

Nn. Place 

1. Hibernia was an island in Europe. 

2. Gaul was a country in Europe. 

3. Spain was a peninsula in Europe. 

4. Lusitania was a country in Spain. 

5. Zealand was an island in Europe. 

6. Parthia was a country in Asia. 

7. Judea was a country in Palestine. 

8. Mauritania was a country in Libya. 

9. Scythia was a country in Asia. 

10. Africa was a country in Libya. 

B 

1. Sarmatia erat terra in Eurdpa. 

2. Creta erat Insula in Eurdpa. 

3. Corsica est Insula in Eurdpa. 

4. Serica erat terra in Asia. 

5. Dacia erat provincia in Eurdpa. 


Judaea, ae, F. Gr. Judea, (the country of the Jews) 
Mauritania, ae, F. Gr. Mauritania, (now Morocco) 

Numidia, ae, F. Numidia 

A f rip ap F Afrirn (a small country around Carthag 5 
Allied,, de, r . /ijrita, opposite Italy on the south) 

Aethiopia, ae, F. Gr. Ethiopia, ST* 

Scythia, ae, F. Scythia, (now Siberia) 

Serica, ae, F. now China, (the silk country; 

(famed for its mail-clad horse- 
Parthia, ae, 4 . Parthia, men, who shot showers of ar- 
rows backward as they fled) 

Babylonia, ae, F. Babylonia, (b ffCf uphrate3 

geographia, ae, F. Gr. geography 
provincia, ae, F. a province 

C 

Subj. Vb. Pred. Lim. 

Nn. Gen. 

1. Scrlba erat incola Galliae.-Cic. 

2. Nautae erunt incolae Hispaniae. 

3. Athletae erant incolae Graeciae. 

4. Aurlgae erant incolae Britanniae. 

5. Convlvae erunt incolae Syriae. 

6. Plratae erant incolae Sardiniae. 

7. Agricolae erunt convlvae reglnae.- Hor. 

8. Advenae erunt convlvae poetarum. 

9. Feminae erunt convlvae agricolarum. 

10. Plratae erunt convlvae nautarum. 

D 

1. The girls were inhabitants of Spain. 

2. The sailors will be inhabitants of Hibernia. 

3. The women were inhabitants of Corsica. 

4. The strangers will be inhabitants of Russia. 

5. Gaul was a province in Europe. 


Rule of Syntax . — Place where is expressed by the Locative Ablative with the Preposition in. 

25 



26 



VOCABULARY— FAMOUS CITIES AND TOWNS 

Many names of Cities and Towns were Nouns, Fem., First, sometimes Plural only 



urbs, is, F. (3dDed.), a city 
Alba Longa, F. Alba Longa , (built by Ascanius) 
Roma, a©, F. Rome, (Po>V>?, strength, vigor of mind) 
Ostia, ae, F. Ostia , (seaport of Rome) 


Baiae, arum, F. Baiae, Hot mineral 

PlSae, arum, F. Pisa, (^nded by men from Pisa in 


Florentia, ae, F. Florence , (mentioned by Pliny) 
Genua, ae, F. Genoa , (a lumber port) 

Ravenna, ae, F. Ravenna 
Cannae, arum, F. Cannae 


__ _ _ ("founded by Greeks, 

Cumae, arum, F. Cumae, \ iosob. c. 

(1st Capital of Campania 

Capua, ae, F. Capua , (2d Capital of Campania) 

, (The New City, 

NeapollS, IS, F. (3dDecl.), Naples] 3d Capital of 

( Campania 


Troja, ae, F. Gr. Troy 

Athenae, arum, F. Gr. Athens 

Sparta, ae, F. Gr. Sparta 

Thebae, arum, F. Gr. Thebes 

Alexandria, ae, F. Gr. Alexandria 

Antiochia, ae, F. Gr. Antioch 

Palmyra, ae, F. Palmyra 

Hierosolyma, orum, N. ( 2 d Deck), Gr. Jerusalem 

Syracusae, arum, F. Syracuse 

Zama, ae, F. Zama, (in Africa) 

Massilia, ae, F. Marseilles, (ancient Greek colony) 

Genava, ae, F. Geneva 

Lutetia, ae, F. Lutetia, (now Paris) 


In earliest times popular fathers of families became petty princes, who selected choice spots for homes, 
which grew up into towns and cities, each with its own favorite form of government, quite independent 
and often very jealous of all neighbors and rivals. Italy had many of them. 

The United States of America is a Republic, with a group of 48 minor Republics under its wing. The 
old simile of the mother bird with her infant brood is very apt. The brain of the mother guides and 
guards the whole, but each chick of the flock has its brain as well to come and go at will. 

Washington is the brain, the national capital of our great Republic, to direct the Union; and each 
minor Republic or State has a brain, a State Capital of its own, to govern its inside affairs. 

Italy was a Republic (509-31 B. C.) ,478 years. The city of Rome was her great national capital; but 
the 16 inside divisions of Italy were not minor Republics. They had little voice of control even in their own 
inside affairs. Consequently the Romans never built up any powerful Union, and after conquering most 
of the World, they finally fell to pieces themselves at the feet of their enemies. 


THE DIVISIONS OF ITALY 

(In the days of Cicero and Caesar) 


Gallia Cisal- f The Celtic garden of early Italy 
pina 1 Birthplace of Vergil 1 and the Plinys 2 

Liguria, The lumber country 
Venetia, Birthplace of Livy 3 
Etruria, A powerful people after B. C. 1044 

Umbria ^ coc ^^ an< ^ fortress of early Italy 
\ Birthplace of Plautus 4 
Picenum, Celebrated for its oil and fruits 
Fr ta - 1 Home of mountain banditti 
\ Birthplace of Ovid 5 near by 

« him ^ Home of Horace 6 

\ Birthplace of Sallust 7 

A 

1. Sparta urbs erat in Graecia. 

2. Trbja urbs erat in Asia. 

3. Urbs Capua erat in Campania. 

4. Urbs Massilia est in Gallia. 

5. Urbs Syracusae erat in Sicilia. 


Latium 


Mar si, 80,000 men in 11 years drain their lake , 
Fucinus, by a three-mile tunnel; one mile through 
a mountain of hard rock, cut entirely with the chisel 
j “The Level Land.” Centre of culture 
\ Birthplace 8 and Villa 9 of Cicero 
Samnium, subdued by Rome after 53 years of war 
Campania, Richest, most fertile of all 
. j Scene of Hannibal’s victory 10 
^ a \ Birthplace of Horace 11 
Calabria, Port of sailing to Greece 12 “Magna 
Lucania, Scene of Pyrrhus’s victory 13 Graecia” 
Brutii, (orig.) Itali, IraXoi, cattlemen 
Sicilia, The granary of early Rome 

B 

1. Urbs Thebae erat in Graecia. 

2. Urbs Ravenna est in Gallia Cisalplna. 

3. Lutetia urbs est in Gallia Transalpine. 

4. Florentia urbs erat in Etruria. 

5. Alexandria urbs erat in Africa. 


27 



FEMINA STOLATA 


t 


28 


1st 


VOCABULARY— WOMEN’S NAMES 


Names of women were Nouns, Fern., First, Singular only 


femina, ae, F. (fa'ml na), 
filia, ae, F. (fee'lla), 

Lavinia, ae, F. (La wee'nf a), 
Rhea Silvia, F. (Rha'a Seel'wla), 
Horatia, ae, F. (Ho ra'tla), 
Tullia, ae, F. (Tool'lla), 
Lucretia, ae, F. (Loo kra'tia), 
Veturia, ae, F. (W6 tbo'rla), 
Volumnia, ae, F. (Woloom'nia), 
Virginia, ae, F. (Weer gee'nla), 
Cornelia, ae, F. (Kor na'lla) 
Terentia, ae, F. (Tgren'tla), 
Tullia, ae, F. (Tool'lla), 

Julia, ae, F. (Ydo'lla), 

Porcia, ae, F. (Por'kia), 
Cleopatra, ae, F. (K16 6 pa'tra), 
Zenobia, ae, F. (Za no'bla), 
Boudicea, ae, F. (Bo dodlka'a), 


a woman. 

a daughter. 

Lavinia. 

Rhea Silvia. 

Horatia. 

Tullia. 

Lucretia. 

Veturia. 

Volumnia. 

Virginia. 

Cornelia. 

Terentia. 

Tullia. 

Julia. 

Portia. 

Cleopatra. 

Zenobia. 

Boadicea. 


The Italian wife of the Trojan Aeneas. 

Mother of Romulus and Remus. 

The martyred sister of the three Horatii. 

The parricide queen. Wife of Tarquin the Proud* 
The princess who spun with her maids. 

Mother of Coriolanus. 

Wife of Coriolanus. 

The martyred daughter of Virginius. 

Mother of the Gracchi. 

Cicero’s wife. Mother of Tullia. (Lived 103 years.) 
Cicero’s daughter. 

Caesar’s daughter. Wife of Pompey. 

Cato’s daughter. Wife of Brutus. 

Queen of Egypt. 

Queen of the East. 

The war queen of Britain. 


Verbs 

amat, loves, likes regit, rules habitat, dwells 

amant, love, like regunt, rule habitant, dwell 


regnat, reigns 
regnant, reign 


Note. — A Roman woman had one name: that of her gens. Before marriage she was daughter of; 
after marriage, wife of. Sisters, two only were major and minor ; more were prima, secunda, tertia. 


Subj. 

1. Lavinia 

2. Virginia 

3. Horatia 

4. Regina 

5. Cornelia 

6. Julia 

7. Regina 

8. Zenobia 

9. Femina 


Appos. 

femina 

filia 

puella 

Tullia 

femina 

filia 

Cleopatra 

regina 

Lucretia 


A 




C 


Obj. 

Tr. Vb. 

Subj. 

Obj. 

Appos. 

Tr. Vb. 

advenam 

amat. 

1. Tullia 

advenam Juliam 

laudat. 

patriam 

amat. 

2. Cornelia 

terram 

Italiam 

amat. 

Etruriam 

laudat. 

3. Zenobia 

Syriam 

patriam 

regit. 

terram 

regit. 

4. Advena 

terram 

Hispaniam laudat. 

Italiam 

amat. 

5. Athletae 

Graeciam patriam 

amant. 

Romam 

laudat. 

6. Poetae 

Graeciam patriam 

laudant. 

coronam 

amat. 

7. Incolae 

patriam 

Helvetiam 

amant. 

Palmyram regit. 

8. Incolae 

Insulam 

Corsicam 

laudant. 

puellas 

amat. 

9. Agricolae 

convlvas 

nautas 

laudant. 


B 

1. Queen Cleopatra rules Alexandria. 

2. The woman Lavinia loves Alba Longa. 

3. Queen Boadicea rules Britain. 

4. Portia, a guest, praises Sicily. 

5. Queen Zenobia reigns in Palmyra. 

6. Queen Tullia reigns in Rome. 


D 

1. Boadicea rules the country, Britain. 

2. The women praise (their) guests, the farmers. 

3. The queen praises the wrestlers, (her) guests. 

4. Lucretia praises (her) guests, the strangers. 

5. Zenobia loves the sailors, (her) neighbors. 

6. The girls praise the strangers, the athletes. 


Rule of Syntax. — The Appositive takes the case, and ( when possible) the number, of the Noun or Pronoun 
which it explains. 


29 



FAMILIAR NOUNS, FEMININE, FIRST DECLENSION 


(Parse N. F. 1) 


a — mostly things 

casa, ae, F. (ka'sa), a hut, a cottage , (thatched) 

causa, ae, F. (kow'sa), cause, reason 

cura, ae, F. (koo'ra), care, concern 

culpa, ae, F. (kul'pa), blame, fault 

disciplina, ae, F. (disciplee'na), training 

fabula, ae, F. (fa'bdola), a story, a tale 

gemma, ae, F. (gem'ma), a gem 

ira, ae, F. (eera), anger, wrath 

litera, littera, ae, F. a letter (a, b, o 

natura, ae, F. (natoo'ra), 1. birth 2. nature 

mensa, ae, F. (man'sa), a table 

pecunia, ae, (pgkoo'nla), money 

silva, ae, F. (sil'va), a wood, a forest 

tuba, ae, F. (tdo'ba), a trumpet 

villa, ae, (willa), a villa, (a country residence) 

vita, ae, F. (wee'ta), life 

via, ae, F. (wl'a), a way, a street, a road 


gratia, ae, F. (gratia) 


ia — mostly thoughts 
amicitia, ae, F. (ameeklt'Ia), friendship 
inimicitia, ae, F. (Inlmeekit'Ia), enmity, hate 
avaritia, ae, F. (awarlt'ia), greediness, avarice 
concordia, ae, F. (konkor'dla), harmony, sympathy 
diligentia, ae, F. (deellgen'tla), diligence 
gloria, ae, F. (glo'ria), fame, glory 

1. charm , grace 

2. favor 3. thanks 
industria, ae, F. (eendoos'trla), industry 
ignavia, ae, F. (igna'wia), idleness, laziness 
inertia, ae, F. (Iner'tla), 1. unskilfulness 2. sloth 
invidia, ae, F. (inwld'ia), envy, jealousy, unpop- 
ularity 

justitia, ae, F. (yoostl'tia), justice 
memoria, ae, F. (mSmorla), memory 
prudentia, ae, F. (prooden'tia), prudence, foresight 
sapientia, ae, F. (saplen'tla), wisdom, good sense 
scientia, ae, F. (sklen'tla), knowledge 
sententia, ae, F. (senten'tla), an opinion 


Verbs 

curat, takes care of videt, sees 

curant, take care of vident, see 

A 

Subject Abl. of Object Verb 
place 

1. Agricola in silva casam habet. 

2. Auriga in casa tubam videt. 

3. Poeta in casa fabulam narrat. 

4. Regina in mensa coronam laudat. 

5. Athleta in memoria coronam habet. 

B 

1. The charioteer sees a sailor in the gate. 

2. A girl takes care of the hut in the forest. 

3. The woman has in memory a story. 

C 

Subject Object Lim. Gen. Verb 

1. Poeta justitiam reglnae laudat. 

2. Nauta poenam piratae videt. 

3. Auriga prudentiam agricolae describit. 

4. Ad vena fabulam inimlcitiae narrat. 

5. Nauta avaritiam piratae describit. 

D 

1 . The poet praises the diligence of the farmer. 

2. The sailor tells the fame of the pirate. 

3. A girl describes the friendship of the queen. 


Transitive 

narrat, tells describit, describes 

narrant, tell describunt, describe 

E 

Subject Abl. of Object Verb 
place 

1. Agricolae in silvis casas habent. 

2. Incolae in silvis ululas vident. 

3. Ad venae in casis fabulas narrant. 

4. Reglnae in mensis gemmas laudant. 

5. Feminae in vita amicitias curant. 

F 

1. The farmer sees wisdom in the thought. 

2. Women take care of the huts in the woods, 

3. The inhabitants see the crown on the queen, 

G 

Subject Object Lim. Gen. Verb 

1. Incolae gratias reglnae laudant. 

2. Nautae inertiam piratarum describunt. 

3. Incolae discipllnam nautarum describunt. 

4. Advenae industriam incolarum vident. 

5. Puellae sapientiam feminarum laudant. 

H 

1. Poets praise the glories of nature. 

2. The women carry tales of sympathy. 

3. The strangers tell the charms of idleness. 

30 


ETYMOLOGY 


Etymology is that science which explains the true origin, derivation, and meaning of words. 

The radical, essential, and original part of a word is called the Root. This Root is modified 
directly in its meaning by placing a syllable before or after it. 

A syllable placed before a Root is called a Prefix. 

A syllable placed after a Root is called a Suffix. 

Etymology is especially useful to English-speaking people, because when they have once 
learned a Latin Root, it becomes the centre of a whole family or group of words derived from it, 
and built upon it, through the aid of Prefixes and Suffixes. 

To Etymologize an English word in writing, lines may be drawn thus: 


Prefix 

Root 

Suffix 

Suffix 

Prefix 

Root 

Suffix 

Suffix 

Root 

Suffix 

in 

1 glori 

1 OUS I 

ly 

un 

1 natur 

j al 

1 ly 

culp(r) 

1 0 

it 

not 

1 glory 

| full of | 

in a manner 

not 

| nature 

\ according to 

1 in a manner 

(is to) blame 

I one who 


The Four Parts of Speech, including most English words, may be arranged in order. Inserted 
letters, promoting euphony, have no Etymologic value. Vowels sometimes interchange. 


Nouns 

CUr E (pure Latin) 
recovery through CEre 
sineCUrs 

an office without care 


Verbs 

cur E 

to heal through CEre 


Adjectives Adverbs 

Curable 

what may be healed through CEre 

incurable incurably 

not able to be healed through Care in an incurable manner 


rOSe, rOSette, TOSary 
palm, -etto, Palmyra 
CaUSe, -ation 
insulator, -ation 
literature, -teur 
terrier, -ace 
nature, -alist 
glory, 

grace, disgrace 
memory, -iai 

culprit 

Vitals, -ality 


insulate 

terrace 

naturalize, denature 
glorify 

grace, ingratiate 
memorize 

inCUlpate, exCUlpate 
Vitalize, devitalize 


TOSy, -ier, -iest, -eate 
palmy, -ate 
CaUSal, -able, -less 
insular, -ated 
literal, -ary, illiterate 
terraneous 
natural 

glorious, inglorious 
graceful, -ious 
memorable, immemorial 

Culpable, inCUlpable 
Vital 


literally, literatim 

preternatUrally 
ingloriously 
ungracefully, -iously 

memorably 

inCUlpably 
Vitals, -ity 


PREFIXES 


de-, away 
dis-, opposite of 

in- ) 

im- > (Adj.) not , un- 

il-, un- j 

in-, 'Verb) into , upon 
ex-, away 
sine-, without 
preter-, beyond 


In Nouns 
-or | 

-ier, -eur > one who 
-it, -ist J 

1 ° thing that 

-ary j 

-ence, quality of being 
-ity, -ness 
-ette, little 
-ion, act of 

-ure, the practise of 


SUFFIXES 
In Adjectives 

lar l accor di n Q io 

-ary J V^to-ining to 

-ate, like, -ed 

{ may or can be 
able to be 
worthy to be 
-er, more, -est, most 
-ous, full of, -less, without 
-y, -like 


In Verbs 


-ate 

-ize 

-fy 


( to make 
to give 
to put 
to take 


In Adverbs 
-ly, in a . . . manner 


Note. — A good English Dictionary, for instant reference, is useful in the study of Etymology, 
student will refer also to the Tables of Prefixes and Suffixes, pages 14 and 15. 

31 


The 


2d 


SECOND DECLENSION— The o Nouns (6 Stems) 


Endings f 
and l 
Gender [ 


The Genitive Singular of Nouns of the Second Declension ends in L 

rpi , T . .. c . , , . f us, er, ir, Masculine , mostly, 

i he Nominative Singular ends in Neuter 


us 


1US 


Sing. 


Terminations, 
Masc., Fern. 


Nom. 

hort-uJ?,^ 

{ the garden 

nA - „„ fa sword 
® ’ { t he sword 

us, er, ir 

Gen. 

hort-I, of a garden 

gladi-i or gladi, of a sword 

i 

Dat. 

hort-o, to, for a garden 

gladi-o, to, for a sword 

6 

Acc. 

hort-um, a garden 

gladi-um, a sword 

um 

Voc. 

hort-e, 0 garden 

gladi-e or gladi, 0 sword 

e, er, ir 

Ahl. 

hort - 5 -{S\»’} a?ar<fere 

gladi-o, (*f r< » ^y* \ a sword 
[with, m J 

0 

Plur. 

Nom. 

hort-i, ( Ogdens 

[the gardens 

„ lo j; - f swords 
^ '{the swords 

i 

Gen. 

hort-orum, of gardens 

gladi-orum, of swords 

o'rum 

Dat. 

hort-is, to, for gardens 

gladi-is, to, for swords 

is 

Acc. 

hort-os, gardens 

gladi-os, swords 

os 

Voc. 

hort-i, 0 gardens 

gladi-i, 0 swords 

i 

Abl. 


gladi-is, >\ swords 

[with, m ) 

is 


er 

not increasing 

er 

increasing 

ir 

um 

ium Terminations, 

Neuter 

Sing, a 

field, (orig. acre), M. 

a boy, M. 

o man, M. 

a kingdom, N. 

joy, N. 


Nom. 

ager 

puer 

vir 

regn-um 

gaudi-um 

um 

Gen. 

agr-i 

puer-i 

vir-i 

regn-i 

gaudi-i or gaudi 

i 

Dat. 

agr-o 

puer-o 

vir-o 

regn-o 

gaudi-o 

6 

Acc. 

agr-um 

puer-um 

vir-um 

regn-um 

gaudi-um 

um 

Voc. 

ager 

puer 

vir 

regn-um 

gaudi-um 

um 

Abl. 

agr-o 

puer-o 

vir-5 

regn-o 

gaudi-o 

5 

Plur. 

Nom. 

agr-i 

puer-i 

vir-i 

regn-a 

gaudi-a 

a 

Gen. 

agr-orum 

puer-orum 

vir-orum 

regn-orum 

gaudi-orum 

o'rum 

Dat. 

agr-is 

puer-is 

vir-is 

regn-is 

gaudi-is 

is 

Acc. 

agr-os 

puer-os 

vir-os 

regn-a 

gaudi-a 

a 

Voc. 

agr-i 

puer-i 

vir-i 

regn-a 

gaudi-a 

a 

Abl. 

agr-is 

puer-is 

vir-is 

regn-is 

32 

gaudi-is 

is 


NOUNS, MASCULINE, SECOND DECLENSION 

(Parse N. M. 2) 


2d 


hortus, i, M. a garden 

animus, i, M. 1 . the soul 2. the mind 

annus, i, M. a year 

carrus, 1, M. a cart , (having two wheels) 

equus, i, M. a horse 

elephantus, i, M. an elephant 

_ (If a wolf saw a man before the man 

lupus, 1 , M. a wolf , saw him, they said the man became 
dumb) 

taurus, i, M. a hull 
oculus, i, M. an eye 
captivus, i, M. a captive (in war) 
tumulus, i, M. a mound , a hillock 
rivus, i, M. a brook 


locus, i, M. a place 

luCUS, 1 , M. a grove , (sacred to a deity) 

dolus, i, M. Gr. deceit, deception 

jocus, I, M. a jest, a joke 

modus, l, M. measure, mariner 

morbus, i, M. disease 

murus, I, M. a wall , (especially a city-wall) 

nidus, I, M. a nest 
numerus, I, M. a number 
somnus, i, M. sleep 
ventus, I, M. the wind 
vicus, I, M. a village 

vitulus, I, M. a Calf, (’iTaAoi, Italians, the cattlemen) 


Verbs of Motion, Intransitive Use 

venit, comes fugit, flees errat, wanders navi gat, sails 

veniunt, come fugiunt, flee errant, wander navigant, sail 


procedit, proceeds 
prdcedunt, proceed 


A 


Subj. 

Term. Acc. 

Lim. Gen. 

Intr. Vb. 

1. Equus 

ad m tiros 

Romae 

currit. 

2. Lupus 

in casam 

agricolae 

ambulat. 

3. Galllnae 

in hortoS 

accolariim ambulant. 

4. Equ! 

in agrum 

accolae 

currunt. 

5. Poeta 

in hortum 

reglnae 

ambulat. 

6. Nautae 

ad Insulam Europae 

fugiunt. 

7. Plratae 

ad terram 

Asiae 

navigant. 

8. VentI 

in casas 

incolarum 

veniunt. 

9. Jocus 

in animum 

puellae 

venit. 

10. Ad venae 

in vlcum 

Campaniae veniunt. 

11. Lupl 

in vicos 

provinciae errant. 

12. Ululae 

ad lucos 

Latil 

volant. 


B 

1. The calves wander into the garden of the 

farmer, and run into (his) cottage. 

2. The sailors sail to the island of Corsica. 

3. The wrestler wanders into the streets of 

Rome, and walks upon the walls. 

4. An owl comes upon the nest of the hen. 

5. Sleep comes into the eyes of the boys. 

6. The woman comes into the friendship of 

the queen. 


Subj. 

C 

Term. Acc. 

Abl. of 

Intr. Vb. 


f Place 


1. Puer 

ad rivum 

in agro 

currit. 

2. Puellae 

ad vlcum 

in terra 

procedunt. 

3. Aquilae 

in silvas 

in Liguria volant. 

4. Ulula 

ad nldum 

in luco 

volat. 

5. Convlvae ad vlcum 

in via 

procedunt. 

6. Ocull 

ad violas 

in luco 

errant. 

7. Morbus 

in v!c5s 

in Asia 

venit. 

8. Zenobia 

ad vlcum 

in Syria 

procedit. 

9. Scrlbae 

in hortos 

in Judaea errant. 

10. Sapientia ad viros 

in vita 

venit. 

11. Columbae ad nldos 

in silvls 

volant. 

12. Dolus 

ad Iram 

in virls 

procedit. 


D 

1 . The dove flies to the girl in the grove, and 

the girl flees to a place in Latium. 

2. The cart proceeds to a gate on the road. 

3. The bull runs to a brook in the forest, and 

the horse walks to a mound in the grove. 

4. The calf flees to the cow in the field. 

5. Avarice proceeds towards enmity in men. 

6. Harmony proceeds towa'rds friendship in 

life. 


Rule of Syntax. — The Limit of Motion with ad or in is called the Terminal Accusative. 

33 


2d 


VOCABULARY— MEN’S NAMES 


Personal Names 


(Parse N. M. 2) 


National Names 


Note. — I n very Ancient Times men, being few, 
had but one name each. 


l M TtnhjQ $ an ancien t chief of the Oenotri, 
ItaiUS, 1 , 1V1. LtalUS, j the wine . rnerli of Calabria 

Tn+irmc i M T nfirt n 9 / an ancient king of the Latins, 
L.aunus, 1, iVl. LiOlinUS, j and father of Lavinia 

Aeneas, ae, M. jEneaS, (came from Troy) 


Ascanius, i, M. Ascanius, 
Amulius, i, M. Amulius, ^ 


{ also a king of the Latins, 
and son of the Trojan 
Aeneas and Lavinia 
a later usurping king of 
the Latins, 
and great-uncle of 
Romulus and Remus 


Numitor, oris, M. (3d Decl.) Numitor, king and 

grandfather of Romulus and Remus 

Romulus, I, M. Romulus, the founder of Rome 
Remus, l, M. Remus, the twin brother of Romulus 


Note. — Later, two names became necessary. 


Romulus, The founder 
Numa Pompilius, The lawgiver 
Tullus Hostilius, The warrior 
Ancus Marcius, The warrior 
Tarquinius Priscus, The builder 
Servius Tullius, The reorganizer 
Tarquinius Superbus, The tyrant 


“The Seven 
Kings of 
Rome” 


populus, i, M. a -people, the people 
Itall, orum, M. Italians, (in Southern Italy) 

Latin!, orum, M. Latins, (inLatium) 

Romani, orum, M. The Romans 
Graeci, orum, M. The Greeks 

. , _ _ tv /r /"'i j' ( using gibberish, 

barban, orum, JV1. Gr. foreigners^ jabbering as 

( animals 

Germain, orum, M. The Germans 

Hispani, orum, M. The Spaniards 

Helvetii, orum, M. The Helvetians, (modem Swiss) 

Belgae, arum, M. The Belgians 

Hebraei, orum, M. The Hebrews 

Britannus, i, M. A Briton 

Gallus, i, M. A Gaul 

Indus, I, M. Gr. An Indian 

Trojanus, i, M. A Trojan 

Aethiops, opis, (3d Decl.) M. An Ethiopian 

Arabs, abis, M. (3d Decl.) An Arabian 


Note. — Finally, the Roman citizen had three names, and sometimes more. 


The authors below are 

First Name 

Middle Name 

Surname 


arranged in the usual 

Praenomen 

Nomen 

Cognomen 

Agnomina 

order ot reading: (of the individual) 

(of his gens) 

(of his family) 

(for exploit in war. 

^ ( St.at.Lm an (abbreviated in use) 

(end in ius) 


or as title of honor) 

Caesar, the < 0rator 

Caius 

Julius 

Caesar. 


l Hist’n of Gaul 





Sallust, the Hist’n of Africa 

Caius 

Sallustius 

Crispus. 


Vergil, the Epic Poet 

Publius 

Vergilius 

Maro. 


Cicero, the Orator 

Marcus 

Tullius 

Cicero. 


Ovid, the Elegiac Poet 

Publius 

Ovidius 

Naso. 


Livy, the Hist’n of Early Rome 

Titus 

Livius 


Patavinus. 4 

Horace, the Lyric Poet 

Quintus 

Horatius 

Flaccus. 


TacitUS, the Hiflt’n of { Laterlftome ^ 

Caius 

Cornelius 

Tacitus. 


Plautus \ r . p . 

f Titus 

Maccius 

Plautus. 


rr, > tne Uomic r'oets 

lerence J 

\ Publius 

Terentius 

Afer. 


Pliny, Jr., the {K-Wnto Tra . aii 

Caius 

Plinius 

Caecilius 

Secundus (Minor). 

Juvenal, the Satirist 

Decimus 

Junius 

Juvenalis. 


Lucretius, the Philosopher Poet 

Titus 

Lucretius 

Cams. 


Pliny, Sr., the Naturalist 

Caius 

Plinius 


Secundus (Major). 

An ancient inscription reads M. 

TULLIUS M. 

F. M. N. M. 

PR. COR. CICERO, or Marcus Tullius 


Marci Alius Marci nepos Marci pronepos Cornelia tribu Cicero. This was Cicero’s full name as solemnly 
read on great occasions. It is said the Romans had only eighteen First Names. 

34 


VOCABULARY— RIVERS 


Names of Rivers, ending in us, were Nouns, Masc., Second, Singular only 


aqua, ae, F. water 

fluvius, ii, M. a river 

Tiberis, is, M. (3d Ded.) The Tiber 

Arnus, i, M. The Arno 

Padus, i, M. The Po 

Rubico, onis, M. (3dDeci.) The Rubicon 

Metaurus, i, M. The Meturo 

Aufidus, i, M. The Ofanto 

Rhenus, i, M. The Rhine 

Rhodanus, i, M. The Rhone 

Sequana, ae, F. The Seine 


Danuvius, i, M. The Danube 
Nilus, i, M. The Nile 
Oxus, I, M. The Amoo 
Indus, I, M. The Indus 
Hiberus, i, M. The Ebro 
TagUS, 1 , M. The Tajo (or Tagus) 
Oceanus, i, M. The Ocean 
Pontus Euxinus, The Black Sea 
Persicus Sinus, The Persian Gulf 

Vprhq ( fluit > fl 0WS 

VerDS \ fluunt, flow 


2d 


The Ancients thought the great all-encircling Ocean to be the Father and feeder of all the rivers. Large 
rivers mostly formed the out-skirting boundaries of the Empire; and being so distant and so mighty, they 
inspired the people with wonder and awe. The Danube, called the Ister by the Greeks, the Northern bound- 
ary of the Romans, was fortified by them nearly its whole length with forts of logs and stone, to keep their 
German enemies from crossing to plunder and burn. It was the greatest river of Europe after the Volga, 
rising only two miles from the shores of the Rhine, receiving more than 60 large rivers and 120 small ones, 
and pouring its turbid waters into the Pontus Euxinus through seven mouths. 

The Tagus was famous for its golden sands. 

The Rhine was also a boundary, over which Caesar built his famous bridge; later the Roman Eagles were 
carried to the Elbe. Upon the Nile, the most interesting and mysterious of all, boats of earthen-ware 
were said to float, pleasure-barges with 40 rowers each, marriage processions, and even “funeral festivals.” 
Pliny, the Naturalist, supposed the Niger to be the principal branch of the Nile, stating, however, that in 
its course it frequently disappeared under the ground . 


A 


Subj. 

Vb. 

Pred. Nn. 

Abl. place 

1. Arnus 

est 

fluvius 

in 

Etruria. 

2. Danuvius 

est 

fluvius 

in 

Germania. 

3. Hiberus 

est 

fluvius 

in 

Hispania. 

4. Rhodanus 

erat 

fluvius 

in 

Gallia. 

5. Oxus 

erat 

fluvius 

in 

Asia. 

6. Aufidus 

erat 

fluvius 

in 

Apulia. 

7. Tagus 

erat 

fluvius 

in 

Lusitania. 

8. Metaurus 

erat 

fluvius 

in 

Umbria. 

9. Lusitania 

erat 

terra 

in 

Hispania. 


10. Tiberis autem Tybris appellatus est, et 
prius Albula -Plin. 

B 

1. The Po is a river in Italy. 

2. The Tiber is a river in Italy. 

3. The Rhine is a river in Europe. 

4. The Indus is a river in Asia. 

5. The Seine is a river in Gaul. 


C 


Subj. 

Dbj. 

Lim. Gen. 

Vb. 

1. Agricolae 

agros 

Campaniae 

laudant. 

2. Incolae 

aquas 

Nill 

amant. 

3. Virl 

aquas 

Tagi 

laudant. 

4. Poetae 

agr5s 

Trojae 

laudant. 

5. Romani 

hortos 

Italiae 

amant. 

Subj. 

Lim. 

D 

Obj. Lim. 

Vb. 

Gen. 

Gen. 


6. Virl 

Tr5jae 

agros Asiae 

laudant. 

7. Pueri 

Romae 

aquas Tiberis 

amant. 

8. Feminae 

Galliae 

aquas Rheni 

amant. 

9. Viri 

Italiae 

hortos Capuae 

laudant. 

10. Nautae 

Ostiae 

aquas Oceani 

amant. 


E 

1. Water flows. The rivers of Italy flow. 

2. The river Danube flows. The river Rhine 

flows. The rivers Po and Arno flow. 

3. The rivers flow into the ocean. 

4. The men love the fields; the women, the gar- 

dens; the children, the woods of Italy. 

5. Rome, the city, rules the land of Italy. 


35 


THE ROMAN SLAVE 


There was an ancient rule that “One Roman could not be the slave of another Roman." Therefore 
the slaves were imported, mostly from Asia, some from Africa, and many from Thrace. Slaves newly im-1 
ported had their feet whitened with chalk, and those from the East came with their ears bored. After a 
great battle the slave-dealer was always at hand, ready to buy up immediately for a song the thousands of 
prisoners of war, which would be only a care to the conquering general. On the battle-fields of the terrible 
Mithridatic Wars slaves brought as low as 80 cents apiece. After the terrible siege of Jerusalem, Titus, the 
conqueror, sold his captives, “Three Jews for a measure of wheat, and two Jews for a measure of barley." 

The very word servus itself has a gruesome derivation, from servo, I save. The conquerors saved the 
young, the strong, the beautiful; and slew the weak and worthless. Servi ex eo appellat! sunt, quod im- 
peratores servos vendere, ac per hoc servare, nec occidere solent (Just. Inst., 1, 3, 3). 

They were driven like cattle to market at Rome, hundreds of miles, in ranks of 4 with their hands tied 
back to a pole carried behind them; there they were sold at auction, or stood up for private sale outside the 
slave-dealer’s shop, each with a scroll of description, titulus, hanging about his neck. 

The poet Horace tells us that the average price of a good slave was about $87.50. A poor slave girl 
might be bought even at $8.00. An able man, as a mechanic, a private secretary, a trained steward or 
butler, might bring even $280. But very choice slaves, men of education or skill, capable of serving as 
readers, teachers, accountants, musicians, actors, or doctors of medicine, able to make plenty of money for 
their owners, brought from $800 to $8000 each. 

The Paterfamilias had the patria potestas, power of life and death, over his son and over his slave. 
He was apt to be stern, but not often very cruel to either of them. All property of slaves, however, and their 
earnings belonged to their master. At last they were so plentiful and so cheap that the lands of Italy and 
Sicily came to be cultivated almost wholly by swarms of agricultural slaves, often under the lash of the 
slave-driver. Some plantations required 20,000 slaves. These were often branded on the forehead with 
the owner’s private mark, stigma, that each might know his own. After long years of suffering the Roman 
slaves, the peers of their masters, in desperation revolted, and the two terrible Servile Wars ensuing defy 
description. 

Large familiae became the fashion in the city of Rome, and Horace quotes ten slaves as the minimum 
for a man of limited means, while Pliny mentions one rich man who set free by will at his death his whole 
familia of 4116 slaves. The familia was divided into decuriae, tens, with an officer, decurio, to direct each 
ten. 

We can hardly imagine what work 4000 slaves could find to do in one city mansion. But fashion 
appointed a separate slave for every duty. 

The ordinarius kept the master’s purse, managing his income and outlay; the atriensis was his major 
domo; the tabellari! carried his mail; the amanuenses wrote his letters; the medic! were his doctors; the 
lectores read to him at meals or when reclining at rest; the nomenclator whispered in his ear the names of 
those he met upon the street; the architect! et pictores built and painted his houses; the janitor, chained 
to his door, admitted the visitor; twenty separate bevies of slaves took care of his table and his couch; while 
the silentiari! had only to march about, like policemen with their clubs, keeping silence in the noisy house. 

Finally slaves in Rome performed every imaginable service, from the post of manager of the rich man’s 
villa down to the meanest menial labor. Nothing was left for the noble Roman to do except to serve as a 
soldier, to pose as a statesman, to domineer the ubiquitous slave. Such myriads of slaves a thousand years 
later became the medieval serfs, chained to the soil of Europe. 


36 


VOCABULARY— MASTER AND SERVANT 

(Parse N. M. 2) 


2d 


puer, pueri, M. “boy”, (a fond term) 

Marcipor, oris, M. (3d Ded.) Marcus’ boy 
magister, tri, M. a master, (a directing head) 
minister, tri, M. a servant, a waiter, (an assisting 

(prob.) manus, a hand attendant, ready at hand) 

dominilS, I, M\ a lord (absolute or despotic) 
domd, I subdue 

servus, i, M. a slave 

dominium, il, N. ownership (absolute) 

servitium, il, N. 1 7 

servitus, utis, (3d Ded.) j siaver y 

peculium, ii, N. savings, 

liberi, orum, Com., the children, <t 5h e / DomSj n 

patria potestas, a father’s power 

familia, ae, F. the slaves in a Roman household 


familia urbana, the slaves of the Domus 
familia rustica, the slaves of the Villa 
famulus, i, M. a man-servant 
famula, ae, F. a maid-servant, a handmaid 
erus, I, M. the master of the familia 


era, ae, F. the mistress of the familia 


pater familias, the head of the household 


mater familias, the lady of the house 


filius familias 
filia familias 


a son or daughter 


under the father’s 
power, a minor 


libertus, I, M. afreedman 
liberta, ae, F. a freedwoman 

(in the ceremony of 

vertigo, ginis, F. (3d Ded.) a twirl, 8 ”f a TwaS° u med 

round once) 


Verbs 0 ( servit ’ serves laborat, labors, toils vendit, sells 

' \ serviunt, serve laborant, labor, toil vendunt, sell 


vocat, calls 
vocant, call 


A 

1. Captlvl in bello erunt servl. 

2. Dominus in servitio servos habet. 

3. Dominus servorum dominium habet. 

4. Pater familias erat liberorum et servorum 

dominus. 

5. Servus in magistri agro laborat. 

6. Servi in magistrorum agris laborant. 

7. Magister servum vocat, Puer! Servus 

venit. 

8. Marcipor, Marc! puer, erat servus Marcl. 

9. Servl in Romae murls currunt. 

10. Servi Caesaris erunt liberti. 

B 

1. The slaves toil in the garden of the master, 

and the master praises (their) industry. 

2. The inhabitants of the village were slaves. 

3. The captive will be the slave of the queen. 

4. The captive will be the slave of Marcus. 

Marcus sees the diligence of the man. 

5. The stranger has a number of charms. 

t Adapted. 


c 

1. Servus ad magistrum aquam portat. 

2. Erus familiae famulos in Roma vendit. 

3. Pueros in servitium in Sicilia vendunt. 

4. Famulus ad erum columbam portat, et erus 

diligentiam servi laudat. 

5. Famula ad eram rosam portat. 

6. Viri in Italia a pueris servitutem serviunt. 

7. Graeci dominum populi tyrannum vocant. 

-f Cic. atyrant 

8. Familia rustica in casis habitat. 

9. Puer in somno in muro ambulat. 

10. Una Quiritem vertigo servun>facit.-fPm. 

a Roman citizen makes 

D 

1. The maid carries violets to (her) mistress, 

and tells a tale of (her) father-land. 

2. The charioteer was a freedman. 

3. The slaves run on the road in the village, 

and carry money and gems to the villa. 

4. The slaves of the farmer dwell in huts. 

5. The freedman sees an owl in the woods. 


37 



VOCABULARY— FRUITS AND FRUIT-TREES 

Fruit-trees were Nouns, Fein., Second. Fruits were mostly Nouns, Neut., Second 


arbor, oris, F. (3d Ded.) a tree 
pomus, i, F. a fruit-tree 
pomum, i, N. fruit (of any kind) 

pomarium, i, N. / a fruit-garden 
[an orchard 
malus, i, F. Gr. an apple-tree 
malum, I, N. Gr. an apple , (gen. name of any tree-fruit) 
pirus, i, F. a pear-tree 
pirum, i, N. a pear 
prunus, I, F. Gr. a plum-tree 
prunum, i, N. a plum 
persicus, i, F. a peach-tree, (Persica arbor* 
persicum, I, N. a peach, (Persicum malum) 
armeniaca, ae, F. an apricot-tree 
armeniacum, i, N. an apricot 
cerasus, i, F. a cherry-tree 

CeraSUm, I, N. a cherry, (from Cerasus, a town in Asia) 

arbutus, i, F. a wild strawberry-tree 
arbutum, i, N. a wild strawberry 
morus, i, F. Gr. a mulberry tree 


morum, i, N. Gr. a mulberry 
myrtus, i, F. Gr. a myrtle tree 
myrtum, i, N. Gr. a myrtle berry 

rubus, l, M. / a blackberry bush 
ruber, red, \ a blackberry 
ficus, i, F. a fig tree, a fig 
palma, ae, F. a palm tree 
balanus, i, C. Gr. a date, an acorn 
oliva, ae, F. f an olive 
olea, ae, F. Gr. \an olive tree 
oleum, i, N. Gr. oil, (olive oil) 
baca, ae, F. a berry, (especially the olive) 
15tus, i, F. Gr. the Italian persimmon 
malum granatum, the pomegranate 

Verbs Transitive 

dat, gives donat, presents 

dant, give donant, present 


The Romans of old, as the Italians now, were accustomed to live largely on fruits. A measure of 
cherries and a roll of bread often constituted the poor man’s dinner. The nobles had large pomaria near 
their villas, to plant in which they imported the apple, the plum, the mulberry, the olive, and even the per- 
simmon from Greece. The peach and apricot tell their own origin. But of the orange and lemon, for which 
Italy is now so famous, it is plain they had no knowledge, since they had no names for them. Strawberries 
on trees, and acorns were food for the Italian aborigines. 


A 


Subj. 

Ind. Obj. 

Dir. Obj. 

Tr. Vb. 

1. Magister 

ministro 

malum 

dat. 

2. Minister 

magistro 

pirum 

dat. 

3. Dominus 

servo 

prunum 

dat. 

4. Servus 

domino 

persicum 

dat. 

5. Minis tri 

magistrls 

cerasa 

dant. 

6. ServI 

dominls 

arbuta 

dant. 

7. Viri 

pueris 

ollvas 

donant. 

8. Femina 

puellis 

balanos 

donat. 

9. Agricolae 

aurigis 

arbuta 

donant. 

10. Agricolae 

incolls 

pomum 

donant. 


B 

1. The man gives an apple to the boy. 

2. The boys give apples to the men. 

3. The master presents a reward to the servant. 

4. The slaves present gifts to the lords. 

5. The queen gives fields to the farmers. 


C 


Subj. 

Vb. 

Pred. Nn. Lim. Gen. 

1. Malum 

est 

pomum mall. 

2. Pirum 

est 

pomum piri. 

3. Prunum 

est 

pomum prunl. 

4. Persicum 

est 

pomum persici. 

5. Cerasum 

est 

pomum cerasi. 

6. Balani 

sunt 

poma palmarum 

7. Bacae 

erant 

poma ollvae. 

8. Arbuta 

erant 

poma arbutorum 

9. Morum 

est 

pomum mori. 

10. Myrta 

erant 

poma myrtorum 

1. Apples 

are 

D 

the fruit of apple trees. 

2. Pears 

are 

the fruit of pear trees. 

3. Plums 

are 

the fruit of plum trees. 

4. Peaches 

are 

the fruit of peach trees. 

5. Olives 

are 

the fruit of olive trees. 


Rule of Syntax . — The Indirect Object is in the Dative Case. 

38 


VOCABULARY— MINES AND METALS 

(Parse N. N. 2) 

Notice how very few of our minerals the Romans had 



metallum, i, N. Gr. (“ a W* 

( a metal 

crystallum, i, N. Gr. a crystal 

electrum, i, N. Gr. 1. amber 2.{ an 8i f^° 5 f g >l 1 dand 

vitrum, I, N. glass 

ferrum, I, N. iron 

cyprium, ii, N. copper, (found in the island Cyprus) 

orichalcum, i, N. Gr. highly 

aurum, I, N. gold 

fiSCUS, I, M. the emperor’s private purse 

aerarium, ii, N. the treasury (of Rome) 

aes, aeris, N. (3dDeci.) 1. copper ore 2. bronze 


talentum, i, N. Gr. a talent (of gold), $1182.19 

argentum, I, N. silver 

argentum vivum, quicksilver 

plumbum, l, N. lead, (also plumbum nigrum) 

plumbum album, tin 

nitrum, i, N. Gr. soda (for washing) 

saxum, I, N. a rock 

speculum, i, a mirror (of polished metal) 

sal, salis, N. (plur. Masc.) ( 3 d Decl.) 1 . salt 2 . wit 

salarium, ii, N. salary, (a soldier’s salt-money) 

salinae Romanae,/ the sa ll-works at Ostia, 

(. Large beds evaporating sea-water 

tabularium, ii, N. the archives 


When Rome became master of the World the Senate by law forbade the working of the mines of Italy. 
The great gold mines of Liguria, north of the river Padus, employing 25,000 men constantly, also those in 
Venetia, on the northern shore of the Adriatic, all were closed. The rich mines of conquered countries then 
kept the Aerarium full. The silver mines of Hispania yielded daily over $4000; the gold mines of Dacia, 
50 pounds daily. Sardinia, Africa, Graecia also contributed. The Aerarium, or public treasury, as well as 
the Tabularium, or public Records on stone slabs, were kept through 500 years in the Temple of Saturn on 
Capitol Hill. The Aerarium received the public revenues from mines and taxes, as much as $15,000,000 
yearly. 

The first civilized men found gold plentiful. Most ancient nations used it freely for many purposes. 

Copper was long used for all purposes for which they later used iron. The Phoenicians first braved 
the dread Atlantic to bring tin from Britain. Lead also was much used for smaller water pipes. 

It was necessary to keep a small piece of pumice stone tied with a string to the ladies’ Speculum, ready 
at hand to burnish its dull surface. The salt-beds of Ostia, evaporating sea-water, supplied their table salt. 

Money was originally weighed, not coined; hence the English £. Later it was stamped on one side 
with a cow by a blow of the hammer on a die upon the anvil, hence our word pecuniary; then later with a 
consul’s head in helmet. The temple of Juno was the Mint of Rome. 


A 

1. Pecunia Graecbrum argentum erat. 

2. Reginae coronas auri habent. 

3. Puellae gemmas vitri habent. 

4. Nitrum est metallum Graeciae et Africae. 

5. Plinius vitrum Hispanorum laudat. 

6. Famulae specula metalli habent. 

7. Graeci pecuniam argentl amant. 

8. Rdmani pecuniam cyprii amant. 

9. Populi Asiae metalla auri habent. 

10. Virl aurum et argentum amant. 


B 

1. Venetia has mines of gold. 

2. Dacia has mines of gold. 

3. Spain has mines of silver. 

4. Greece has mines of silver. 

5. Britain has tin in mines. 

6. The ladies’ mirror was a metal. 

7. The treasury of Rome was a temple. 

8. Gold and silver and copper were the money 

of the Romans. 

9. Bronze is copper and tin. 


39 



TEMPLUM ROMANUM 


40 






FAMILIAR NOUNS, NEUTER, SECOND DECLENSION 


um— things 

regnum, I, N. a kingdom 

bellum, I, N. war 

caelum, l, N. the sky (the vault of the heavens) 
donum, I, N. a gift , a present 

factum, i, N. a deed 
frumentum, i, N. grain 
oppidum, I, N. a town 
5vum, I, N. an egg 
periculum, I, N. danger 
verbum, i, N. a word 
yinum, I, N. wine 

forum, i, N. a forum, a market-place 
templum, i, N. a temple 
theatrum, i, N. a theatre 
amphitheatrum, i, N. Gr. an amphitheatre 


(Parse N. N. 2) 

ium — mostly thoughts 

gaudium, il, N. joy 
taedium, ii, N. weariness, disgust 
odium, ii, N. hate, hatred 
otium, ii, N. ease 
negotium, ii, N. business 
auxilium, ii, N. aid 
consilium, ii, N. advice, counsel, plan 
folium, ii, N. a leaf 
initium, ii, N. a beginning 
praemium, ii, N. a reward 
pretium, ii, N. price, value 
rosarium, ii, N. a rose-garden 
somnium, ii, N. a dream 
studium, ii, N. 1 . zeal 2. study 
vitium, ii, N. fault , defect, vice 


2d 


Conjunctions 

et, and aut, or 

et . . . . et, both .... and aut .... aut, either ... .or 


The most ancient idea of a Templum was a spot cut off for the priests to take the omens from the birds 
of the sky. A hill-top was best, the centre of the Arx if possible. Thereon the augur pitched his tent. 
Sometimes the sacred place was near a grove, planted with particular trees in a circle. Sometimes there 
were fields and gardens, whose produce fed the priests. There was no real temple at Rome till 498 B. C. 

Patterns for building were brought from Greece. The spot and the building must first be sanctified and 
acceptable to the gods, then consecrated and dedicated to some particular deity. The Roman temple faced 
West, the Grecian temple faced East. If this rule were impossible, the temple faced the street, arid passers-by 
could look in and offer prayer. Originally the interior was empty. Later a rough stone represented 
the deity, to which offerings were brought. Finally the marble was carved into human shape, standing or 
sitting, finished often with silver or gold and ivory as flesh. The Mediterranean marbles were superb for 
statues. The ancients loved them. The Roman temple was a small building, intended merely for the 
priests and the sacrifice, with no audience of people. They built seven different kinds of temples. The 
Romans were a religious people. The multitude of their deities required many temples. There were said 
to be 420 temples in the city of Rome alone. 


A 

1. Roma templa et theatra habet. 

2. GraecI templa et theatra amant. 

3. Puerl et puellae praemia amant. 


C 

1. Ad vena templum aut theatrum laudat. 

2. Oppida templa aut theatra habent. 

3. Plratae gemmas aut pecuniam habent. 


4. Freedmen and slaves have joy and hate. 

5. Men, and women, and children have faults. 

B 

1. Et GraecI et R5manl templa laudant. 

2. Hispanl et templa et theatra laudant. 

3. Et magistrl et ministrl praemia amant. 


4. Gauls or Britons have charioteers. 

5. Romulus or Remus has the kingdom. 

D 

1. Regina aut verbum aut factum laudat. 

2. Aut advena aut conviva rosarium laudat. 

3. Aut dominus aut servus pecuniam habet. 


4. Slaves love both gifts and rewards. 

5. Both Greeks and Romans love (their) rose- 

gardens. 


4. Girls love either roses or violets. 

5. The farmers praise either (their) fields or 

(their) gardens. 


41 



FAMILIAR NOUNS, MASCULINE, SECOND DECLENSION 


(Parse N. M. 2) 


legatus, I, M. 


us — persons 
amicus, i, M. a (personal) friend 
inimicus, I, M. a (personal) enemy 
COlonUS, I, M. a Colonist , (mostly a freedman) 
coquus, i, M. a cook, (ancientl^he was also the miller 

discipulus, I, M. a learner, a pupil 

1. an ambassador 

2. a lieutenant 
medicus, I, M. a doctor , (a slave) 
mendicus, I, M. a beggar 
musicus, i, M. Gr. a musician 
philosophus, I, M. Gr. a philosopher 
rusticus, I, M. a countryman, a peasant 
tyrannus, I, M. Gr. 1 . a monarch 2. a tyrant 
vicinus, I, M. a neighbor 

vilicus, I, M. the overseer of a Villa, (a slave) 


ius — mostly persons 
gladius, ii, M. a sword 
adversarius, ii, M. an antagonist, a rival 
genius, ii, M. a genius 

argentarius, ii, M. a banker, (a money-changer) 
incendiarius, ii, M. an incendiary 
librarius, ii, M. 1. a copyist 2. a bookseller 
notarius, ii, M. a short-hand writer 
nuntius, ii, M. a messenger, ‘‘th^aiS'^S^ii) 

novus, new 

pomarius, ii, M. a fruit-seller 

Sagittarius, ii, M. an archer, a bowman 

socius, ii, M. a fellow, an ally 

topiarius, ii, M. an ornamental gardener , (a slave) 

valetudinarius, ii, M. an invalid 


Verbs • i sees audit, hears 

’\vident, see audiunt, hear 

A 

1. Medicus hortum amici laudat. 

2. Vilicus vaccas rustici videt, atque ignaviam 

et inertiam viri sentit. 

3. Tyrannus gemmas reginae laudat. 

4. Legati vias patriae describunt. 

5. Coqui gallinas rusticorum laudant. 

6. Musicus dlligentiam discipulorum sentit. 

7. Captivi numerum fabularum audiunt. 

8. Philosophus Seneca in Corsica insula 

habitat. 

9. Incolae Corsicae vaccas in agrls curant. 

10. Cleopatra regina in Alexandria habitat. 

B 

1. The doctor likes (his) neighbors garden. 

2. The cook praises the farmer’s hens. 

3. The philosophers praise the diligence of the 

boys of the village. 

4. The peasants praise the roses of Florence. 

5. The slaves see the faults of the master. 

6. The beggar praises the violets in the garden 

of the musician. 


tangit, touches sentit, feels, perceives, observes 
tangunt, touch sentiunt, feel, perceive, observe 

C 

1. Ulula numerum ranarum in somn5 videt. 

2. Ululae numerum columbarum in silvis 
audiunt. 

3. Topiarius gallinas in argentarii hortis videt. 

4. Medicus gallinas in amici horto videt. 

5. ColSnus vaccas in vicini agrls audit. 

6. Mendicus vaccas rustici in silvis audit. 

7. Agr! rustic5rum vicos Campaniae tangunt. 

8. MendlcI scientiam viarum terrae habent. 

9. Captivos in bello sub cordna vendunt. 

10. Poetae silvas Campaniae amant. 

11. Philosophus diligentiam discipulorum sen- 
tit. 

D 

1. The beggar dwells in a hut in the woods. 

2. The banker dwells in a villa in Campania. 

3. The philosopher walks in the garden of the 
poet. 

4. The sleep of the invalid has a number of 
enemies. 

5. The monarch perceives the enemies of the 
fatherland. 


42 


ETYMOLOGY 


English words to etymologize in Writing.* Noun-stems, 2d Decl. 


Root 

Suffixes Prefix Root Suffix Root 

Suffix 

Root Suffixes 

loc 

at 

ion dis I lOC I ate 

loc 

aX 

loc | oZ 1 

in place 

putting 

act of apart \ in a place | to put 

place 

pertaining to 

place | in regard to 

loc 

al 

ity 

loc 

al 

ize loc 1 at 

ive 


place 



place 

accord- 
ing to 

to pul in place ' t0 put 

having the power 


Nouns 


Verbs 

Adjectives 

Adverbs 

num(b) 

er, 




num(b)eriess 

innumerably 

numeral, -ator 


enumerate 

numeral, -ous, -ical 

numerously, -ically 

populace, -ation 


depopulate 

populous 



popularity 


popularize 

popular 


popularly 

colony, 

colonist 



colonial 



Colonizer, -ization 


colonize 




medication 


medicate 

medical 


medically 

rustic, 

-ity 


rusticate 

rustic 


rustically 

tyrant, 

tyranny 

tyrannize 

tyrannic, -ical, -ous 

tyrannically 

SOCiety, 

Sociability 

Socialize 

SOCial, SOCiable 

Socially, SOCiablj 

minister, ministry 

minister 

ministerial 


ministerially 

administrator, -trix, -ation 

administer 

administrative 


servant, 

-ility, -itude 

serve 

servile 


servilely 

service 





serviceable 


serviceably 

gaudiness 




gaudy, gaudier, -est 

gaudily 

metal, 

metalloid 

metallize 

metallic 



mettle 





mettlesome 



verb, verbalist 


verbalize 

verbal 


verbally 

verbiage 

, -osity 




verbose 


verbatim 

vine, vinegar 




vinous 



vin(t) age, Vin(t)ner 






initial, -ative, -ation 

initiate 

initial, -atory 



Study, -ent, Studio 

Study 

Studious, -ed 


Studiously 

Vice, Viciousness 

Vitiate 

vicious 


Viciously 


PREFIXES 

ad-, to 
de-, away 
dis-, apart 
e- f out 

in- (w. Adj.), not 


In Nouns 
-er, -or | 

-t, -ist I 

-y, -ety, office of, practice of 

-ice, -ive, that which 

-ity, 1 state of being 

-tude, -ness / condition of being 

-ion, the act of 

-age, collectively 

-oid, like, resembling 


SUFFIXES 
In Adjectives 

TVd ose l^^ 

-some J aboundin (> »» 

lor Ilfrv 1 pertaining to 
-ic.’-ica 3 !} MonO'W to 
-ile, like 
-able, able to be 
-ive, having the power to 
-er, more, -est, most 
-less, without 


-ate 

-ize 


In Verbs 

to make 
to give 
to put 
k to take 

In Adverbs 


_ l_ f in regard to 
y \ in a . . manner 

-atim ( f one > \ v < one > 
\ (one) for (one) 


43 



SACRIFICIUM 


* 


44 






1-2 


ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 


(Parse Adj. 1-2) 

bonus, good Table of Terminations 


Sing. 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

S. M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

bonus 

bona 

bonum 

N. bon'us 

bon'a bon'um 

Gen. 

boni 

bonae 

boni 

G. 

i 


ae 

i 

Dat. 

bond 

bonae 

bond 

D. 

o 


ae 

o 

Acc. 

bonum 

bonam 

bonum 

Ac. 

um 


am 

um 

Voc. 

bone 

bona 

bonum 

V. 

e 


a 

um 

Abl. 

bond 

bona 

bond 

Ab. 

o 


a 

o 

Plur. 




PI. 





Nom. 

boni 

bonae 

bona 

N. 

i 


ae 

a 

Gen. 

bonorum 

bonarum 

bonorum 

G. 

o'rum 


a'rum 

o'rum 

Dat. 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

D. 

is 


is 

is 

Acc. 

bonos 

bonas 

bona 

Ac. 

os 


as 

a 

Voc. 

born 

bonae 

bona 

V. 

i 


ae 

a 

Abl. 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

Ab. 

is 


is 

is 


Adjectives limit or describe Nouns or Pronouns. 

Adjectives are either Attributive or Predicate in every-day usage. 

The Attributive Adjective qualifies its Noun directly: hortus bonus, justa regina. 

The Predicate Adjective qualifies its Noun by the aid of a Verb: hortus est bonus, justa est 
regina. 

Pronoun- Adjectives and Participles are used and treated just as Adjectives. 

Very many Adjectives are used as Nouns, that is, Substantively, especially in the Plural, viz. : 


Romani, the Romans, (literally the Roman men) 

( good people, 

sSily': 

patriotically 

litterati, learned men, men of letters 
docti, scholars 

omnes, all (men, everybody ) 
majores, ancestors, forefathers 


Hispani, the Spanish 

bona, goods, (one’s whole property) 

improbl, the wicked, (dangerous to the State) 

nostri ( ours 

( our men 

Omnia, all (things, everything) 

minores, descendants, posterity 


Note. — The Romans were very chary in the use of the purely Attributive Adjective, used descriptively. 
Just as in the Bible one may readily find whole chapters with scarcely a single Attributive Adjective, so in 
Caesar’s history. Cicero uses very few in his oratory, and even Vergil, in his poetry, employs them sparsely. 

45 


1-2 


ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 

Qualities mostly of Men 


bonus, a, um, good 
malus, a, um, bad, ill, evil 
amicus, a, um, friendly 
inimicus, a, um, unfriendly, hostile 
acceptus, a, um, welcome, agreeable 
gratus, a, um, 1 . pleasing 2. thankful 
benignus, a, um, kind, (obliging, courteous) 
malignus, a, um, unkind, (evii-natured) 
cautus, a, um, careful, cautious, wary 
incautus, a, um, not careful, heedless 
industrius, a, um, industrious 
ignavus, a, um, lazy 
doctus, a, um, learned, skilled 
indoctus, a, um, untaught, unskilful 
ignarus, a, um, ignorant, inexperienced 
fatuus, a, um, foolish, silly 
fraternus, a, um, brotherly 
justus, a, um, just, fair, right 
injustus, a, um, unjust 
laetus, a, um, joyful, joyous, glad 
qSniiq a fsoundimbody), healthy, well 
’ ’ ’ {sound (in mind), sensible, sane 

severus, a, um, grave, stern 
superbus, a, um, proud, haughty 


honestus, a, um, 


Graecus, a, um, Greek 

Romanus, a, um, Roman 

barbarUS, a, Um, foreign, (not Greek nor Latin) 

1. honored, distinguished 

2. virtuous 

ingenuus, a, um, 1 . native, in-born 2. free-born 
carus, a, um, 1 . dear, beloved 2. precious 
cupidus, a, um, 1. desirous, eager 2. greedy 
fessus, a, um, weary, tired 
languidus, a, um, faint, languid 
lassus, a, um, fainting, exhausted 
nervosus, a, um, sinewy, vigorous, energetic 
promptus, a, um, ready, prompt 

„ / 1 . oaken, hard 

robustus, a, um, \ ^ > , 

[2. hardy, vigorous 

saevus, a, um, savage, cruel 
salvus, a, um, safe, unhurt 
serus, a, um, late 

stupidus, a, um, 1 . struck dumb 2. dull, stupid 

timidus, a, um, fearful, afraid, timid 

tardus, a, um, slow, tardy 

validus, a, um, strong, stout 

invalidus, a, um, not strong, weak, feeble 

yivus, a, um, alive, living, lively 


A 

Normal Position 

1. Vir bonus.-Cic. 

2. Viri bonl. 

3. Poeta bonus. 

4. Agricolae boni. 

5. Puer fatuus. 

6. Vir doctus. 

7. Puer sanus. 


B 

Emphatic Position 

1. Bona femina.-Cic. 

2. Superba Tullia. 

3. Honesta reglna. 

4. Amicae columbae. 

5. Laetae puellae. 

6. Docta femina. 

7. Salva patria. 


C 

1. Vir est validus. Femina est benigna. 

2. Numa justus et bonus vir erat -Cic. 

3. Horatius gratus et acceptus Romanis erat. 

4. Cautus agricola est industrius vir. 

5. Piratae ingenul erant nautae prompt!. 

6. Regina viva et salva et laeta erat. 

7. Romani fessl lasslque eramt-Sall . 


8. A tired servant. 

9. An ignorant slave, 

10. Vigorous sailors. 


8. A timid girl. 

9. Foreign women. 

10. The industrious 

Lucretia. 


8. The slave is good and careful. 

9. Tarquin the Proud was an unjust man. 
10. The guests were kind and agreeable. 


Rule of ( Normal Position, Adjective second , Rule of ( Adjective must agree with its Noun 

Position. { Emphatic Position, Adjective first. i(rr . om . nt in Gender , Number, and Case, but need 

® 1 not in Declension. 


46 


1-2 


ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION 

Qualities mostly of Things 


altus, a, um, 


( high (in air) = tall 
\ deep (in sea) 


latus, a, um, broad, wide 
angustus, a, um, narrow 
longus, a, um, long 
rotundus, a, um, round, circular 
globosus, a, um, spherical, globular 
quadratus, a, um, square 
acidus, a, um, sour 
acutus, a, um, sharp (as a point), acute 
obtusus, a, um, blunt, dull 
aequus, a, um, 1 . even, equal 2. fair 
planus, a, um, level, flat 

opp. to 

cavus, a, um, hollow 

plenus, a, um, full 

exiguus, a, um, scanty 

largus, a, um, bountiful, plentiful 

magnus, a, um, great, large 

magnificus, a, um, nobly great, magnificent 

immensus, a, um, vast, '' immense 

infinitus, a, um, boundless, infinite 

minutus, a, um, minute 

parvus, a, um, small, little 

paucus, a, um, few 

multus, a, um, much (in Sing.), many (in Piur.) 

purus, a, um, clear , pure 

sordidus, a, um, 1 . dirty , filthy 2. mean , vile 


aetemUS, a, Um eternal, (without beginning or end) 

antiquus, a, um, old, ancient 

opp. to 

novus, a, um, new, modern 

pristinus, a, um, pristine, (though in our day) 

priscus, a, um, primitive, (before our time) 

maturus, a, um, ripe, mature 

densus, a, um, dense, (thickly crowded together) ) 

opp. to 

rarus, a, um, thin, (thinly scattered) 
durus, a, um, hard 
solidus, a, um, solid 
falsus, a, um, deceitful, false 
firmus, a, um, stable, steadfast 
infirmus, a, um, weak, feeble 
jucundus, a, um, pleasant, delightful 
lucidus, a, um, full of light, shining 
splendidus, a, um, bright, splendid 
molestus, a, um, troublesome 
noxius, a, um, hurtful, injurious 
odiosus, a, um, hateful 
conspicuus, a, um, visible 
perspicuus, a, um, transparent, clear 
universus, a, um, all, whole 
singull, ae, a, single, (one by one, one to each) 
vacuus, a, um, empty, void, unoccupied 
vanus, a, um, empty, vacant, fruitless 
verus, a, um, true, genuine , real 


A 

with Predicate Adjectives 

1. Fluvius est altus et angustus. 

2. Persica erant parva et pauca. 

3. Cerasa in Italia erant non acida. 

4. Insulae erant rotundae et planae. 

5. Aqua est pura et perspicua. 

6. Vitrum est perspicuum. 

7. Vinum erat novum et acidum. 

8. Folia mori sunt magna et rotunda. 


B 

with Attributive Adjectives 

1. Britannl plumb! alb! metalla habent. 

2. Florentia urbs magnificos hortos habet. 

3. Hispania argent! metalla magna habet. 

4. Ignavus pirata obtusum gladium portat. 

5. Helvetii acutos gladios portant. 

6. Servi fess! ficos maturas amant. 

7. Roma urbs portas multas et magnas habet. 

8. Sarmatia terra fluvids et multos et longos 

habet. 


9. The rivers are long and broad. 

10. The palm trees in Africa are tall. 

11. The apples are large and ripe. 

12. Iron is hard and solid. 


9. Energetic farmers have broad fields. 

10. The stranger has many clear crystals. 

11. Germany has many long rivers. 

12. The country Dacia has vast mines of gold. 


Note. — Two or more Adjectives in succession in English, as “many long rivers” 
use of Correlative Conjunctions, viz., “rivers both many and long”. 

47 


in Latin require the 


I — 2 ADJECTIVES of nature 

(Parse Adj. 1-2) 

apricus, a, um, sunny 
opacus, a, um, shaded, darkened 
umbrosus, a, um, shady 
clarus, a, um, clear, bright 

opp. to 

obscurus, a, um, dark, obscure 
imbricus, a, um, rainy 
aquosus, a, um, watery 
igneus, a, um, fiery 
fervidus, a, um, glowing 
umidus, a, um, moist, damp, wet 
aridus, a, um, dry, parched, arid 
torridus, a, um, dried up, torrid 
tepidus, a, um, lukewarm, tepid 
calidus, a, um, warm, hot 

opp. to 

frigidus, a, um, cold, chilly 

gelidus, a, um, icy, cold, frosty 

rigidus, a, um, stiff, numb 

torpidus, a, um, benumbed, torpid 

serenus, a, um, fair, serene 

tranquillus, a, um, quiet, calm, tranquil 

placidus, a, um, gentle, placid 

liquidus, a, um, flowing, liquid 

rapidus, a, um, (tearing along), rapid 

turbidus, a, um (troubled), 1 . muddy 2. stormy 

clamosus, a, um, noisy 

periculdsus, a, um, dangerous 

amarus, a, um, bitter, brackish { opp h duicis 

acerbus, a, um, bitter, sour { 

A 

1 . Poeta hortum umbrosum amat. 

2. Agricolae agrds apricds amant. 

3. Femina Horatia templum opacum amat. 

4. Romani Capuam apricam amant. 

5. Aqua patriae est bona et liquida.-Cafo. 

6. Aqua marina est salsa et amara -Cic. 

7. Itali aquam et puram et frigidam amant. 

8. Oceani aquas et atras et amaras habent. 

9. Puellae mala et magna et rubra laudant. 


10. Few are the rapid rivers of Europe. 

11. Greece has sunny islands and clear skies. 

12. The tawny Tiber has muddy waters. 


ADJECTIVES OF COLOR 

(The Romans had very few colors, Red was their favorite; 

ruber, bra, brum, red, ruddy, reddened 
rufUS, a, Um, red (of all shades) 
russus, a, um, red, (very rare word) 
russatus, a, um, clad in red (^charioteers in the 

roseus, a, um, rose-colored, rosy 

badius, a, um, brown, \chesinut, (of horses only) 

caeruleus, a, um, sea or sky blue 

Viridis, e (3d Decl.), green (of all shades) 

violaceus, a, um, violet 

purpureus, a, um, purple (many shades) 

aureus, a, um, golden 

flavus, a, um, deep yellow, tawny 

niger, gra, grum, glossy black 

candidus, a, um, glistening white, snow white 

ater, tra, trum, black without lustre, dark 

albus, a, um, white without lustre, pale 

B 

1. Alba Longa urbs in Latio erat. 

2. Itali vina et alba et atra habent. 

3. Vir Candida de nigris facit -Prov. 

out of makes 

4. Femina nigra in Candida vertit -Prov. 

into turns 

5. Rubus est ruber et acerbus et ndn maturus, 

6. Hispani rosas et flavas et pulchras habent. 

7. Liberi Italiae purpurea pruna ac ficos mag- 

nas et maturas amant. 


8. The charioteer has a golden crown. 

9. The sailors love the blue waters of Ocean. 

10. The leaves of the cherry-trees will be red 

and yellow. 


Note. — Words not heretofore used may be found in the Word-list at the end of this book. 

48 


ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 


1-2 


About 20 are like Piger 


About 10 are like Tener 


Singular 


Nom. 

M. 

piger 

F. 

pigr-a 

N. 

pigr-um 

Gen. 

pigr-i 

pigr-ae 

pigr-i 

Dat. 

pigr-o 

pigr-ae 

pigr-o 

Acc. 

pigr-um 

pigr-am 

pigr-um 

Voc. 

piger 

pigr-a 

pigr-um 

Abl. 

pigr-o 

pigr-a 

pigr-o 

Nom. 

pigr-i 

Plural 

pigr-ae 

pigr-a 

Gen. 

pigr-orum 

pigr-arum 

pigr-orum 

Dat. 

pigr-is 

pigr-is 

pigr-is 

Acc. 

pigr-os 

pigr-as 

pigr-a 

Voc. 

pigr-i 

pigr-ae 

pigr-a 

Abl. 

pigr-is 

pigr-is 

pigr-is 




Singular 



M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

tener 

tener-a 

tener-um 

Gen. 

tener-i 

tener-ae 

tener-i 

Dat. 

tener-6 

tener-ae 

tener-o 

Acc. 

tener-um 

tener-am 

tener-um 

Voc. 

tener 

tener-a 

tener-um 

Abl. 

tener-5 

tener-a 

tener-o 



Plural 


Nom. 

tener-i 

tener-ae 

tener-a 

Gen. 

tener-orum tener-arum 

tener-orum 

Dat. 

tener-is 

tener-is 

tener-is 

Acc. 

tener-os 

tener-as 

tener-a 

Voc. 

tener-i 

tener-ae 

tener-a 

Abl. 

tener-is 

tener-is 

tener-is 


Like Piger 

aeger, gra, grum, sick , ill 
creber, bra, brum , frequent, (coming thickly) 
macer, era, crum, lean 
piger, gra, grum, slow , slothful, sluggish 
impiger, gra, grum, not slothful, active 
integer, gra, grum, whole, untouched, (in-tango> 
pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful 
sacer, sacra, sacrum, sacred (to a deity), holy 
vafer, fra, frum, sly, cunning 


dexter, tra, trum 
sinister, tra, trum 


/ 1. on the right 2. handy 
\ (favorable as to omens in Greece) 
/ 1. on the left 2. awkward 

\ (lucky as to omens at Rome) 


Like Tener 

tener, era, erum, tender 

miser, era, erum, wretched, miserable 

asper, era, erum, rough, harsh, uneven 

liber, era, erum, free 

lacer, era, erum, torn 

gibber, era, erum, hunch-backed 

dexter, era, erum, (a less frequent spelling) 


A 

1. Vir aeger crebras litteras scribit. 

2. Gallus nervosus erit dexter athleta. 

3. Vir a multis urbis vitiis integer erat -Cato. 

4. Sacra Via erat antiqua et magnifica via. 

5. GraecI semper dextrum omen desiderant. 

6. RdmanI semper sinistrum omen deslderant. 

7. Profanum quod non est sacrum. -Pan/. 

what 

8. Boys love apples, large, ripe, whole and 

sound. 

9. The temples of Athens were many and 

beautiful. 

10. The inhabitants of the islands were sinewy 
and active. 


B 

1. Regina Zenobia violas teneras amat. 

2. Nauta asper miserum puerum amat. 

3. Tener! magistrl ingenuos pueros amant. 

4. Servi miser! pauca praemia habent. 

5. Tenerae arbores bona poma habent. 

6. Britannus liber puerum ingenuum habet. 

7. Gibber puer et aeger et macer et piger erat. 


8. The slaves will be free and not slothful. 

9. The poet was free-born and joyous. 

10. The field is small and rough and dry. 


49 


1-2 


REVIEW— ADJECTIVES 1st AND 2d DECLENSIONS 
Sentences with Predicate Adjectives 


Masculine 


Feminine 


Neuter 



A 



B 



C 


Subj. 

Vb. 

Pr. Adj. 

Subj. 

Vb. 

Pr. Adj. 

Subj. 

Vb. 

Pr. Adj. 

1 . Hortus 

est 

bonus. 

1. Rosa 

est 

rubra. 

1. Metallum est 

nigrum. 

2. Fluvius 

est 

rapidus. 

2. Femina 

est 

benigna. 

2. Ferrum 

est 

durum. 

3. Gladius 

est 

longus. 

3. Corona 

est 

pulchra. 

3. Electrum 

est 

perspicuum 

4. Dominus 

erat 

benignus. 

4. Insula 

est 

Graeca. 

4. Saxum 

erat 

antiquum. 

5. Servus 

erit 

timidus. 

5. Regina 

erit 

superba. 

5. Malum 

erit 

flavum. 


D 



E 



F 


1. Horti 

sunt 

boni. 

1. Rosae 

sunt 

pulchrae. 

1. Metalla 

sunt 

nigra. 

2. Gladii 

sunt 

acuti. 

2. Puellae 

sunt 

laetae. 

2. Vitia 

sunt 

multa. 

3. Fluvii 

sunt 

tardi. 

3. Gemmae 

sunt 

rarae. 

3. Praemia 

sunt 

magna. 

4. Servi 

erant 

validi. 

4. Violae 

erant 

paucae. 

4. Templa 

erant 

antiqua. 

5. German! 

erunt 

superb!. 

5. Coronae 

erunt 

carae. 

5. Rosaria 

erunt 

pulchra. 


G 



H 



I 


1. Agricola 

est 

bonus. 

1. Malus 

est 

pulchra. 

1. Malum 

est 

rubrum. 

2. Auriga 

erat 

promptus. 

2. Prunus 

erat 

antiqua. 

2. Prunum 

erat 

parvum. 

3. Advena 

est 

miser. 

3. Persicus 

est 

parva. 

3. Persicum 

est 

aureum. 

4. Nauta 

erat 

aeger. 

4. Ficus 

erat 

alta. 

4. Pirum 

erat 

durum. 

5. Con viva 

erit 

jucundus. 

5. Morus 

erit 

magna. 

5. Morum 

erit 

maturum. 


J 



K 



L 


1. Agricolae 

sunt 

boni. 

1. Mali 

sunt 

pulchrae. 

1. Mala 

sunt 

rubra. 

2. Poetae 

erant 

timidi. 

2. Pruni 

erant 

parvae. 

2. Pruna 

erant 

magna. 

3. Incolae 

sunt 

industrii. 

3. Persici 

sunt 

altae. 

3. Persica 

sunt 

aurea. 

4. Piratae 

erant 

ignavi. 

4. Fici 

erant 

antlquae. 

4. Pira 

erant 

parva. 

5. Athletae 

erunt 

validi. 

5. Mori 

erunt 

magnae. 

5. Mdra 

erunt 

atra. 


Phrases with Attributive Adjectives (Normal Position) 


M 

1. horti boni, hortorum bonorum. 

2. agricolae laeti, agricolarum laeto- 

rum. 

3. scribae sano, pueris sanis. 

4. nauta fatuo, virls doctls. 

5. agro piano, agris aridis. 


N 

1. feminae industriae. 

2. puellarum bonarum. 

3. patriae carae. 

4. terris aridis. 

5. arbuto pulchra. 


O 

1. regni barbari. 

2. dondrum largorum. 

3. odio aeterno. 

4. gaudio magnS. 

5. praemiis exiguis. 


P 

1. of a large garden, of large gardens. 

2. of a timid stranger, of timid 

strangers. 

3. for the tired sailor, for tired sailors. 

4. with sharp swords, from the little 

field. 

5. by strong men, in deep rivers. 


Q 

1. of the white rose. 

2. of red roses. 

3. to the kind queen. 

4. by the broad gate. 

5. from deep waters. 

50 


R 

1. of an ancient temple. 

2. of the beautiful leaves. 

3. for a big reward. 

4. by splendid gifts. 

5. with a wretched salary. 


REVIEW— ADJECTIVES IN AGREEMENT 


Two or more Nouns with one Pred. Adj. 

A 

1. Dominus et servus salvi sunt. 

2. Gemmae et corona reglnae sunt pulchrae. 

3. Argentum et aurum sunt cara metalla. 

4. Agri et hortl sunt arid!. 

5. Cura et diligentia virl erunt acceptae. 

6. Cicero et Caesar erant amici. 

7. Persica et mala sunt matura. 


8. The man and the boy will be safe. 

9. The farmer and (his) neighbor are ill. 

10. The eagle and the dove are unfriendly. 

Rule of Syntax . — With two or more 


1-2 

One Noun with two or more Pred. Adj’s 
B 

1. Insula est longa et lata et plana. 

2. Agricola erat validus et industrius. 

3. Terra universa est solida et globosa.-Cic. 

4. Stellae globosae et rotundae sunt.-Cic. 

5. Planus et aequus locus erat. 

6. Servus erat aeger et piger et tiinidus. 

7. Ferrum longum et angustum et acutum 

est. 


8. The violets were large and beautiful. 

9. Iron is hard and cold and black. 

10. The neighbors will be good and kind and 
just. 

*uns the Adjective is properly Plural. 


Persons of Different Genders 
Adjectives Attributive 
C 

1. Vir bonus et femina llberos cautos habent. 

2. Puella arnica et puer timidas columbas por- 

tant. 

3. Servus et femina ignara galllnls frumentum 

dant. 

4. Femina et accolae benignl vaccls frumen- 

tum dant. 


5. Industrious girls and boys love rewards. 

6. Sensible men and women praise diligence. 

Adjectives Predicate 

D 

1. Feminae et llberl sanl ac salvi sunt. 

2. Regina et poeta sunt incolls acceptl. 

3. Puellae et convlvae sunt agricolae gratl. 

4. Femina et accola sunt llberls benignl. 


5. The girls and boys were careful and kind. 

6. The woman and the man were friendly and 

agreeable. 

Rule of Syntax . — With two or more Nouns de- 
noting persons , of different genders , the Adjective 
Attributive properly agrees with the nearest in number 
and gender. 

The Adjective Predicate takes the Plural Number 
and prefers the Masculine Gender. 


Things of Different Genders 
Adjectives Predicate 
E 

1. Rosa et malum sunt llberls grata. 

2. Viola et persicum sunt puellls grata. 

3. Crystalla et gemmae sunt magnifica. 

4. Invidia et avaritia sunt noxia concordiae. 

5. FlcI et ollvae sunt integra et solida. 


6. Olives and apples are round and ripe. 

7. Plums and figs are small and few. 

Persons and Things of Different Genders 
Adjectives Predicate 
F 

1. Hyaena saeva et accola falsus erunt molestl 

agricolae. 

2. Vacca mala et servus tardus erunt odiosl 

bono magistro. 

3. Llberl et galllnae erunt molestl f rumen to 

agricolae. 

4. Casa et templum pulchrae sunt. 

5. ServI et servitium sunt noxia patriae. 

6. Puer et pruna non inimlca sunt. 

Rule of Syntax . — With two or more Nouns de- 
noting things, even if they be Feminine Gender, the 
Adjective Predicate is Neuter Plural. 

Denoting persons and things , the Adjective pre- 
fers 1st, the Masculine; 2d, the Feminine; 3d, the 
Neuter, or may agree with the nearest if it be Plural. 


ETYMOLOGIES OFTEN UNIQUE 

Adj .-stems, 1st and 2d Decls. 


bonus, something to the good 
bon-bon, a sweetmeat good to eat 
4 bonny, comely, good to see 

hftriQTi7Q / a sudden widening in a vein of silver, 
uuiicUi^a | a pi ece G f g 00 d l uc k for the miner 

boon, a goodly deed or gift 
bounty, goodness , a reward 
benignant, gracious to inferiors, kindly 
malignant, very harmful, infectious 
malign, to speak evil of, to slander 
malice, badness, active ill-will 
maltreat, to treat ill 

. f (orig.) bad air, unwholesome atmosphere 
a ana | (now) intermittent fever 

salve, a healing ointment 

<?fllvpr ( a P^ ate f° r f°°d tasted before 
kjctivcl t serving, to save kings from poisoning 


caress, to bestow fond touches, to pet 
cupidity, greediness for gain 
. . / brotherline ss 

1 y \a guild, a set of same class 
honest, upright in word and deed, virtuous 
infatuate, to cause to act foolishly 
lassitude, faintness, languor 
sanity, mental soundness 
insane, not sound in mind 
sanitary, promoting soundness of body 
valid, sound and sufficient 
invalid, a person not strong, one feeble 
invalidate, to make void, to weaken 
intimidate, to put fear into a person 
vivify, to make lively, to enliven 
viva voce, with the living voice, orally 


Pref. Root Suf. 

Pref. Root Suf. Pref. 

Root 

Root Pref. Root 

Suf. Suf. 

in 1 grati I tude 

in 

grati 

ate in 

grat E 

gratis un I grat(e) 

1 ful 1 ly 

less | thank | ness 

into 

I favor 

| to put (one’s self) un \ 

thank/uZ 

favor as a not | thank 

\ ful | in a manner 

Nouns 



Verbs 


Adjectives 

Adverbs 

longitude 



elongate, prolong 


long, -ish, oblong 

along 

length 



lengthen 


lengthy 

lengthwise 

min'ute, -uend, -u'tiae 



diminish 


minute' 

minute'iy 

largeness, largesse 



enlarge 


large 

largely 

plan, plane 



explain 


plain 

plainly 

magnate, -itude 



magnify 


main 

mainiy 

purity, Puritan 



purify 


pure, impure 

purely 

acid, acidity 



acidify 


acid, subacid 


endurance 



endure 


durable, endurable 

durably 

density 



condense 


dense 

densely 

rarity 



rarefy 


rar e 

rarely 

solid, solidity 



Solidify, consolidate 


solid 

solidly 

maturity 



mature 


mature, immature 

maturely 

firmness, infirmity 



confirm, affirm 


firm, infirm 

firmiy 

falsehood, falsity 



falsify 


false 

falsely 

vanity 



vanish 


vain 

vainiy 

verity 



verify 


very 

very, verny 

clarion, clearance 



declare, clarify 


clear 

cleariy 

nOVel, -ette, -ty, nOVice 




novel 



52 





W0m 

WwfrXy.- 


Wil'itlflii i fri ! ' 

. / - .‘‘ii i f< i 1 


i'Mix! 






wBrn^m-. 


‘S , ' / ■ ''v ' ' L/ ' t 

fliitt 

tUM^ 

ililffp 

ifem 


IMAGO ORATORIS ROMANI CLARISSIMI 


53 




3d THIRD DECLENSION. The consonant and i Nouns (consonant Stems, 1 Stems) 

Endings. — The Genitive Singular of Nouns and Adjectives of the Third Declension ends in is. 

The Nominative Singular ends in various letters ( originally only in s). 

Gender. — Nouns of the Third Declension are of all three Genders. 

They may be arranged in ten classes according to their 

Classes 1 , 2, 3, 4, 1 , m, n, r, called Liquid (or flowing) stems, ) 


Stem-letter, viz. : 


5, c or g, called Guttural (or throat) stems, I consonant 

6, b or p, called Labial (or lip) stems, f stems. 

7, d or t, called Dental (or tooth) stems, J 

8, i (monosyllables increasing), ] 

9, i (polysyllables not increasing), f vowel stems. 

10, v (= the consonant u), J 



CLASS 1— 

Nouns in 1, Genitive 1-is 


CLASS 2— 

Nouns in s, Terminations 
Genitive m-is Masc. and 

Fern. 

Sing. 

salt {wit), M. (n. rare) 

a boxer, M. 

the sun, M. 

a consul, M. 

winter, f. 

cons. 

i. 

Nom. 

1 sal 

pugil 

s51 

consul 

1 hiem(p)s 

. . . 

. . . 

Gen. 

salis 

pugilis 

solis 

consulis 

hiemis 

is 

is 

Dot. 

sail 

pugili 

soli 

consul! 

hiemi 

i 

i 

Acc. 

salem, sal 

pugilem 

solem 

cdnsulem 

hiemem 

em 

im 

Voc. 

sal 

pugil 

sol 

consul 

hiems 

. . . 

. . . 

Abl. 

sale 

pugile 

sole 

consule 

hieme 

e 

i 

Plur. 

Nom. 

cnlpci 1 (witticisms) 

saies | (M . only) 

pugiles 

soles 

consules 

hiemes 

es 

es 

Gen. 

pugilum 


consulum 


um 

ium 

Dat. 

salibus 

pugilibus 

solibus 

consulibus 


ibus 

ibus 

Acc. 

sales 

pugiles 

soles 

consules 

hiemes 

es 

is 

Voc. 

sales 

pugiles 

soles 

consules 

hiemes 

es 

es 

Abl. 

salibus 

Hannibal, alis, M. 

Hannibal 

pugilibus 

vigil, ilis, M. 

a watchman 

solibus 

consulibus 

exsul, ulis, C. 

an exile 


ibus 

ibus 


THE VOCATIVE CASE 

The Vocative is called the “Case of Direct Address.” Its form in the Declensions of Nouns and Adjec- 
tives is identical with the Nominative Case, excepting only in the Second Declension. Wherefore a few 
Grammarians omit the Vocative, affixing it as a repetition of the Nominative, or in the Second Declension 
only as a sixth case. 

The fact remains true, however, that there is both in English and Latin a Vocative Case in all Nouns, 
used as needed. Similarly, certain forms in the Passive Voice of many Verbs both in English and Latin are 
rarely or never used, especially of those Intransitive. Greek Grammarians coming to Rome as teachers 
during the last century before the Christian Era brought along the technical terms of the Ars Grammatica 
appropriate to the Greek and Latin tongues, which have descended almost intact into modern English. 
Hence, in our study we prefer to keep the Vocative in its ancient place. 

54 




CLASS 

3. — Nouns in n, 

Genitive n-is 


3d 



(sanguen, orig.) 

(n lost) 


(n lost) 

(n lost) 

Sing. 

a priest, M. 

blood, M. 

man, M. 

Solon, M. 

the lion, M. 

flesh, F. 

Nom. 

flamen 

2 sanguis 

4 homo 

Solon 

70 led 

1 card 

Gen. 

flaminis 

sanguinis 

hominis 

Solonis 

leonis 

carnis 

Dat. 

flamini 

sanguini 

homini 

Solon! 

' leoni 

earn! 

Acc. 

flaminem 

sanguinem 

hominem 

Solonem 

leonem 

carnem 

Foe. 

flamen 

sanguis 

homo 

Solon 

leo 

card 

Abl. 

flamine 

sanguine 

homine 

Solone 

leone 

carne 

Plur. 







Nom. 

flamines 


homines 

■ 

leones 

carnes 

Gen. 

flaminum 


hominum 


lednum 


Dat. 

flaminibus 


hominibus 


leonibus 

carnibus 

Acc. 

flamines 


homines 


leones 

carnes 

Foe. 

flamines 


homines 


leones 

carnes 

Abl. 

flaminibus 

\ 

hominibus 


leonibus 

carnibus 


en, inis 

pecten, inis, M. 

a comb 

cornicen, inis, M. 

a horn-blower 
fidicen, inis, M. 

a harper 
tibicen, inis, M. 

a flute-player 
tubicen, inis, M. 
a trumpeter 

en, enis 

8 splen, splenis, M. 

the spleen 


» 


6, inis on, dnis 

nemo, inis, M. nobody Babylon, onis, 

turbo, inis, M. a whirlwind F. Babylon 
Apollo, inis, M. Apollo 

on, dnis 

do, dinis Lacedaemon, 

60 cardo, inis, M. a hinge onis, F. 

cupido, inis, F. desire Sparta 

grando, inis, F. hail 
ordo, inis, M. rank, order 
magnitudo, inis, F. size 
multitudo, inis, F. multitude 
similitudd, inis, F. likeness 
solitudd, inis, F. loneliness 
testudo, inis, F. a tortoise 
valetudd, inis, F. health 

go, ginis 

40 imago, inis, F. an image, 
statuette, likeness 
mar go, inis, C. an edge 
origd, inis, F. beginning, origin 
virgo, inis, F. a maiden 


6, onis 

aquild, onis, M. North wind 
bubo, onis, M. an owl 
bufo, onis, M. a toad 
Cicero, onis, M. Cicero 
latro, onis, M. a bandit 
praedo, onis, M. a robber 
sermo, onis, M. conversation 
Juno, onis, F. Juno 

id, ionis 

30 legid, dnis, F. a legion 

munxtid, dnis, F. a fortification 
natio, dnis, F. a nation 
opinio, dnis, F. a notion 
oratio, onis, F. speech 
papilio, dnis, M. a butterfly 
pugio, dnis, M. a dagger 
ratio, dnis, F. reason 
regio, dnis, F. district, region 
Scxpio, dnis, M. Scipio 


A 

1. Homo et multas et falsas opiniones ha bet. 

2. Leo et papilio hominem non timent. 

3. Bubo et bufo frlgidos Aquilones non amant. 

4. Testudo volat -Prov. 

5. Hiems aquilonibus asperat undas.-Per^. 

roughens 

6. Vir nobilis multas in atrio senatorias 

imagines habet. 

7. Ordo senatorius, ord5 equester, ordo plebe- 

ius erant ordines prlncipales civium.- 

QIq (the) principal 

8. Vir salem cum pane edit.^ -Prov. 

eats 

9. Caesar in Gallia multas legiones habuit. 


B 

1. Ignobilis homo imagines non habuit. 

2. Cicero erat novus homo. Ciceroni nobili- 

tas erat nova. 

3. NEMO compositum videtur ex ne et 

homo.-PawZ. 8eems 

4. Romulum cupido cepit urbis condendae.- 

Jjip took of founding 

5. Aeneas Romanae stirpis orlgo erat - Verg. 

6. Fontium celat orlgines Nllus -Hor. 

conceals 

7. Rhenus extremum marginem imperil alluit. 

laves 

8. Homines valetudinem bonam amant. 

9. Magna clvitas est magna solitudo. -Pror. 


10. The lazy owl likes the dark woods. 10. 

11. The orations of Cicero were magnifi- 11. 

cent. 

12. The conversation of Cicero was delight- 12. 

ful. 


55 


Plautus was not a man of senatorial rank. 
The speech of the Consul was acceptable to 
the legion. 

The solitude of the woods is delightful to 
the poet. 


i 


3d 

Sing. 

a hearth , M. 

CLASS 4 .— Nouns 

a sparrow, M. 

in r, {orig.) s, Genitive r-is 

(Masc. agents in tor) 
a ccnquerer, M. a vulture, M. 

a father, M. 

Nom. 

2 lar 

passer 

like victor 

vultur 

4 pater 

Gen. 

laris 

passeris 

victoris 

vulturis 

patris 

Dat. 

lari 

passeri 

victori 

vulturi 

patri 

Acc. 

larem 

passerem 

victorem 

vulturem 

patrem 

Voc. 

lar 

passer 

victor 

vultur 

pater 

Abl. 

lare 

passere 

victore 

vulture 

patre 

Plur. 

Novi. 

the fireside gods 

lares 

passeres 

victores 

vultures 

patres 

Gen. 

larum, ium (rare) 

passerum 

victorum 

vulturum 

patrum 

Dat. 

laribus 

passeribus 

victoribus 

vulturibus 

patribus 

Acc. 

lares 

passeres 

victores 

vultures 

patres 

Voc. 

lares 

passeres 

victores 

vultures 

patres 

Abl. 

laribus 

passeribus 

victoribus 

vulturibus 

patribus 


Sr 

Caesar, aris, M. 

Caesar 

Hamilcar, aris M. 

Hamilcar 
salar, aris, M. 

a trout 

par, paris, M. 
a comrade 

er 

aer, aeris, M. 

the air 

aether, eris, M. 

the ether 

anser, eris, M. 

a goose 

agger, eris, M. 

a mound 
career, eris, M. 

a jail 

later, eris, M. 

a brick 

or 

actor, oris, M. a doer 
amator, oris, M. o lover 
auditor, oris, M. o hearer 
censor, oris, M. a censor 
soror, oris, F. a sister 
uxor, oris, F. a wife 
Imperator, oris, M. 

The Emperor 

ardor, oris, M. heat 
amor, oris, M. love 
calor, oris, M. warmth 

ur 

augur, uris, C. 

a bird prophet 
furfur, uris, M. 

bran 

turtur, uris, C. 

o turtle-dove 

ur 

fur, furis, C. 

a thief 

tr 

mater, tris, F. 

o mother 
frater, tris, M. 

a brother 

accipiter, tris, ML 

a hawk 


mulier, eris, F. 

a woman 
vomer, eris, M. 
a ploughshare 

er 

crater, eris, M. 
a bowl (for mix- 
ing wines) 


color, oris, M. color 
dolor, oris, M. pain 
honor, oris, M. esteem 
labor, oris, M. toil 
odor, oris, M. smell 
timor, oris, M. fear 

6r 

arbor, oris, F. a tree 


A 


B 


1. Anseres sacrl Romanos a perlculo servant. 

2. Color salaris in aqua erat pulcher. 

3. Crater plenus vlnl et aquae erat. 

4. Soror pugilis bellum non amat. Amor 

patriae fratrem vocat. 

5. Odor persici maturi est jucundus. Color 

pulcher llberos invitat. 

6. Amor sororum est pulcher. 

7. Calor s5lis jucundus est arboribus. 

8. Aether purus et clarus super aerem est. 

9. Druides magno sunt apud Britannos 

honbre.-fCaes. 


1. Color in maturo pomo est ruber.-fOr. 

2. Matres industriae cautos pueros amant. 

3. Viri validl liberos robustos amant. 

4. Justus pater amorem et honorem liber- 

drum habet. 

5. Puella et patrem et matrem et fratrem et 

sororem habet. 

6. F tires et latrones justos viros non amant. 

7. Labor virls ignavis est non gratus. 

8. Mater cauta magnum dolorem animi habet. 

9. Censor est bonus et fidus judex morum- 

Hor. 


10. Cicero and Caesar were good comrades. 

11. The sensible mother has good children. 

12. Hamilcar was the father of Hannibal. 

t Adapted. 


10. Bricks of pure silver. Bricks of yellow gold. 

11. Labor is pleasant to strong, healthy men. 

12. The hawk is a vile, deceitful thief. 


56 



CLASS 4 (Continued) . — Nouns in s, Genitive r-is. Many Plural i -stems 


Sing. 

a male, M. 

ashes, M. F. (rare) 

o dormouse, M. 

a flower, M. 

o mouse, M. 

Nom. 

1 mas 

cinis 

1 glis 

flos 

1 mus 

Gen . 

maris 

cineris 

gliris 

floris 

muris 

Dat. 

man 

cinerl 

gliri 

fldri 

muri 

Acc. 

marem 

cinerem 

glirem 

florem 

murem 

Voc. 

mas 

cinis 

glis 

flos 

mus 

Abl. 

mare 

cinere 

glire 

flore 

mure 

Plur. 

Nom. 

mares 

cineres 

glires 

flores 

mures 

Gen. 

marium 

cinerum 

glirium 

florum 

murium 

Dat. 

maribus 

cineribus 

gliribus 

floribus 

muribus 

Acc. 

mares 

cineres 

glires 

flores 

mures, is 

Voc. 

mares 

cineres 

glires 

flores 

mures 

Abl. 

maribus 

cineribus 

gliribus 

floribus 

muribus 


cucumis, eris, M. a cucumber 
pulvis, eris, M., F. (rare), dust 

Ceres, eris, F. Ceres 
Venus, eris, F. Venus 


or ur 

mds, mdris, M. 1 Tellus, uris, F. 
custom, PI. habits, The Earth 
morals 

ros, roris, M. 
dew, (no G. PI.) 

6r 

1 lepus, oris, M. 

a hare 


Lar, laris, M. the hearth. On entering an old Roman home the visitor would see near the door the 
family hearth or altar. Around it were small images of clay, marble, or bronze, or very often of silver, and 
occasionally of gold, the Lares, Fireside gods , protectors of the hearth and home. Certain other little images 
stood in the back, the Penates, guardians of the food-closet, tutelar deities of the family circle. Near 
by also was the image of a dog; the dog being sacred to the Lares. These images, preserved through genera- 
tions, got very dingy and smoky, yet they were cherished all the more. A little plate of food was set daily 
for them. The master of the house, if a religious man, on rising repaired to them at once with prayers 
and offerings. 

In later times, in larger houses, a cozy chapel , lararium, was specially provided. The pater familias 
nobly descended could also have around and about his atrium the fumosae imagines, the busts and statuettes } 
all dingy and smoky , of a long line of illustrious ancestors, giving him social standing. 

Modern excavations discover these, and Museums now display them. 

Augur, uris, C. an augur. Romulus is said to have appointed a College of Three Augurs: one for each 
of the three early tribes. The duty of the Augur was to take the auspices, which was principally to observe 
and interpret the omens given by the birds in their cries or songs, and in their flight. 

The Augur went out before the dawn into an open spot under the open sky. Taking his seat, facing the 
South, his head veiled, with uplifted wand he marked out the heavens; one line from North to South, a cross 
line from East to West. Then he watched long for the early birds flying up on his left hand, sinister, from 
the East along with the brightening day. He notes the first, and soon a second lot, and the omen is lucky. 
If the first he sees chance to come up on his right, dexter, from the West, it is all unfavorable. If a breath of 
air stirred, the ceremony was called off till another morning; hence the Augur carried a lantern open to the 
wind. 

Before marriage, before a journey, before election, on every important occasion auspices were taken. 

Candidates for election would sleep outside the walls on the night before election that they might get 
the auspices before daylight. 


57 



CLASS 5. — N ouns in x ( 


Sing. 

peace, F. 

murder, F. 

judge, C. 

Nom. 

pax 

nex 

judex 30 

Gen. 

pacis 

necis 

judicis 

Dat. 

paci 

neci 

judici 

Acc. 

pacem 

necem 

judicem 

Voc. 

pax 

nex 

judex 

Abl. 

pace 

nece 

judice 

Plur. 


/ 


Nom. 

paces 

neces 

judices 

Gen. 



judicum 

Dat. 

pacibus 

necibus 

judicibus 

Acc. 

paces 

neces 

judices 

Voc. 

paces 

neces 

judices 

Abl 

pacibus 

necibus 

judicibus 


a 

e 

! 


fornax, acis, F. 

preces, um, F. 

apex, icis, M. a point 


an oven 

prayers 

codex, icis, M. a 


Umax, acis, F. 

a snail 

(Sing, only D.) 

block, a book 
cimex, icis, M. a bug 


thdrax, acis, M. Gr. 

1. the breast 

2. a breast-plate 

a 

fax, facis, F. 

a torch 

(noG.Pl.) 

corax, acis, M. Gr. o raven 

cortex, icis, C. bark 
pollex, icis, M. the 

thumb 

pumex, icis, M. 

pumice-stone 
silex, icis, C. flint 
vertex, icis, M. 
o whirlpool 


cs), Genitive c-is 


(Fem. agents in trix) 
a conqueress, F. 

voice, F. 

light, F. 

' victrix 

L vox 

lux 

victricis 

vocis 

lucis 

victrici 

voci 

luci 

victricem 

vocem 

lucem 

victrix 

vox 

lux 

victrice, i 

voce 

luce, i 

victrices 

voces 

luces 

victricum, ium 

vocum 


victricibus 

vocibus 

lucibus 

victrices 

voces 

luces 

victrices 

v5ces 

luces 

victricibus 

vocibus 

lucibus 

i 

cervix, icis, F. the neck 
cicatrix, icis, F. a scar 
cornix, icis, F. o crow 
nutrix, icis, F. a nurse 
perdix, icis, C. 

a partridge 
radix, icis, F. o root 

u 

crux, crucis, F. a cross 
dux, ducis, C. a leader 
nux, nucis, F. a nut-tree, 
a nut 

faux, (faucis), | the 
(Sing, only N. 1 throat 
and Abl.) j (upper 

fauces, ium, F. j part) 


calix, icis, M. Gr. a cup 
pix, picis, F. pitch 
(no G. PI.) 
salix, icis, F. willow 


A 

1. Pax est tranquilla libertas.-G f ic. 

2. Pax consulibus jucunda erat. 

3. Carl populo erant victor et victrix. 

4. Sol lucem et bonis et malls dat. 

5. LIMAX (est) a limo, quod ibi vivit.- Van. 

6. Radices sub aqua salicum sunt rubrae. 

7. Agricolae viti5sa grana in uva magna cum 

defective cluster 

cura amputant.-fCW. 

cut off 

8. Cornices in mortuo cortice salicis cimices 

captant. 

catch 

9. Saxa et solitudines voci poetae respon- 

dent -Cic. 

10. Semper in anim5 sapientis est placidissima 

of a wise (man) the most satisfying 

pax.-Cic. 


B 

1. Athleta calicem aquae frigidae amat. 

2. Mulier invalida nutricem benignam amat. 

3. Patria preces populi grati habet. 

4. Hiemes longae cornicibus noxiae sunt. 

5. Radices arborum sunt et longae et firmae. 

6. Fatui anseres longas cervices habent. 

7. IgnSrantia legis neminem excusat. 

8. Temperantia hominibus pacem animi 

affert .-Cic. ' 

bringsHo 

9. Prisci Latin! erant victores incolarum 

Latii. 

10. Leges majSrum in rubris litteris titulos ha- 
bent.- jJuv. 


11. The laws of the Romans were severe. 

12. The judges were just and kind. 

13. The watchman is not inexperienced. 


11. Winter is delightful to healthy children. 

12. The farmers are friendly to the partridges. 

13. The trees are full of large ripe nuts. 


f Adapted. 


58 



CLASS 5 (Continued ). — Nouns in x (= gs), Genitive g-is 


Sing. 

herd, M. P. (rare) 

a law, F. 

oarsman, M. 

screech-owl, f. 

spouse, C. 

fruit, F. 

Nom. 

grex 

lex 

remex 

strix 

conjux 

frux 

Gen. 

gregis 

legis 

remigis 

strigis 

conjugis 

frugis 

Dot. 

gregi 

leg! 

remigi 

strigi 

conjugi 

frugi 

Acc. 

gregem 

legem 

remigem 

strigem 

conjugem 

frugem 

Voc. 

grex 

lex 

remex 

strix 

conjux 

frux 

Abl. 

grege 

lege 

remige 

strige 

conjuge 

fruge 

Plur. 

Nom. 

greges 

leges 

remiges 

striges 

conjuges 

fruges 

Gen. 

gregum 

legum 

remigum 

strigum 

conjugum 

frugum 

Bat. 

gregibus 

legibus 

remigibus 

strigibus 

conjugibus 

frugibus 

Acc. 

greges 

leges 

remiges 

striges 

conjuges 

fruges 

Voc. 

greges 

leges 

remiges 

striges 

conjuges 

fruges 

Abl. 

gregibus 

legibus 

remigibus 

strigibus 

conjugibus 

frugibus 


Lex, legis, F. law. 

About 1500 B. C., it is thought, Moses received from Heaven on Mt. Sinai the laws for the Israelites. 
He wrote the Ten Commandments on tables of stone and brought them down to the people. 

About 600 B. C. Solon, the great law-giver of Athens, provided the people with a code of laws, “The best 
they were capable of receiving,” he said. His great task done, he bound the people under promise to keep 
his laws unchanged for ten years, and then he left the country. 

A century and a half later the Roman people sent Appius Claudius, chief of the Decemviri, to Athens to 
study the laws of Solon. 

The Romans soon acquired a great body of laws, which had never been written down. The nobles knew 
them, but as the Commons did not, they felt great injustice was done to them. Ten years the two orders 
quarrelled over the publication of these laws. 

Finally, Appius Claudius, chief of the Decemvirs, set up in the Forum on tablets of bronze for all to read 
and obey and enjoy the great code of the Laws of the XII tables, a priceless treasure, a fountain of 
justice for coming centuries. Schoolboys in Cicero’s day committed these to memory. We in America 
value them, because we know that the old British Common Law and the ancient Roman Civil Law are the 
twin foundation-rocks of American Jurisprudence. 

Inter arma silent leges.-Prov. 

Pax, pads, F. peace. 

The Golden Age was an age of peace in Italy, and the temple of Janus was built, a square building with 
doors of brass on opposite sides, kept always open in time of war, and most solemnly closed in times of peace. 
Thrice only in 700 years were they shut. 1st, in the time of Numa; 2d, after the first Punic war; 3d, after 
the battle of Actium. Inside the temple was the altar, and the statue of the god Janus, with its two faces. 

The two hill-towns of the Romans and Sabines faced each other. They were long-time rivals. Nearly 
equal in strength, neither could conquer the other. Better than years of constant war they thought a per- 
manent peace, and set up the two-faced statue in the double-doored temple in the valley, looking out both 
ways toward the rival hills between which it stood. It stood there a guardian of the permanent peace. 

During the first 250 years Rome had perhaps only the two temples of Vesta and of Janus. A place of 
worship was a grove of trees on some high spot of ground with an altar built of rough stones. If men 
planted such a grove they set the trees in a circle. 

Times of peace in all ages are usually times of prosperity, when learning and scholarship flourish, when 
literature is crowned with a galaxy of poets, and science with an era of inventors. 

59 


3d 


CLASS 6. — Nouns in 

s, Genitive b-is or p-is 


Sing. 

a beam, F. 

the commons, 

F. a chief, C. 

the goddess, 

“ Mother Earth,” F. 

(Plural i -stems) 

a bird-catcher, M. the city, F. 

Nom. 

trabs 

Plebs, Plebes princeps 

(OpS wanting) 

1 auceps 

urbs 

Gen. 

trabis 

Plebis 

principis 

Opis 

aucupis 

urbis 

Dat. 

trabi 

Plebi 

principi 

Opi 

aucupi 

urbi 

Acc. 

trabem 

Plebem 

principem 

Opem 

aucupem 

urbem 

Voc. 

trabs 

Plebs 

princeps 

Ops 

auceps 

urbs 

Abl. 

trabe 

Plebe 

principe 

Ope 

aucupe 

urbe 

Plur. 

Nom. 

trabes 


principes 

resources (in power 
or property) 

opes 

aucupes 

urbes 

Gen. 

trabum 


principum 

opum 

aucupum 

urbium 

Dat. 

trabibus 


principibus 

opibus 

aucupibus 

urbibus 

Acc. 

trabes 


principes 

opes 

aucupes 

urbes 

Voc. 

trabes 


principes 

opes 

aucupes 

urbes 

Abl. 

trabibus 


principibus 

opibus 

aucupibus 

urbibus 


(daps), dapis, F. 

a feast 

(no G. and D. PI.) 

municeps, cipis, C. a burgher, 

(a citizen of a free town) 
forceps, cipis, C. pincers, tongs 
(G. PI. ium) 
adeps, ipis, C. fat 


stirps, pis,F., M. (rare) 

1 . a tree-stem, stalk 

2. a race (of men) 
(G. PI. ium) 


Populus Romanus 


Patricil, orum, M. The Patricians , The Nobles , The Optimates 
Plebs, is, F. The Plebeians, The Commons , The Proletariat 


In duas partes ego civitatem divisam arbitror, in Patres et Plebem -Sail. 


Urbs, is, F. The City, i. e., Rome. Orbis, is, M. a ring. Urbs, a large town having a ring-wall. 

Peasants huddling in a cluster of houses at a cross-roads or in some sheltered spot in old times made the 
Village , Vicus. The villager was called vicanus. 

A Village, growing larger, was apt to get a strong heavy wall built around it to keep out daring robbers. 
It was then called an Oppidum, or walled-town. Great gates, portae, opened at the main high roads, soldiers 
paced to and fro around on top of the walls, moenia, and night-watchmen, Vigiles, patrolled the streets, pro- 
claiming the watches. The townsman was called an oppidanus, but if it was a free-town having the rights 
of Roman citizenship it was a municipium and its burgher or free-citizen was a municeps. 

The City was set on some hill for protection in ancient times, mostly well up from the Sea. The very 
top of the hill, the Arx, or citadel, was a fortress with high walls, thick and strong, where the inhabitants could 
go in time of danger. The houses round the Arx, inside the city-wall, were the urbs, and the houses (if 
any) outside that city-wall the suburbium, the citizen was a civis, and citizenship was civitas. 


A 

1. Roma erat aeterna urbs- Tib. 

2. Aeneas urbem designat aratro.-Fer#. 

marks out 

3. Conditor urbis Romulus erat.-fOu. 

4. Roma erat prmceps urbium -Hor. 

5. Latina erat Romana lingua.-Macr. 


6. Vergil and Horace and Ovid are the three 

great Latin poets. 

7. Romulus was the father of (his) country. 

8. Watchmen walk in the streets of the city. 

t Adapted. 


B 

1. Opes Romanae immensae erant. 

2. Scipio populo et cams et jucundus erat. 

3. Albani incolae Albae Longae erant. 

The Albans 

4. Municipium erat liberum oppidum. 

5. Municipes erant incolae municipii. 


6. Strong was the citadel of the city. 

7. Strong were the walled-towns of Italy. 

8. A tree has roots, trunk, boughs, and leaves. 

frondes 


60 


KING AND CONSUL 


Rex, Regis, M. The King 

Rome during her Regal Period, history tells, had Seven Kings. In 753 B. C., Romulus, 
the founder and first King, built his hut upon the Palatine, and plowed a furrow, with ancient 
ceremony, about the hill-top, marking off a square as an outline for his city-wall. By hard 
fighting he extended his kingly authority over neighboring tribes scarcely 6000 paces beyond 
that wall, but so mighty was their valor that the Seven Kings finally conquered all of Latium. 

The Roman Rex was elected for life. At his death the Senate nominated a Senator as 
Interrex, who reigned for an interregnum of five days, and appointed a second to succeed 
himself. The second Interrex held an election of the people. But if his five-day-term did 
not suffice to elect the new king, he named a third Interrex. 

The new king, the choice of the people, was their Pontifex, high priest. His inaugurate 
was next in order, that he should become the mediator between the people and their gods. An 
Augur took him upon a hill and sat him on a stone with his face to the South, while the 
people waited anxiously below till the Augur announced the gods had sent favorable omens. 

Thus he held a four-fold office: King of the State, High Priest of Religion, Supreme Judge 
in peace, and Chief Commander in war. His twelve Lictores always in public walked before 
him, bearing upon their left shoulders the fasces with the secures, symbols of life and death 
to all. The emblems of his office were the corona aurea, or golden crown , the toga praetexta, 
or snow-white mantle with purple border , the sella curulis, or ivory chair , as well as the sceptrum, 
or staff of ivory with its eagle of gold surmounting. 

Consul, ulis, M. The Consul 

Rome had successively three different forms of government. The Regal, the Republican or 
Consular, the Imperial. The first ended B. C. 510; the second, B. C. 31; the third ended 
about 500 A. D. with the beginning of the Middle Ages. 

In the year 510 B. C. the Roman People tired of the tyranny of Tarquin the Proud, the last 
one of their Seven Kings, drove him and his family out of the city, and locked the gates against 
them. They declared upon oath the kingship abolished for ever and founded a Republic. In 
place of a king elected for life they elected yearly two able Patrician fathers, above 43 years of age. 
Election Day occurred about the beginning of August. The Candidati, the Candidates , went 
about attired in the toga Candida, a snow-white mantle. The successful two, the Consules 
Designate, or Consuls Elect, took the solemn oath of office on the first day of the New Year. 
Consuls thereafter gave their names to the year, viz.: Cn. Pompeio, M. Licinio Crasso COSS.= 
683 A. U. C. or 70 B. C. 

The Consuls being equal in power, the business of governing was divided ; in the city they 
exchanged duties every month, but in the field the supreme command changed from day to day. 
Their badges of office were those of the kings, except the golden crown. Later they sat with ivory 
sceptres upon their ivory chairs, attired in the purple-bordered toga praetexta. 

Just like the old kings, each consul went abroad attended by his body-guard of 12 Lictores, 
stepping in close line before him during his officiating month or day, and behind him during the 
alternate off-duty period, calling out to the people to give the way and to bow respectfully. 

Each Lictor bore upon his left shoulder his fasces or bundle of rods, tied together by a red 
strap, enclosing an axe with its blade outside. These rods represented all their other numerous 
powers, but the axe the power of life and death, which all kings and rulers had always had. 
Now, however, in the new Republic, whenever the Consul walked in the streets of the City he 
had to remove the axes, and when in the presence of the assembly of the people the Lictors 
even lowered their fasces (i. e., they “presented arms”). At funerals these were carried reversed 
behind the bier. 

Lucius Junius Brutus and Tarquinius Collatinus were the first two Consuls. 

61 


3d 


CLASS 7 . — Nouns in s, Genitive d-is 


Sing. 

(Greek Noun) 

a torch, F. 

a foot, M. 

a stone, M. 

a guard, C. 

a swamp, F. 

a green bough, F. 

Nom. 

lampas 

pes 

1,1 lapis 

1 custos 

palus 

frons 

Gen . 

lampadis 

pedis 

lapidis 

custodis 

paludis 

frondis 

Dat. 

lampadi 

pedi 

lapidi 

custodi 

paludi 

frondi 

Acc. 

lampadem 

pedem 

lapidem 

custodem 

paludem 

frondem 

Voc. 

lampas 

pes 

lapis 

custos 

palus 

frons 

Abl. 

lampade 

pede 

lapide 

custode 

palude 

fronde 

Plur. 

Nom. 

lampades 

pedes 

lapides 

custodes 

paludes 

frondes 

Gen. 

lampadum 

pedum 

lapidum 

custddum 

paludum, ium 

frondum, ium 

Dat. 

lampadibus 

pedibus 

lapidibus 

custodibus 

paludibus 

frondibus 

Acc. 

lampades 

pedes 

lapides 

custodes 

paludes 

frondes 

Voc. 

lampades 

pedes 

lapides 

custodes 

paludes 

frondes 

Abl. 

lampadibus 

pedibus 

lapidibus 

custodibus 

paludibus 

frondibus 


ad 

vas, vadis, M. 

ed 

heres, edis, C. 

id 

cassis, idis, F. a 

helmet 

ud 

incus, udis, F. 

nd 

glans, ndis, F. 


bail, security for 

an heir, heiress cuspis, idis, F. spear-point 

an anvil 

an acorn 


appearance 
(no G. PI.) 

merces, edis, F. 

wages 

p^ramis, idis, F. 
tyrannis, idis, F. 

Gr. a pyramid 

Gr. tyranny 

ud 

juglans, ndis, F. 

a walnut 


praes, praedis, 

M. security 
for money 

obses, idis, C. a hostage 
praeses, idis, C. a guardian, 
an overseer 

pecus, udis, F. 

a head of cattle 

fraus, fraudis, F. 

a cheat, fraud 



A 

1. Caro le5nis hominibus non est bona. 

2. Consul vigill magnam laudem dat. 

3. Tyrannis malignl regis populo noxia est. 

4. Dux cassidem splendid! metall! habet. 

5. Obsides Britanniae pulchri pueri erant. 

6. Laus est grata cauto et vero praesidl. 

7. Vox magna leonis greg! doldrem dat. 


B 

1. Apex pyramidis est obtusus. 

2. Cuspides novae sunt acutae. 

3. Consules custodes pads erunt. 

4. Frondes verae custodes florum sunt. 

5. Oratio et ratio judicis justae erunt. 

6. Bon! virl praesides veri patriae sunt. 

7. Ferrum incudis est bonum et durum. 


8. The guards of the gold are timid. 

9. Old spear-points are dull. 

10. The big tree is full of noisy crows. 


8. The feet of the hostages will be tired. 

9. The walnuts on the trees are not ripe. 

10. The broad field is full of big stones. 


62 



CLASS 7 

(Continued).- 

— Nouns in s, 

Genitive t-is. 

Many Plural i -stems ^ 






manliness. 


Sing. 

age, F. 

rest, F. a lava-suit, F. a dowry, F. 

bravery, F. 

night, F. 

Nom. 60 

aetas 

quies 

1 llS 

dos 

virtus 

nox (nocs) 

Gen. 

aetatis 

quietis 

litis 

dotis 

virtutis 

noctis 

Dat. 

aetati 

quiet! 

lit! 

d5ti 

virtuti 

nocti 

Acc. 

aetatem 

quietem 

litem 

dotem 

virtutem 

noctem 

Voc. 

aetas 

quies 

lis 

dos 

virtus 

nox 

Abl. 

aetate 

quiete 

lite 

dote 

virtute 

nocte 

Plur. 





virtues 


Nom. 

aetates 


lites 

dotes 

virtutes 

noctes 

Gen. 

aetatum, ium 


litium 

dotium, um 

virtutum 

noctium 

Dat. 

aetatibus 


litibus 

dotibus 

virtutibus 

noctibus 

Acc. 

aetates 


lites 

dotes 

virtutes 

noctes 

Voc. 

aetates 


lites 

dotes 

virtutes 

noctes 

Abl. 

aetatibus 

\ 

litibus 

dotibus 

virtutibus 

noctibus 

at 

et 

it 

ot 

ut 


aestas, atis, F. summer 

requies, etis, F: 

comes, itis, C. 

nepos, otis, M. 

juventus, utis, F. 


auctoritas, atis, F. authority 

rest, repose 

a companion 

a grandson 

youth 


calamitas, atis, F. disaster 

magnes, etis, M. 

gurges, itis, M. 

(a spendthrift) 

senectus, utis, F. 


civitas, atis, F. citizenship, 

loadstone 

a whirlpool 

sacerdos, otis, M. 

old age 


the state 


hospes, itis, C. 

a priest 

servitus, utis, F. 


cupiditas, atis, F. cupidity 

et 

a guest-friend 

rhinoceros, otis, 

slavery 



[1. worthi- 

abies, etis, F. 

miles, itis, C. 

M. Gr. a rhi- 

salus, utis, F. 


dignitas, 

, atis, F.l ness 

the silver-fir 

a soldier 

noceros 

health, safety 



[2. dignity 

aries, etis, M. 

eques, itis, M. 

cos, cotis, F. 



facilitas, 

, atis, F. easiness 

a ram 

o horse-soldier , 

a whetstone 



facultas, 

, atis, F. ability 

paries, etis, M. 

trooper 

(no G. PI.) 



felicitas, 

atis, F. happiness, 

a house-iuaZZ 

(collect.) cavalry 




interpres, etis, C. 
(go-between, 
middle-man) 
an interpreter 
seges, etis, F. 
a (growing) crop 


pedes, itis, M. 

a foot-soldier 
(collect.) infantry 

satelles, itis, C. 

an attendant 


luckiness 

fidelitas, atis, F. fidelity 
libertas, atis, F. freedom 
majestas, atis, F. grandeur 
pietas, atis, F. piety , duty 
potestas, atis, F. power 
tempestas, atis, F. weather, 
storm 

voluntas, atis, F. will, wish 
voluptas, atis, F. pleasure 

£t 

anas, atis, F. duck 


1. Vultures custodes valetudinis urbis erant. 

2. Nepos consulis comes acceptus erat. 

3. Cupiditas clvitatis Romanae magna erat. 

4. Majestas regum populo grata erat. 

5. Dignitas consulum plebl grata et accepta 

erat. 

6. Requies noctis viris fessis jucunda est. 

7. Numa rex erat vir magnae pietatis. 

8. Sacerdos in paupertate et Infra dignitatem 

vivit. 

9. In caelo quies est.-Pro®. 


B 

1. Salus clvitatis consul! est cara. 

2. Senectus multas virtutes habet. 

3. Fellcitas juventutis est jucunda. 

4. Juventus voluptates multas habet. 

5. Potestas virtutis verae est Inflnita. 

6. Libertas praemium fidelitatis erit. 

7. Amor fl5rum fellcitatem veram dat. 

8. Necessitas non habet legem. -Pro®. 


10. Owls are the watchmen of the night. 

11. The authority of the kings was great. 

12. The consul is the guardian of the safety of 

the city. 


9. Winter has many great storms. 

10. Summer has much sunny weather. 

11. The piety of a priest is pleasing to the 

people. 


63 



CLASS 8. — Nouns in s ( Mostly Monosyllables Increasing ), Gen. Plur. ium. 

Plural i-Stems 


Sing. 

porridge, F. 

a tooth, M. 

Nom. 

^uls 

20 dens 

Gen. 

pultis 

dentis 

Dat. 

pulti 

dent! 

Acc. 

pultem 

dentem 

Voc. 

puls 

dens 

Abl. 

pulte 

dente 


art, F. 

a sickle, F. 

a dish, F. 

a citadel, F. 

ars 

falx (falcs) 

lanx (lanes) 

arx (arcs^ 

artis 

falcis 

lands 

arcis 

art! 

falci 

land 

arc! 

artem 

falcem 

lancem 

arcem 

ars 

falx 

lanx 

arx 

arte 

falce 

lance 

arce 


Plur. 

Nom. pultes 
Gen. pultium 
Dat. pultibus 
Acc. pultes 
Voc. pultes 
Abl. pultibus 


dentes 

artes 

falces 

lances 

arces 

dentium, um 

artium 

falcium 


arcium 

dentibus 

artibus 

falcibus 

lancibus 

arcibus 

dentes 

artes, is 

falces 

lances 

arces 

dentes 

artes 

falces 

lances 

arces 

dentibus 

artibus 

falcibus 

lancibus 

arcibus 


ns 

fons, fontis, M. 

a spring, source 

pons, pontis, M. 

a bridge 

mdns, montis, M. 

a mountain 
frdns, frontis, F. 

a forehead 
gens, gentis, F. 
a clan 

mens, mentis, F. 

the mind 

bidens, ntis, M. a 

hoe. F. an ani- 
mal for sacrifice 

cliens, ntis, M. 

a client 

xnfans, ntis, C. 

an infant 
parens, ntis, C. 

a parent 


rs 

fors, fortis, F. 

(only N. Ab. 
Sing.) chance 

mors, mortis, F. 

death 

pars, partis, F. 

a part 

sors, sortis, F. 

o lot 

Mars, Martin, M. 
Mars, (the god 
of war) 
cors, rtis, F. 

a yard, a pen 
cohors, rtis, F. 
a cohort 


nx 

lynx, ncis, C. Gr. 

a lynx 

Sphinx, ngis, F. 

The Sphinx 
Syrinx, ngis, F. Gr. 
a nymph turned 
into a reed 

phalanx, ngis, F. 

a phalanx 
(of soldiers) 


lx 

calx, cis, F. the 

heel 

calx, cis, F. 

limestone, lime 
(no G. PI.) 


rx 

merx, cis, F. 

(wares, goods), 
merchandise 


A 

1. Rdmulus locum elegit fontibus abund- 

antem. • racked out 

2. Nilus fluvius fontium orlginem celat. 

hides 

3. Pad! fons diebus aestlvls aret -Plin. 

dries up 

4. Socrates fons et parens Graecorum philoso- 

phorum erat -Quint. 

5. Benevolentia est fons amicitiae. 

6. Caesar partem pontis rescindit.-CWs. 

cuts away 

7. Romani altos montes non amant. 


B 

1. Frons parva tunc erat pulchra. 

2. Frons magna nunc est pulchra. 

3. Gens Tarquiniorum odiosa Romanis erat. 

4. Plebs ab orlgine nec partem nec sortem in 

civitate habuit. 

had 

5. Bacchus parent maculosarum lyncium ha- 

buit ° P air spotted 

6. Phalanx Graecorum mllitum densa erat. 

7. Mens sana in corpore sano est vera vale- 

tudo.-f Jzmj. 


8. The mind of the infant is weak and feeble. 

9. Parents and children love the father-land. 

10. Mars was the father of Romulus and 

Remus. 


8. Strong was the citadel of the city. 

9. The nurse gives porridge to the infant. 

10. The priest gives porridge to the holy 
chickens. sanctls 

pullls 


f Adapted. 


64 


CLASS 9. — Nouns in es and is. {Polysyllables not Increasing.) Gen. Plur. ium. i-Stems 3d 


Pure i -stems 


(mostly N. F. 3) 
Sing. o cloud, F. 

a public enemy, C. 

a stream, M. 

(mostly N. F. 3) 
a tower, F. 

Pure i -stems 
a cough, F. 

(the 4 variations) 
a rain-shower, M. 

N om. 

35 nubes 

100 hostis 

9 amnis 

10 turris 

9 tussis 

4 imber 

Gen. 

nubis 

hostis 

amnis 

turris 

tussis 

imbris 

Dat. 

nubi 

host! 

amni 

turri 

tussi 

imbri 

Acc. 

nubem 

hostem 

amnem 

turrim, em 

tussim 

imbrem 

Voc. 

nubes 

hostis 

amnis 

turris 

tussis 

imber 

Abl. 

nube 

hoste 

amne, I 

turri, e 

tussi 

imbri, e 

Plur. 

Norn. 

nubes 

hostes 

amnes 

turres 

tusses 

imbres 

Gen. 

nubium 

hostium 

amnium 

turrium 


imbrium 

Dat. 

nubibus 

hostibus 

amnibus 

turribus 


imbribus 

Acc. 

nubis, es 

hostis, es 

amnis, es 

turris, es 

tussis, es 

imbris, es 

Voc. 

nubes 

hostes 

amnes 

turres 


imbres 

Abl. 

nubibus 

hostibus 

amnibus 

turribus 


imbribus 


em I 

em II 

em III 

fm (occas.) em 

im (only) 



feles, is, F. a cat 
vulpes, is, F. a fox 
valles, is, F. 

a valley 

fames, is, F. hunger 
moles, is, F. a mass 
rupes, is, F. a crag 
Alpis, is, \F. The 
Alpes, ium/ Alps 

fsedes, is, F. a seat 
f-itis, is. 

♦caedes, is, F. blood- 
shed 

♦clades, is, F. destruc- 
tion 

*apes, is, F. a bee 

* (Gen. Plur. um, rarely 
ium) 

f(Gen. Plur. ium, frequently 

um) 


felis, is, F. a cat avis, is, C. a bird 
vulpis, is, F. a fox classis, is, F. o fleet 


vallis, is, F. 

a valley 
aedis, is, F. a 
temple, a house 
auris, is, F. 

the ear 
axis, is, M. 

axle-tree 
ensis, is, M. 

a blade 
piscis, is, M. 
a fish 

vermis, is, M. 

a worm 
vestis, is, F. 

clothing 

vitis, is, F. o vine 
*apis, is, F. o bee 
*mensis, is, M. 

a month 


canis, is, C. a dog 

juvenis, is, C. a youth }• not i-stems 

panis, is, M. bread j 


collis, is, M. a hill 
finis, is, M. 

limit, end 
orbis, is, M. 

ring, circle 
anguis, is, C. 
a snake 
unguis, is, M. 
a nail 
civis, is, C. 
a citizen 

fignis, is, M. fire 
(Abl. Sing. I or e) 


febris, is, F. 

a fever 
pelvis, is, F. 

a basin 
puppis, is, F. 

the stern 
restis, is, F. 
a rope 

messis, is, F. 

the harvest 
securis, is, F. 

(a broad-edged) 
axe (Abl. Sing, 
only i) 

strigilis, is, F. 

a bath-scraper 


Neapolis, is, F. 

The City Naples 
Tiberis, is, M. 

The River Tiber 
sitis, sitis, F. thirst 
(No Plur.) 
buris, is, M. the 
plow-handle 
canalis, is, M. 

a water-pipe 
cucumis, is, M.j 
a cucumber 
vis, vis, F. strength 


linter, tris, F. 

a tub, a boat 
uter, tris, M. 

(a leather) bottle 
venter, tris, M. 
the stomach 


em (occas.) im 

bipennis, is, F. 

(a two-edged) axe 
clavis, is, F. o key 
navis, is, F. o ship 
ovis, is, F. o sheep 


A 

1. Nubes atrae erant causa tempestatis. 

2. Apes et aves aestatem amant. 

3. Praeda canum lepus est -Mart. 

4. Bonus vir non etiam vermem violat. 

injures 

5. Aegyptil nec felem nec canem nec crocodi- 

lum violant.-C'ic. 

6. Lupos apud oves custodes relinquit.-Jwr. 

he leaves 

7. Vulpes pilum mutat, non mores -Suet. 

hair changes 

8. Finis coronat opus. 

9. Navis relpublicae salva est.-fCic. 


B 

1. Fames turn erat in Asia, aestas enim mes- 

sem non magnam populo habuit. 

2. Anates turbidam tempestatem amant. 

3. Puer febrim habet, sitis fauces urit.-f I I or. 

burns 

4. Homo sine cura in dextram aurem dormit.- 

-j- sleeps 

5. Martius mensis olim erat annl primus. 

6. Pompejus classem navium longarum hab- 

ui t.-Plin. 

7. Non in pane s5lo vlvit hom5.-Fw/g. 

8. Mall prlncipil malus finis erat. -Pror. 

9. Si finis bonus est, totum bonum erit -Prov. 


t Adapted. 


65 


ETYMOLOGY 


English Words built on Noun-stems, 3d Decl. Mas. and Fem. 


Nouns 

Sal(t), -ness, -er 
Salad, Salary 
Sausage, Sauce, -er 
Sangaree, conSangUillity 

pow(d)er 

part, -y, -ner, -isan 

particle 

parcel, -ling 
portion, proportion 
repartee, parsing, -er 
departure, -ment 

sort 

class, -ics 

aviary, -iator, -iation 

fine, finance, finale 

fineness, -ery 

definition 

infinity 

City, Civilian, -ity 

navy, navvy 
nausea 

nave, nautilus 

labor, -er, -atory 

honor, honest 
flower, florist 
flour 

morals, -e, -ist, -ity 

peace 

law, -yer, -suit 
legality 
VOiCe, VOWel 
JoVe, jOViality, -ness- 
JOllity, -ness 

PREFIXES 

a-, A. S. (in Adv.), on 
as-, ap-, to 
de-, down, away from 
dis-, apart from 
e-, out 

in-, im-, il-, not 
im-, (in Vbs.). into 
pro-, in comparison with 
re-, again 
super-, above 


Verbs 

sal(t) 


pulverize 

part 

particularize 

parcel 

apportion 

parse 

depart, impart 
sort, assort 
classify 

finish, confine 

refine 

define 

Civilize 

navigate 

naUSeate 

labor, elaborate 
honor, dishonor 

flower 

flourish 

demoralize 

pacify, appease 

legalize 

vocalize, eqUVST OCate 


In Nouns 
-age, collectively 
_ f that which • 

-a y, -e y, -o y | p i ace w h ere 

-cel, -cle, little 
-er, -an, -ian f one who 
-an, -ee, -ist [that which 
-ion, act of 

-ity, -ty, -y 

-ment, place 
-ness, quality of being 
-ure, act of 


Adjectives 

Sal(t)ed, -ish, -less 

Saline 

Saucy 

sanguine, sanguinary 

pow(d)er y 

partial 

particular 

parcelled 

proportional, -able, -ate 

impartial 
asSOrted 
Classic, -ical 

final, finite, infinite 
fine, -er, -est, superfine 
definite, indefinite 
infinite, infinitive 
civic, civil, uncivil 
naval, navigable 
naUSeous 
nautical 

laborious, elaborate 
honorable, dishonest 
flowery 

floury, flourishing 

moral, immoral 
peaceful, -able, paci fic 
lawful, -less 
legal 

VOiCeless, VOCal 

jOVial 

jOlly 


Adverbs 


SRucily 

sanguineiy 

partly, apart 

particularly 

proportionally, -ably, -ately 

impartially 

ClaSSically 

finally 

finely 

indefinitely 

infinitely 

CiVilly 

navigably 

naUSeously 

laboriously, elaborately 

honorably, dishonestly 

flourishingly 

morally 

peacefully, -ably 

lawfully, -lessly 

illegally 

VOCally 

jOVially 

JOllily 


SUFFIXES 


In Adjectives 
-able, that can be 
-ar, -ary, _ y (pertaining to 

l -1710 

-ate, -ite, having, -ed 

-al, -ial, -ic, -ical, of, pertaining to 

-ed, made 

-er, more, -est, most 
-ine, -il, ish, somewhat, like 
-ive, having the power 
-less, (A. S.), without 

-ous, -eous, -ious, full of, consisting cf, like 


In Verbs 



f state of being 
[ -ness 
where 


66 


REVIEW — i -stems, (Nouns, Masculine and Feminine, Third Declension) 



To the Teacher: Scholars investigating always agree that the classification of the i -steins 
was rather confusing even to the Romans themselves. In the earliest Latin we find many 
i -stems which disappeared later, just as we have lost ancient forms in English harsh to 
modern ears. The i -stems, therefore, appear to arrange themselves rather conveniently in 
Three Classes, showing the process of change: 

Pure i-stems Mixed i-stems Plural i-stems 


Having all Four char- 
acteristics. Very few 


Singular in process of change 
1st Variation 2d Variation 3d Variation 


Having only Plural charac- 
teristics. Very numerous 


bur/' 1 " 1 -- 1 . 

\ -lum, -is 

( -im, -i 

[ -em, -i 

f-e 

[ -isf (Monosyllables) 

turr ! (occas.) 

em, -e 

naV (occas.) 

! -im, -e 

amn-em (or) 

u 

nub-iunC (or) 
[-es 

arc-ium 

60 

canalis, pipe 

so 

febris, fever 

so 

bipennis, battle-axe 

as 

avis, bird 

as 

moles, mass 

as 

gliS, dormouse 

CUCUmis, cucumber 

messis, harvest 

clavis, key 

anguis, snake 

mpeS, crag 

liS, strife 

ravis, hoarseness 

pelvis, basin 

OViS, sheep 

unguis, nail 

ValleS, valley 

nOX, night 

SitiS, thirst 

puppis, Stern 


CiviS, citizen 

VateS, seer 

Calx, lime 

tussis, cough 

restis, rope 


collis, hill 

felis, cat 

falx, sickle 

VIS, strength , force 

securis, axe 


ClaSSiS, fleet 

ensis, blade 

puls, porridge 

Tiberis, Tiber 

sementis, sowing 

finis, end 

piscis, fish 

UrbS, city 


Neapolis, Naples 


strigilis, scraper 


lgms, fire 
Or bis, ring 


VltiS, vine 


fDisappearing 
after 50 A. D. 


A 

1. Poma sitim faciunt.-P/m. 

2. Femina sit! sicca erat.-f Plant. 

3. Bos cucumim amat. 

\ 4. Agricola saepe in imbre et in luto laborat. 

5. Sine vi facere sanus vir amat.-| Ter. 

to do 

6. Vim ac facultatem oratoris Demosthenes 

habuit.-Cic. 

7. Cum vi vis illata defenditur.-Cic. 

brought in is repelled 

8. Securis utrimque acutam aciem habens 

bipennis est.-f Quint. having 

9. Tigna contra vim atque impetum fluminis 

conversa statuebat .-C aes: 

turned he stood up 

10. Ubi venit imber, multorum dierum semen- 
tis uno die surgit -Col. 


C 

1. Imperator cum febri domum rediit. -Cic. 

2. Frumentum Tiberi venit. -Zm 

3. Agricola cum cucumium vitibus alligat 

pedes servi. ties up 

4. Restim volo mihi emer e.-Plaut. 

I wish for myself to buy 

5. Surgebat a puppi ventus.-f Feqjr. 

was rising off 

6. Navem convertit ad puppim.t-Cfc. 

It turns about towards 

7. Sedebamus in puppi et clavum tenebamus. 

we were sitting we were holding 

8. Turrim convellimus altis sedibus.- Verg. 

we wrench 

9. Media sementi tempestas surgit.-f Col. 

rises 

10. Pluvia agro sicc5 per sementim venit.-fCof. 


B 

1. Citadels of ancient cities were on hills. 

2. Enemies are in the valleys among the hills. 

3. On an island in the Tiber is a strong tower. 

4. A tall man of great strength lives there. 

5. He has a bad cough, much hoarseness, a 

burning fever, and a parching thirst. 

6. He is wretched, weary, faint, and ill. 

7. A fleet of ships comes into the river. 

8. The ships bring safety to the sick man, 

and freedom to the city on the hills. 

t Adapted. 


D 

1. Fishes like worms, snakes like toads. 

2. Cats like mice and birds and fish. 

3. The cook has eggs of birds, and of fishes, 

but not of bees. 

4. The slaves toil by night at the end of the 

harvest. 

5. The weather at Naples is delightful for 

citizens and sailors. 

6. Sailors of good ships like new ropes. 


67 


3d 


CLASS 10. — Nouns in s, Genitive v-is (v 

— consonant u) 


Sing. 

snow, P. 

Jupiter, M. 

an ox, a cow, C. 

a swine, C. 

a crane, C. 

Nom. 1 

nix (nigs) 

1 Jupiter 

^OS 

2 SUS 

grus 

Gen. 

nivis 

Jovis 

bovis 

suis 

gruis 

Dat. 

nivi 

Jovi 

bovi 

sui 

grui 

Acc. 

nivem 

Jovem 

bovem 

suem 

gruem 

Voc. 

nix 

Jupiter 

bos 

sus 

grus 

Abl. 

nive 

Jove 

bove 

sue 

grue 

Plur. 



oxen, cattle. 



Nom. 

nives 


boves 

sues 

grues 

Gen. 

nivium, um (rare) 

bourn, bovum 

suum 

gruum 

Dat. 

nivibus 


bubus, bobus 

suibus, subus, subus 

gruibus 

Acc. 

nives 


boves 

sues 

grues 

Voc. 

nives 


boves 

sues 

grues 

Abl. 

nivibus 


bubus, bobus 

suibus, subus, subus 

gruibus 


NOUNS, PECULIAR 

Third and 


Sing. 

(i -stem) 

an old man or 


Second Decl’s. 

mustard, N. Gr. 


force, P. 

woman, C. 

furniture, F. 

an oath, N. 

a journey, N. 

Nom. 

1 vis 

1 senex 

x supellex 

1 jus-jurandum 

sinapi 

iter 

Gen. 

vis (rare) 

senis 

supellectilis 

juris-jurandi 

sinapis 

itineris 

Dat. 

Vi (rare) 

seni 

supellectili 

juri-jurando 

sinapi 

itineri 

Acc. 

vim 

senem 

supellectilem 

jus-jurandum 

sinapi 

iter 

Voc. 

.... 

senex 

supellex 

jus-jurandum 

sinapi 

iter 

Abl. 

vi 

sene 

supellectile, i 

jure-jurando 

sinapi 

itinere 

Plur. 

strength 






Nom. 

vires 

senes 




itinera 

Gen. 

virium 

senum 




itinerum 

Dat. 

viribus 

senibus 




itineribus 

Acc. 

viris, es 

senes 




itinera 

Voc. 

vires 

senes 




itinera 

Abl. 

viribus 

senibus 




itineribus 


NOUNS, IRREGULAR 



First and 
Third DecPs. 

(i Noun) 

Second Decl. 

First and 
Third Decl’s. 

Second Decl. 

Third and 
Second Deel’s. 



Sing. 

a daughter, F. 

a son, M. 

a goddess, F. 

a god, M. 

a vessel, N. 

o place, M. 


Nom. 

filia 

filius 

dea 

deus 

vas, vasum 

locus 


Gen. 

filiae 

fili, filii 

deae 

del 

vasis 

loci 


Dat. 

filiae 

filio 

deae 

deo 

vasi 

loco 


Acc. 

filiam 

filium 

deam 

deum 

vas 

locum 


Voc. 

filia 

fili 

dea 

deus 

vas 

loce 


Abl. 

Plur. 

filia 

filio 

dea 

deo 

vase 

loco 

topics, M. 

locations, N. 

Nom. 

filiae 

filii 

deae 

dei, dii, or di 

vasa 

loci (in books) 

loca 

Gen. 

filiarum 

filiorum 

dearum 

deorum, or deum 

vasorum 

locorum 

locorum 

Dat. 

filiabus 

filiis 

deabus 

deis, diis, or dis 

vasibus 

locis 

locis 

Acc. 

filias 

filios 

deas 

deos 

vasa 

locos 

loca 

Voc. 

filiae 

filii 

deae 

dei, dii, or di 

vasa 

loci 

loca 

Abl 

filiabus 

filiis 

deabus 

deis, diis, or dis 
68 

vasibus 

locis 

locis 




REVIEW— NOUNS PECULIAR AND IRREGULAR 


A del plures 

1. Jupiter Optimus Maximus templum in 

Monte Capitolino habuit. 

2. “O Pater Optime” initium precibus erat. 

3. Romani Jovem patrem deorum et homi- 

num multls precibus invocant. 

4. Annuit Jupiter et to turn nutu tremefecit 

Oly mpum- Verg. 

5. Jupiter terram sua v! nutuque tenet -\Cic. 

his nod 

6. Vesta dea loca prlma tenet .-Or. 

7. Victor templum bonae deae Junonl vovet. 

8. Dil hominesque orbem terrarum habitant. 

9. Dl deaeque immortales domicilium in caelo 

habent. 

10. Caelum dlcunt GraecI Olympum.- Varr. 

11. Vir bonus est summae pietatis erga deos.- 

Sen. 

12. Dil fundunt munera sine intermissione 

diebus ac noctibus.-Sen. 

B Unus Deus 

1. Cdnsensus populorum omnium probat 

Deum ess e-Sen. 

2. Natura Del est optima et praestantissima. 

-Sen. 

3. Hom5 est praecipuum opus Dei. 

4. Deus venit ad homines et in homines.- 

Sen. 

5. Nemo vir bonus est sine D eo.-Sen. 

6. Deus habet locum nullum in terra grati- 

orem anima pura.-Sm. 

7. Puras Deus, non plenas, aspicit mantis. 

C jusjurandum 

1. Est jusjurandum affirmatio religiosa.-Cic. 

2. Judex bonus atque fidus jurejurandd 

quaestionem decidit. 

3. Judex consul! jusjurandum dat. 

4. Consul jusjurandum non violat, immo ver5 

conservat. nay 

5. Duo censores elves ad jusjurandum adigunt. 

6. Olim elves mllitiae Sacramento obligav- 

erunt.-f Cic. they bound 

7. Nuper tribunl mllitares milites ad jusju- 

randum adigunt.- fCaes. 071 

put 


D bos et sus 

1. Bos Luca erat nomen Romanum elephant!. 

Romani elephantos in Lucan ia in exer- 
citu Pyrrhi, regis Epiri, primo vid- 
erunt. 

2. Porcina est caro suum, bubula bourn, vitu- 

lina vitulorum. 

3. Olympiae per stadium ingressus esse Milo 

to have walked 

dicitur, cum umeris sustineret vivum 

is said bore upon 

bovem -Cic. 

4. “Sus Minervam docet” in proverbio est, ubi 

quis id docet, cujus ipse inscius est.- 

some one that of which himself 

Fest. 

E vis 

1. Magna vis est conscientiae.-f Cic. 

2. Sonitum Aeschines competitor, vim Demos- 

thenes habuit.-fCic. 

3. Quicquid agas, decet agere pr5 viribus.-Cic. 

Whatever you do to do 

4. Nostr! integris viribus fortiter repugnant.- 

Caes. 

5. Imperator omnibus viribus atque opibus 

resistit.-fCic. 

6. Vir cum viribus minimis saepe maximam 

cum populo auctoritatem habet. 


F iter 

1 . Vir iter in Apuliam facit.-Cic. 

2. Iter angustum et difficile erat -Caes. 

3. Justum iter die! confecit.-Ca^. 

4. Vir iter die ac nocte continuat.-CW. 


G cetera 

1. Pars terrarum obriguit nive pruinaque.- 

f Cic. 

2. Prudens vir amicos parat, optimam et 

pulcherrimam supellectilem vitae.-tCic. 

3. Mater sinapismum aegro puero nocte prae- 

parat. 

4. Corpus quasi vas est, aut aliquod animi 

as it were some 

receptaculum -Cic. 


t Adapted. 


69 


3d NEUTER NOUNS 

CLASS 1. — Nouns in 1, Genitive 1-is 

OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 

(Parse N. N. 3) 

CLASS 3 . — Nouns in n, 

Terminations 

Sing. 

(i -stem) 

an animal , N. 

honey, N. yellow ochre, N. 

Genitive n-is 

Sing. a song, N. 

Neuter 
cons. i. 

Nora. 13 

animal 

2 mel 

sil 

Nom. 

60 carmen 

. . . 

. . . 

Gen. 

animalis 

mellis 

silis 

Gen. 

carminis 

is 

is 

Dat. 

animal! 

melli 

sill 

Dat. 

carmini 

I 

i 

Acc. 

animal 

mel 

sil 

Acc. 

carmen 

. . . 

. . . 

Voc. 

animal 

mel 

sil 

Voc. 

carmen 

. . . 

. . . 

Abl. 

animal! 

melle 

sile 

Abl. 

carmine 

e 

I 

Plur. 

Nom. 

animalia 

mella 

sila 

Plur. 

Nom. 

carmina 

a 

ia 

Gen. 

animalium 


silium 

Gen. 

carminum 

um 

ium 

Dat. 

animalibus 


silibus 

Dat. 

carminibus 

ibus 

ibus 

Acc. 

animalia 

mella 

sila 

Acc. 

carmina 

a 

ia 

Voc. 

animalia 



sila 

Voc. 

carmina 

a 

ia 

Abl. 

animalibus 


silibus 

Abl. 

carminibus 

ibus 

ibus 


al 

puteal, alis, N. 
a puteal, 

(a well-curb) 
tribunal, alis, N. 

a judgment-seat 
vectigal, alis, N. 
(indirect) tax 

&1 

sal, salis, N. salt 
(no G. PI.) 

fel, fellis, N. gall 
(PI. only Nom. 
and Acc.) 

nil, N. nothing 
(For nihil, 
only Nom. Sing.) 

in 

agmen, inis, N.j an arm y ( on march) 

certamen, inis, N. contest, struggle 

crimen, inis, N. charge, accusation 

lumen, inis, N. a light, (any source of light) 

flumen, inis, N. a river 

fulmen, inis, N. bolt lightning 

gluten, inis, N. glue 

gramen, inis, N. grass 

nomen, inis, N. a name 

pollen, inis, N. fine flour 

specimen, inis, N. a token, a sample 

tegumen, inis, N. covering 

volumen, inis, N. a roll, a book 


A 

1. Formica est animal minutum, industrium 

et providum. 

2. Puteal Libdnis in Comitio erat sedes ar- 

gentariSrum. 

3. Cato in tribunal! praetoris urban! sedet.- 

t Cic. 

4. Senatus omnibus agrls publicls decimae 

partis vectigal imposuit.-fCzc. 

5. Est proverbium jam trltum sermone, 

Magnum vectigal est parsimSma.-fCzc. 

6. Villa abundat lacte, caseo, melle.-Czc. 

7. Jecur a dextra parte sub praecordils est: 

the diaphragm 

ex Inferiore parte el fel inhaeret.-CWs. 

from lower to it sticks fast 

8. Jecur anseris erat cibus rarus et delicatus. 


B 


1 . 

2 . 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6 . 
7. 


Cat5 librum scripsit. Nomen librl erat 
Carmen de Moribus. 

Pugiles validl in amleo certamine pugillant. 
Tiberis flumen Influit in mare salsum.-f Enn. 
Secundo flumine ad Lutetiam iter facere 

“ down the stream ” to make 

coepit -Caes. 

he begins 

Poeta voltimen epistolarum cum cura et 
dlligentia evolvit. 

unrolled (— read) 

Bos patiens graminis memor agmen pigrum 
sequitur. 

follows 

Nil pictls timidus navita puppibus fldit.— 

painted sailor trusts 

Hor. 


9. The clouds are the coverings of the skies. 

10. The snows are the coverings of the moun- 

tains. 

11. Hannibal to the Roman name was inimical. 

f Adapted. 


8. The sun is the light of the earth. 

9. The light of the body is the eye. 

10. The boy gives (his) mother a true specimen 
of (his) good work. 


70 


\ 



(i -stem) 


CLASS 4. — Nouns 

in r, Genitive 

r-is 

3 

Sing. 

a spur, N. 

spelt, N. 

the maple-tree, N. 

marble, N. 

ivory, N. 

a humming, N. 

Nom. 

11 calcar 

x far 

acer 

3 marmor 

4 ebur 

3 murmur 

Gen. 

calcaris 

farris 

aceris 

marmoris 

eboris 

murmuris 

Dat. 

calcar! 

farri 

acer! 

marmor! 

ebor! 

murmur! 

Acc. 

1 calcar 

fat 

acer 

marmor 

ebur 

murmur 

Voc. 

calcar 

far 

acer 

marmor 

ebur 

murmur 

Abl. 

calcar! 

farri 

acer! 

marmore, i 

ebore 

murmure 

Plur. 







Nom. 

calcaria 

farra 

acera 

marmora 

ebora 

murmura 

Gen. 

calcarium 


acerum 

marmorum 


murmurum 

Dat. 

calcaribus 


aceribus 

marmoribus 

. i . . . 

murmuribus 

Acc. 

calcaria 

farra 

acera 

marmora 


murmura 

Voc. 

calcaria 


acera 

marmora 


murmura 

Abl. 

calcaribus 


aceribus 

marmoribus 


murmuribus 


ar 


er 

6r 

6r 

ur 


exemplar, aris, N. a pattern 
pulvinar, aris, N. a couch 
coclear, aris, N. a spoon, 
(orig. a snail-shell) 

it 

far, f arris, N. spelt (a grain) 
par, paris, N. a pair 
nectar, aris, N. Gr. nectar 


cicer, eris, N. 

chick-pea 
papaver, eris, N. 

poppy 

piper, eris, N. 

pepper 


aequor, oris, N. 

the sea 

ador, N. spelt 
(only N. and 
Acc. Sing.) 


cadaver, eris, N. 

a corpse 

tuber, eris, N. 

1. a hump. 2. a boil 
iter, itineris, N. 

a journey, a march 
(verber), eris, N. 

1. the lash (of a whip) 

2. PI. stripes, strokes, blows 


robur, oris, N. 

(a very hard) oak 
femur, femoris, N. 
(or) feminis, 
the thigh 

!jecur, jecoris, N. 
(or) jocineris, 

(or) jocinoris, 

the liver 


f ulgur, uris, N. 

(sheet) lightning 
guttur, uris, N. 
the throat, 

(lower part) 
sulfur, uris, N. 
sulphur 


er 

ver, veris, N. spring 


A 

1. Immensum gloria calcar habet.-Chi. 

2. Proverbiurn antiquum est, Addit calcaria 

(equo) sponte currenti.-P/m. 

3. Fac septem candelabra aurea secundum 

make thou according to (prep.) 

exemplar.-f Vulg. 

4. Non ambrosia deos aut nectare laetari 

arbitror.-fCic. to be joyful 

I think 

5. Confit cito, quam si formicis tu objicias 

(It is settled quickly) as if you were to throw 

papavera.- Plaut. %n the way of 

6. Piper rarum erat. Homb avarus sacrum 

piper vocat. 

7. Dux iter continuat die ac nocte.-fCWs. 

8. Spelt was an inferior kind of wheat. 

inf erius tritici 

9. Caius and Tiberius were a noble pair of 

brothers. -f Hor. 

10. The camels of Arabia have large humps. 

t Adapted. 


1 . 

2 . 

3. 

4. 

5 . 

6 . 

7. 

8 . 
9. 

10 . 


B 

Homb fortunae verbera acriter sentit. 
Jucundum aestas florida ver agit.-fCW. 

leads 

Vivos ducent de marmore vultus.-Feqjr. 

they will carve 

AEQUOR mare appellatum est, quod 

because 

aequatum, cum commotum vento non 

level when 

est.- Varr. 

Sella curulis aut sedile eboris erat consuli 
sedes honoris. 

Magna Jovis quercus, arbor glandifera, 
robur navibus et glandes suibus pro- 
videt. 

Ferit femur dextrum dextra.-P/ai/k 

he strikes 

Oak was the wood of the old Roman plow. 
The farmer hears the humming of (his) 
industrious bees. 

At night in summer the lightning-flashes 
are beautiful. 


71 


3d 

CLASS 4 (Continued). — Nouns in s. 

Genitive r-is and s-is 

/ 

S. S-is. bronze = 


s. s-is. 




Sing. a vessel, N. copper and tin, N. 

the mouth, N. 

a bone, N. 

work, N. 

a body, N. 

the leg, N. 

Nom. : 

! vas 1 

aes 

1 OS 

1 OS 

20 opus 

14 corpus 

6 crus 

Gen. 

vasis 

aeris 

5ris 

ossis 

operis 

corporis 

cruris 

Dat. 

vasi 

aeri 

ori 

ossi 

operi 

corpori 

cruri 

Acc. 

vas 

aes 

os 

os 

opus 

corpus 

crus 

Voc. 

vas 

aes 

os 

os 

opus 

corpus 

crus 

Abl. 

vase 

aere 

ore 

osse 

opere 

corpore 

crure 

Plur. 

2d Deck 







Nom. 

vasa 

aera 

5ra 

ossa 

opera 

corpora 

crura 

Gen. 

vasdrum 

aerum (rare) 


ossium 

operum 

corporum 

crurum 

Dat. 

vasis 

aeribus (rare) 

OlibUS (rare) 

ossibus 

operibus 

corporibus 

cruribus 

Acc. 

vasa 

aera 

ora 

ossa 

opera 

corpora 

crura 

Voc. 

vasa 

aera 

ora 

ossa 

opera 

corpora 

crura 

Abl. 

vasis 

aeribus (rare) 

5ribus (rare) 

ossibus 

operibus 

corporibus 

cruribus 


as 


6r 



er 

us 


fas, indcl. N. 
right, (justice 
by divine law) 
nefas, indcl. N. 
sin, wrong, 

(a violation of 
divine law) 

corpus, oris, N. a body 

(live or dead, matter or mind) 
decus, oris, N. grace 
facinus, oris, N. a bad deed, 
a crime 

frigus, oris, N. cold, frost 
litus, oris, N. the sea -shore 
nemus, oris, N. Gr. o grove 
pectus, oris, N. the breast 
pecus, oris, N. a herd 

foedus, eris, N. a treaty 
funus, eris, N. a funeral 
genus, eris, N. race, kind 
holus, eris, N. vegetables 
latus, eris, N. the side 
munus, eris, N. 1 . a service 

2. a gift 

onus, eris, N. a burden 
pondus, eris, N. a weight 
scelus, eris, N. a wicked deed, 

jus, juris, N. 
right, (justice 
by human law r ) 
pus, puris, N. pus 
tus, turis, N. 

frankincense 
rus, ruris, N. 
the country 
(PI. only Nom. 
and Acc.) 


tempus, oris, N. time 


a heinous crime 
sidus, eris, N. a constellation 
vulnus, eris, N. a wound 


A 

1. Non scire fas est omnia. -//or. 

to know 

2. Leporem et gallinam et anserem gustare fas 

non putant.-CWs. 

3. Jusque fasque est pueros bonos esse. 

= et, both =et, and to be 

4. Non id me facere fas existimo -Plant. 

it (for) me to do I think 

5. Vir habet vim in ingenid et pondus in 

vlta.-fCtc. 

Nulla diu femina pondus in ingenio habet. 
-f Prop. 

6. Fortuna non mutat genus.- Hor. 

7. Bestiarum, avium, piscium genera sunt et 

multa et varia. 


8. The kinds of vegetables in a Roman garden 

were few. 

9. The herds of fat swine love the acorns in 

autumn. 

10. The new grass in spring delights the big 
herds of cattle. 


B 

1. Britannia est Insula, cujus finum latus est 

of which one 

contra Galliam. -|CaGS. 

2. Tuum est hoc munus, hoc munus civitas 

Thy this 

exspectat -Cic. 

3. Scipio munus magnificum populb dat. 

4. Pro tempore. Ex tempore.- Pro vs. 

5. Pompeii munus erat theatrum magnificum. 

6. Siderum regina bicornis Luna noctem regit. 

-Hor. 

7. Alplnae nives et frigora Rheni erant ter- 

ribilia Romanis. 

8. In juventute corpora curare tempus est. 

to take care of 


9. The banker has a great weight of gold and 
silver. 

10. On account of the frosts, the corn in the 

fields was not ripe.-Caes. 

11. Farmers like strong oxen for the plow. 


t Adapted. 


72 


CLASS 7. — Nouns in r, a, c, t. Genitive d-is and t-is 


CLASS 9.— Nouns 
in e 

(Polysyllables not increasing) 


3d 


Sing. 

the heart, N. 

(Greek Nouns) 
a poem, n. milk, N. 

the head, N. 

Sing. 

Gen. Plur. 

a net, N. 

i-um 

the sea, N. 

Nom. 

cor 

poema lac 

caput 

Nom. 

rete 

mare 

Gen. 

cordis 

poematis lactis 

capitis 

Gen. 

retis 

maris 

Dot. 

cord! 

poemati lacti 

capiti 

Dat. 

reti 

mari 

Acc. 

cor 

poema lac 

caput 

Acc. 

rete 

mare 

Voc. 

cor 

poema lac 

caput 

Voc. 

rete 

mare 

Abl. 

corde 

poemate lacte, i 

capite 

Abl. 

reti, e 

mari, e 

Plur. 

Nom. 

corda 

poemata 

capita 

Plur. 

Nom. 

retia 

maria 

Gen. 


poematum, drum 

capitum 

Gen. 

retium 

marium, um 

Dat. 

cordibus 

poematibus, is 

capitibus 

Dat. 

retibus 

maribus 

Acc. 

corda 

poemata 

capita 

Acc. 

retia 

maria 

Voc. 

corda 

poemata 

capita 

Voc. 

retia 

maria 

Abl. 

cordibus 

poematibus, is 

capitibus 

Abl. 

retibus 

maribUS (rare) 


sedile, is, N. a seat 


To the old Roman the great Mediterranean was simply Nostrum Mare, Our Sea. It was so vast and 
mighty they dreaded it. In their frail little boats they mostly hugged the friendly shore. Having no 
compass, they must depend upon the sun and stars. Sudden storms hiding these would dash them upon 
hidden rocks, hence only the daring sailor went out of sight of land. 

The ancient Phoenicians had been brave sailors, whose custom was to set up twin pillars of stone when 
they left a favorite shore in order to recognize it on subsequent visits. Hercules, they said, broke through 
the mountains, making our Straits of Gibraltar as an outlet for the great Midland Sea. Hercules set 
up twin pillars to mark the spot, Mons Abyla in Africa on the South, and Mons Calpe in Spain on the North, 
the present famous Rock of Gibraltar. 

The surpassing radiance of the evening sunset convinced the early Roman that this glorious Gateway 
of the Sea was also the Gateway to Heaven for the Good. Outside were the Insulae Beatae and Fortunatae, 
the Madeira and Canary Islands, so convenient to modern mariners. 

These gave them a golden glimpse of Elysium. But later, as the voyages of daring captains extended the 
knowledge of geography, Elysium, “the place of reward for the good,” was moved down to the great Under- 
world. 


A 

1. Animal cor et sanguinem et cerebrum habet. 

2. Si poema loquens pictura est, pictura taci- 

turn poema debet esse. 

ought to be 

3. GermanI lacte et carne vivunt.-CWs. 

4. Non lac lacti magis est simile quam filius 

more like than 

Ciceronis est fratr l.-Prov. 

5. Capita* aut naves! dicit puer Romanus. 

* On one side of the coin was the two-faced 
head of the god Janus, upon the other side a ship. 

73 


B 

1. R5ma caput Lati5 est- Liv. 

2. Intra rete aves sunt omne genus.- Varr. 

3. Venator tendit timidis cervis retia. 

4. Piscator ducit in retia fatuds pisces. 

5. Sedllibus magnus in primls eques sedet.- 

Hor. 

6. Sedilia sine numerd erant in theatro, n5n in 

templ5. 

7. Remiges navis longae transtris in catenis 

sedent. 

8. Caesar terra marique in Britanniam venit. 


3d 


REVIEW — Pure i -stems, (Nouns, Neuter, Third Declension) 


Neuters in 

al 

animal, alis, N. an animal 

{ death or banish- 


\ ment for crime 


capital, alis, N. 

mortalia, ium, N. human affairs 
puteal, alis, N. a well-curb 


tribunal, alis, N. 
vectigal, alis, N. 


{judgment sea 

\ of a praetor 
( tax (indirect) , 

\ revenue 


Neuters in 

ar 

altar, aris, N. (late, rare) ) a high altar 
altare, aris, N. (Biblical) l h j?b’ 
altaria, ium, N. (classic) J ornamented) 
calcar, aris, N. a spur 
coclear, aris, N. o spooji 
exemplar, aris, N. a pattern 
laquear, aris, N. a panelled ceiling 
pulvinar, aris, N. a cushioned couch 


Neuters in 
e 

conclave, is, N. a hall , a chamber 
cubile, is, N. a bed, a lair 
insigne, is, N. a badge of office 

insignia, ium, N.{« 

luminare, aris, N. a window 
sedile, is, N. a seat , a bench 
specularia, 6 rum, N. window-panes 
regalia, ium, N. a royal residence 


A 

1. Animal providum et sagax homo est.-Cic. 

2. Administrate mortalium in potestate 

deorum omnl momento temporis erat. 

every 

3. Puteal erat circum publicum puteum in 

For5 Romano, etiam circum omnem 
locum sacratum fulmine Jovis. 

4. Praetor tribunal suum juxta Trebonil prae- 

toris urban! sellam collocavit; palam 
de sella ac tribunal! judicium pronun- 
tiat.-fCaes. 

5. Proverbium non intellegunt homines, Quam 

magnum vectigal est parsimonia.-fCic. 

6. In vectigalibus non solum adventus mall, 

sed etiam metus ipse affert calami ta tern. 

itself brings 

7. Vectigalia urbana rusticis antepdnantur.- 

Qjg let. . . be pui before 

8. Hamilcar Barca, pater, puerum Hanni- 

balem ad altaria dvicit. Juvenis adver- 
sus Romanos odium aeternum jurat. 


B 

1. Immensum calcar hominibus est laus. 

2. Calcaria in calcibus hominis ligantur ad 

. . i - - are bound 

stimulationem equorum. 

3. Eques impatiens incendit equum ignavum 

calcaribus. 

4. Utile proposuit nobis exemplar Ulixen.- 


Hor. 


Ulysses 


5. Laquearia nunc in privatis domibus auro 

teguntur.-P/m. 

are covered 

6. Dependent lychni laquearibus aureis .-V erg. 

7. Abraham DominS altare ibi aedificat.- 

t Vulg. 

8. Consul ludos amphitheatr! e pulvinar! 

spectat. 

9. Caesar summam difficultatem ad Britan- 

niam vasto et aperto mari navigandi 
habuit. ° fmiUna 

10. Conspergunt aras multo sanguine, 


adolentque altaria donis.-Xwcr. 


9. Cicero comes from Athens to Rome by 
sea and land. 

10. Great citizens sit in the first seats at the 

theatre. 

11. Strong slaves sit in chains at the oars on 

the cross-benches of the war-ships. 

transtris 

12. Few windows at Rome had window-panes 

of glass. 


11. The bulla was the badge of Fortune.- 

Cic. 

12. The consul sits in (his) tribunal with 

purple robe, with sceptre of ivory and 
with all his royal insignia. 

13. Many men without virtue carry the insig- 

nia of virtue.-Cic. 


t Adapted. 


74 


ETYMOLOGY 


English Words built mostly on Noun-stems, 3d Decl. Neut. 


Nouns 

Verbs 

Adjectives 

Adverbs 

illumination 

illuminate 

luminous 

luminously 

noun, name 

name 

nominal, nameless 

nominally, namely 

nominee, -ation 

nominate 

nominative 


glUe, -er, gluten 

glue, glutinate 

glUey, glutinous 


crime, criminal 

criminate 

criminal 

criminally 

itinerary, -ant, -ancy 

itinerate 

itinerant 


orifice, orison 

Orate 

oral 

orally 

osprey 

ossify 

OSSeous 


corps, corporal, -ation 

incorporate 

Corporate, -eal 

Corporately, -eally 

corpuscle, corpse, corpulence 


Corpulent 


decorum 

decorate 

decorous 

decorously 

contemporary, tense 

extemporize 

temporal, - ary 

temporarily 

tempest 


tempestuous 

tempestuously 

genus, gen(d)er 

engen(d)er 

generic 

genericaiiy 

general, -ity 

generalize 

general 

generally 

corroboration 

corroborate 

corroborant, -ative, -atory 

corroboratively 

lateral 


collateral 

collaterally 

remuneration 

remunerate 

mun(i)/icent 

mun(i)^cently 

pound, -er 

ponder 

ponderous 

ponderously 

poise 

cOunterpOlSe 

poiSed, -ing 


consideration 

consider 

considerate, -able 

considerably 

desire 

desire 

deSirous, -able 

desirously, -ably 

cap, capitoi, -ai 

decapitate 

capital 

capitally 

Captain 

recapitulate 



Cordiality 


cordial 

cordially 

discord 

accord 

disCOrdant 

accordingly 

core, courage 

enCOUrage 

courageous 

encouragingly 

marine, mariner 


submarine, maritime 


ruralist, ruralness 


rural 

rurally 

jurist, injury 

injure 

injurious, uninjured 

injuriously 

PREFIXES 


SUFFIXES 



ac-, to 

co-, con-, col-, cor-, together , with 

counter-, against 

de-, down, from, about, concerning 

dis-, apart, asunder 

en-, in-, il-, (w. Vbs.)» into, upon 

ex-, out of 

in-, un-, not 

re-, back, again 

sub-, under 


In Nouns 
-ancy, practice of 
-age, quality of having, -ness 

-ant, -ary, -ain, -al \ one who 
-ee, -er, -ist / that which 

-cle, little 

-ion, act of, process of 
-ity, quality of being 
-lence, fulness of 
-ness, state of being 


In Adjectives 
-able, worthy to be 

-al, -eal, -ial, relating to, belonging to 
-ant, -ent, being 
-ary, -ic, -ine, pertaining to 
-ate, having, -ed 

-ive, -ory, having the power to, tending to 
-le, -eel, like, resembling 
-lent, abounding in 
-less, without 

-ous, -eous, full of, abounding in 


75 


I 


GREEK NOUNS, 1st, 2d, 3d DECLENSIONS 


1st 


(This page is useful for reference in translation) 



» ) uovainrj 

II?7i'€\67r77 

Aiveias 

’Ayxwvs 


music (the art) 

Penelope 

jEneas 

Anchises 

Nom. 

musica, e, F. 

Penelope, F. 

Aeneas, M. 

Anchises, M. 

Gen. 

musicae, es 

Penelopes 

Aeneae 

Anchisae 

Dat. 

musicae 

Penelopae 

Aeneae 

Anchisae 

Acc. 

musicam, en 

Penelopen 

Aenean, am 

Anchisen, em, am 

Voc. 


Penelope 

Aenea 

Anchise, a 

Abl. 

musica, e 

Penelope 

Aenea, a 

Anchise, a, a 


ArjXos 

Op<pevs 


’ A\k%avbpos 

"TKlov 

c- U 

Delos (the Island) 

2d Orpheus 

3d 

Alexander (the Great) 

Troy (the city) 

Nom. 

Delos, F. 

Orpheus, M. 

Orpheus 

Alexander, rus, M. 

Ilion, ium, N. 

Gen. 

Deli 

Orphei 

Orpheos 

Alexandri 

Ilii 

Dat. 

Delo 

Orpheo 

Orphei 

Alexandro 

Rio 

Acc. 

Delum, on 

Orpheum 

Orphea, ea 

Alexandrum 

Ilion 

Voc. 

Dele 

Orpheu 

Orpheu 

Alexander 

Ilion 

Abl. 

Delo 

Orpheo 

Orpheo 

Alexandro 

Ilio 

3d 

Xapnras 

riypis 


f/pcos eXepas 

bpl^iov 

a torch 

the tiger 

a pedestal 

a hero the elephant 

the horizon 

Nom. 

lampas, F. 

tigris, C. 

basis, F. 

herds, M. elephas,* M. 

horizon,* M. 

Gen. 

lampados, is 

tigris, idos 

baseos, is 

herois elephantos, is horizontis 

Dat. 

lampadi 

tigri 

basi 

heroi elephanti 

horizonti 

Acc. 

lampada, em 

tigrin, ida, im 

basin, im, em 

heroa elephanta, em horizonta 

Voc. 




elephas 

horizon 

Abl. 

lampade 

tigri, ide 

basi 

heroe elephante 

horizonte 





pivoKepois 

KpCLTTjP 




, 

the rhinoceros 

a bowl 

Nom. 

lampades 

tigres, ides 

bases 

heroes rhinoceros,* 

M. crater,* M. 

Gen. 

lampadum 

tigrium 

basium, eon 

heroum rhinocerotos, 

is crateros, is 

Dat. 

lampadibus 

tigribus 

basibus 

heroibus rhinoceroti 

crateri 

Acc. 

lampadas 

tigris, idas 

basis, eis 

heroas rhinocerota 

cratera, em 

Voc. 




rhinoceros 

crater 

Abl. 

lampadibus 

tigribus 

basibus 

heroibus rhinocerote 

cratere 


Ai8o) 

Ilepi/cXi/s 

’EojKpa.Trjs 

"ArXas ^Ipts 

II Xarcoi' 


3d Dido 2d 

Pericles 

Socrates 

Mt. Atlas Rainbow. Plato 

Nom. 

Dido, F. Dido 

Pericles, M. 

Socrates, M. 

Atlas, M. Iris, F. 

Plato, on, M. 

Gem. 

Didonis Didus 

Periclis, i 

Socratis 

Atlantis Iris, idis Platonis 

Dat. 

Didoni Dido 

Pericli, i 

Socrati 

Atlanti Iri 

Platoni 

Acc. 

Didonem Dido 

Periclem, en, ea Socratem 

Atlanta Irim, in Platona 

Voc. 

Dido Dido 

Pericles, e 

Socrates, e 

Atla Iri 

Plato 

Abl. 

Didone Dido 

Pericle 

Socrate 

Atlante Ire 

Platone 


* Plurals mostly Latinized regularly. 

Note. — Poema, poematis (page 73), is a Greek Noun, Neut. 3d. Deck It was transplanted almost 
intact. 

Note. — The Latin Language borrowed an immense number of words directly from the Greek: most of 
which became completely Latinized in their full Declension. A few, however, never changed, preserving 
always certain Grecian case-forms. Striking specimens of this appear above. 

76 


ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 
Of Three Terminations (Adj. 3 3 ) 

(Very few in number) 


3 3 



CLASS 

9. — i -stems 



CLASS 

4. — i -stems 



Sing. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 


F. 


N. 


Nom. 

12 acer, sharp 

acris 

acre 

1 celer 

, swift 

celer 

is 

celer 

e 

Gen. 

acris 

acris 

acris 


is 


is 


is 

Dat. 

acri 

acri 

acri 


I 


i 


i 

Acc. 

acrem 

acrem 

acre 


em 


em 


e 

Voc. 

acer 

acris 

acre 

celer 


celer 

is 

celer 

e 

Abl. 

acri 

acri 

acri 


i 


i 


i 

Plur. 










Nom. 

acres 

acres 

acria 

celer 

es 

celer 

es 

celer 

ia 

Gen. 

acrium 

acrium 

acrium 


um* 


um* 


um 

Dat. 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 


ibus 


ibus 


ibus 

Acc. 

acris, es 

acris, es 

acria 


es 


es 


ia 

Voc. 

acres 

acres 

acria 


es 


es 


ia 

Abl. 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 


ibus 


ibus 


ibus 


{ sharp (as an edge) 
keen (by nature) 
shrewdy eager , zealous 

alacer, cris, cr Jolertjwety , 

( quick , (opp. languidus) 
celeber, bris, ere, 1 . thronged 2. famous 
equester, tris, tre, cavalry- 
pedester, tris, tre, foot- 
saluber, bris, bre, healthful , healthy 
Silvester, tris, tre, wooded, woody 
volucer, cris, ere, winged 


1. Fames strigum et vulturum erat acris. 

2. Acris erit fames sitisque bourn et suum. 

3. Acer erat amor judicis erga verum. 

4. Ocull et aures hostium erunt acres 

alacres. 

5. Aves in locls palus tribus ac silvestribus 

habitant. 

6. Genus hominum saliibri corpore sunt -Sail. 


* Used only as a Noun. 

campester, tris, tre, of a plain 
paluster, tris, tre, swampy, of a swamp 
terrester, tris, tre, land- 
puter, putris, putre, decaying 
— , mediocris, ere, indifferent 
— , muliebris, bre, womanly 
September] [ of September 

October 
November 
December 


bris, (month) 


I of October 
| of November 
[of December 


et 


B 

1. Cicer5 Romam mense SeptembrI advenit. 

2. December fumosus triste tempus anni erat. 

3. Lucius Cotta in mediocrium dratorum nu- 

mero (erat).-Cic. 

4. Equus in Campo Martio mense Octdbri 

immolatur. 

is sacrificed 

5. Saturnalia mense DecembrI Romae semper 

celebrantur. » 

are celebrated 


7. The temples in a famous city were many. 

8. The region of the Tiber is not healthful. 

9. The valley of the Po is healthful and 

beautiful. 


6. The poet had a womanly voice. 

7. The month of September is pleasant and 

healthful. 

8. The month of November is chilly and rainy. 


Rule of Syntax . — Ablative or Genitive of Characteristic. When the limiting Noun denotes a property , 
character, or quality, and has an Adjective agreeing with it, it may be either in the Genitive or Ablative. 

77 



ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 

Of Two Terminations (Adj. 3 2 ) 

(Very numerous) 



CLASS 9.- 

-i -stem 

COMPARATIVES 

CLASS 4.- 

-Consonant stems 

Sing. 

M. and F. 

N. 

M. and F. 

N. 

M. and F. 

N. 

Nom. 

tristis, sad 

triste 

tristior, sadder 

tristius 


1 plus, more 

Gen. 

tristis 

tristis 

tristidris 

tristioris 


pluris 

Dat. 

tristi 

tristi 

tristiori 

tristiori 



Acc. 

tristem 

triste 

tristiorem 

tristius 


plus 

Voc. 

tristis 

triste 

tristior 

tristius 



Abl. 

tristi 

tristi 

tristiore 

tristiore 


plure (rare) 

Plur. 

Nom. 

tristes 

tristia 

tristiores 

tristiora 

plures 

plura 

Gen. 

tristium 

tristium 

tristiorum 

tristiorum 

plurium 

plurium 

Dat. 

tristibus 

tristibus 

tristioribus 

tristioribus 

pluribus 

pluribus 

Acc. 

tristis, es 

tristia 

tristiores 

tristiora 

plures, -is plura 

Voc. 

tristes 

tristia 

tristiores 

tristiora 



Abl. 

tristibus 

tristibus 

tristioribus 

tristioribus 

pluribus 

pluribus 


QUALITIES MOSTLY OF MEN 

agilis, e, nimble , agile, (ago, i move, i drive ) 
civilis e ' P°lite, courteous 

* \ (pertaining to the citizens, civic) 


tristis, e, sad, sorrowful 

fortis, e, strong, brave 

aequalis, e, 1 . equal, uniform 2. coeval 

amabilis, e, lovely 

fidelis, e, trusty, faithful 

frugalis, e, economical, thrifty 

liberalis, e| <be f/ in|! V"\ ,r T b ° m) - ^nteel 
( noble-minded , generous 

mobilis, el 1 - easil V nwved 2 - fi ckle 

’ \ (moveo, I move, I stir myself) 

stabilis, e, standing firm, steadfast 

A 

1 . Pater Anchlses amlcos tristes fill videt. 

2. Vir fortis et acris animi magnlque erat -Cic. 

3. Animus agilis et pronus ad motus est.-Sm. 

4. Amor virorum erat amabilis super amorem 

mulierum.-f Vulg. 

5. Gall! sunt in consilils mobiles, Romani sta- 

biles. 

6. Medicus multum celer atque fidelis erat.- 

Hor. 

7. Artes liberties sunt geometria, musica, 

litterae.-fGic. 

8. Omnis llberalis et digna homine ndbill doc- 

trlna est —Cic (Ablative of Specification) 

9. Laudis avid!, pecuniae liberties erant.-$aZ/. 

t Adapted. 


memorabilis, e, memorable, remarkable 
humilis, el low > lowl V 

( (humus, the ground) 

nobilis, e, well-known, high-born 
ignobilis, e, unknown, base-born 
mortalis, e, mortal, (subject to death) 
immortalis, e, undying, imperishable 
segnis e( s ^ 0Wf slothful, tardy 

6 ’ \ (sequor, I follow) 

B 

1. Vita virginis tristior erat. 

2. Vis unlta fortior semper est. 

3. Turrim humilem parvamque faciunt.-fCaes. 

4. Jus civile jura prlvata clvium Romanorum 

curat. 

5. Clvis nobilis atrium plenum fumosls im- 

aginibus est.-8m. 

6. Homo ignobilis jus imaginum non habet. 

7. Diu magnum inter mortales certamen fuit.- 

SalL 

8. Cred5 deos immortales sparsisse animos in 

I believe to have scattered 

corpora humana.-Cic. 

9. E pluribus unum. Ne plus ultra -Procu 


78 


QUALITIES MOSTLY OF THINGS 


3 Z 


tristis, e, sad, sorrowful 
brevis, e, short , (opposite of longus, long) 
levis, e, smooth , (opposite of asper, rough) 
levis, e, light, (opposite of gravis, heavy) 

gravis, e, heavy, weighty 

suavis, e/ sweet (to smell), charming, dainty 

dulcis, e, sweet (to taste), delightful 

mitis, e, mild 

lenis, e, soft, mild, gentle 

mollis, e, soft, supple, tender 

pinguis, e, fat, (opposite of macer, lean) 
grandis, e, big, large, (full-grown) 

SUbllmis, e, lofty, Sublime, (raised on high) 
omnis, e, every (in sing.), all (inpiur.) 

communis, e, common 

A 

1. Ira furor brevis es t.-Hor. 

2. Tristes maturls frugibus imbres sunt -Very. 

3. Vir fortis et acris animl magnlque erat -Cic. 

4. Doctor brevis et pinguis corpore erat. 

5. In hieme noctes longae sunt, aestate breves. 

6. Graves imbre nubes erant -Liv. 

7. Graves fructu arbores erant. -Quint. 

8. Sit tibi terra levis. S. T. T. L. Inscr. 

may be for thee 

9. Sit super ossa tibi terra levis. Inscr. 

10. Panis et persica sunt dulcia puero. 

1 1 . Fertilior seges est alienls semper in agris.- 

• Prov. 

12. Pingues olivae in sdle splendescunt.-fOr. 

shine brightly 

B 

1. Life is short, time is long. Labor conquers 

all. vincit 

2. All things are good to the good. 

3. All men are mortal, and all animals. 

4. The good citizen is always faithful to the 

state. 

5. The Ethiopians were men of low stature. 

staturae 


caelestis, e, heavenly, celestial 
terrestris, e, earthly 
fertilis, e, fertile, productive 
facilis, e, easy, good-natured 
difficilis, e, difficult, hard (to manage) 

Similis, e, like (in quality) 

dissimilis, e, unlike 

gracilis, e, thin (in flesh), slender, lean 

tenuis, e, thin, (finely woven; a general word) 

subtilis, e, subtle, (thinly woven) 

utilis, e, useful 

vilis, e, cheap, worthless 

inaequalis, e, uneven, unequal, rough 

horribilis, e, fearful, dreadful, horrible 

terribilis, e, frightful, dreadful, terrible 

C 

1. Erant brevi atque humill corpore. 

2. Difficill bile tumet jecur -Hor. 

3. Fllius patrl similis erit.-fCic. 

4. Omne bonum desuper venit.-Pror. 

5. Aequales ponderis erunt omnes.-Fw^. 

6. Ver utile silvls est -V erg. 

7. Honor homini honesto est non vilis. 

8. Similia similibus curantur.-Pror. 

are cured 

9. Robur hominibus navibus utile est. 

10. Homd lenis et facilis era t.-Cic. 

11. Equi hominesque paululi et graciles erant. 

-Liv. 

12. Plures erant Rdmuli quam Numae similes 

reges .-Liv. than 

D 

1. The weather was mild. The storm was 

terrible. 

2. The stronger animals are more useful to 

men. 

3. Isocrates was a great and well-known 

orator.-Cic. 

4. He was a learned, a faithful, a charming 

man -Enn. 


t Adapted. 


79 


3 ' 


ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 
Of One Termination (Adj. 3 1 ) 



CLASS 5. — x( = cs )-stems 

CLASS 8. — t -stems 

Present Active Participles 

Sing. 

M. and F. N. 

M. and F. N. 

M. and F. N. 

Nom. 

felix, favorable 

prudens, prudent 

amans, loving 

Gen. 

felicis 

prudentis 

amantis 

Dat. 

felici 

prudenti 

amanti 

Acc. 

felicem felix 

prudentem prudens 

amantem amans 

Voc. 

felix 

prudens 

amans 

Abl. 

felici 

prudenti,* e 

amante, i* 

Plur. 

Nom. 

felices felicia 

prudentes prudentia 

amantes amantia 

Gen. 

felicium 

prudentium 

amantium 

Dat. 

felicibus 

prudentibus 

amantibus 

Acc. 

felicis, es felicia 

prudentis, es prudentia 

amantis, es amantia 

Voc. 

feUces felicia 

prudentes prudentia 

amantes amantia 

Abl. 

felicibus 

prudentibus 

amantibus 



* i when used as an adjective, otherwise e. 


felix, icis, favorable , happy 
audax, acis, bold , daring 
capax, acis, holding much , capacious 
tenax, acis, holding fast, gripping 
ferax, acis , fruitful 

pugnax, acis, quarrelsome, (fond of fighting) 
rapax, acis, grasping, greedy 

_ . J (orig.) keen-scented as a dog, 
sagax, acis j (intellectually quick), shrewd 

atrox, ocis, gloomy, horrible 

ferox, ocis, fierce 

velox, ocis, swift, fleet 

simplex, icis, simple, plain, f rank 

duplex, icis, double 
triplex, icis, triple 
multiplex, icis, manifold 


prudens, tis, prudent, experienced 

clemens, tis, 1. mild, (of the weather) 2. gentle 

diligens, tis, careful, assiduous 

neglegens, tis, careless, heedless 

elegans, tis, choice, tasteful 

eloquens, tis, eloquent 

excellens, tis, surpassing, (rising above) 

ingens, tis, huge 

patens, tis, open 

patiens, tis, suffering 

potens, tis, powerful 

praesens, tis, present 

recens, tis, fresh, (opp. vetua) 

sapiens, tis, wise 

silens, tis, still, silent 


A 

1. Arabia Felix erat pars fertilis, Arabia De- 

serta pars arida paeninsulae. 

2. Felices arbores Cat5 dixit, quae ferunt 

called which bear 

fructum, infelices quae non ferunt.- 
Paul. 

3. Feraces erant agri Sardiniae et Aegypti. 

4. Dente tenaci ancora navem habet. 

5. Natura humani ingenii agilis ac velox est.- 

Quint. 

f Adapted. 


B 

1. Roma urbs potens opibus erat-fOr.* 

2. Caelum ex omni parte patens est -Cic. 

3. Cornelia, mater Gracchdrum, erat prudens 

et diligens femina. 

4. Lysias subtilis scriptor atque elegans est.- 

Cic. 

5. Colosseum erat ingens amphitheatrum. 

6. Flores recentes virgo cdnsuli dat. 

7. Mater clamoso puero patientes aures dat. 


80 


ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 
Of One Termination (Adj. 3 1 ) 

CLASS 4. Consonant stems CLASS 7. — Consonant stems CLASS 4. — Consonant stems 


Sing. 

M. and F. N. 

M. and F. N. 

M. and F. 

N. 

Nom. 

vetus, old 

dives, rich 

memor, mindful 

memor 

Gen. 

veteris 

divitis 

memoris 

memoris 

Dat. 

veteri 

diviti 

memori 

memori 

Acc. 

veterem vetus 

divitem dives 

memorem 

memor 

Voc. 

vetus 

dives 

memor 

memor 

Abl 

vetere (i) 

divite 

memori 

memori 

Plur. 

Nom. 

veteres vetera 

divites (ditia) 

memores 


Gen. 

veterum 

divitum 

memorum 


Dat. 

veteribus 

divitibus 

memoribus 


Acc. 

veteres vetera 

divites (ditia) 

memores, is 


Voc. 

veteres vetera 

divites (ditia) 

memores 


Abl. 

veteribus 

divitibus 

memoribus 



Abl. e, (i) 

vetus, veteris, old 
ales, itis, winged 

degener, eris, degenerate, (de-genus) 

iners, ertis, 1 . unskilled 2. indolent , (in-ars) 


Abl. i, (e) 

praeceps, cipitis, (Abl. oniyi) headlong, precipi- 
tate 

quadrupes, pedis, four-footed 
sollers, tis, skilful, clever 
iiber, eris, fruitful, abundant 


Gen. PI. ium (um) 
par, paris, (Abl. oniyi), equal 

iens, euntis, going 

concors, dis, (Abl. i (e)), harmonious, (con-cor) 
discors, dis, (Abl. x (e)) t inharmonious, (dis-cor) 


excors 

vecors 


dis 


( without intelligence, (ex-cor) 
\ destitute of reason, (ve-cor) 


dives, divitis, rich 

caelebs, ibis, unmarried 

compos, potis, master of, (controlling) 

(deses), idis, lazy (M. andF.) (de-sedeo) 

pauper, peris, poor 

particeps, cipis, sharing, (pars-capio) 

princeps, cipis, the first (of many), chief, (primus- 

capio) 

pubes, eris, adult, (grownup) 
impubes, eris, youthful, (underage) 
sospes, itis, safe{l\ p^ 8 “3 }< M - and F -> 

superstes, itis, surviving 

memor, oris, mindful of, remembering 
inops, opis, destitute, (helplessly poor) (M. and F.) 
vigil, ilis, awake, wakeful, watchful , (Pi. ia, ium) 


A 

1. Vir erat primus inter pares -Prov. 

2. Pegasus erat equus ales Musarum. 

3. Degeneres animos timor arguit -Verg. 

4. Virtutes sunt inter se aequales et pares. -Cic. 

one with another 

5. Vetera semper in laude sunt, praesentia in 

fastldio.- Tac. 

t Adapted. 


B 

1. Sol et Luna sunt vigiles mundi.-Lmr. 

2. Saepe dives blande appellat pauperem.- 

f Plaut. 

3. Longe omnium gravitate princeps Plato.- 

Cic. 

4. Magnas inter opes rex erat inops -Prov. 

5. Hom5 est sagax, multiplex, acutus, memor, 

plenus rationis et consilil.-fCic. 


81 


REVIEW— ADJECTIVES 3d DECLENSION 


3 3 - 2 - 1 


Masculine — A 

1. Oculus est acer. 

2. Dens erat acer. 

3. Vultus erat tristis. 

4. Virl fortes erunt. 

5. Animus virl est tranquillus. 

6. Imbres erant caelestes. 

7. Omnes homines cerebra 
habent. 

8. Carmina poetae Horatil 

subllmia erant. 

9. Vir bonus et prudens erat. 

10. Fidelis et liberalis est 

pater. 

11. Filiuspatrlsimilisest.-Cic. 

12. Vir est non compos men- 

tis. 

13. Veloces sunt aucupum pe- 

des. 

14. Boves agricolae sunt pin- 

gues. 

15. Mentes sagaces segnes 

sunt. 

Masculine — D 

1. The poets were sad. 

2. Vultures are winged. 

3. The man’s fingers were 

short. 

4. The sparrow is light and 

swift. 

5. The garden of the farmer 

is rich. 

6. The flowers of the garden 

are sweet. 

7. All men are mortal. 

8. Farmers like fertile fields. 

9. He was a horrible thief. 

10. Daring men are shrewd. 


Genitives — G 

1. fortis fill. 

2. pinguis bo vis. 

3. hortorum fertilium. 

4. judicum sagacium. 

5. poematum amabilium. 


Feminine — B 

1. Auris est acris. 

2. Hiems erat acris. 

3. Fabula est tristis. 

4. Coma vatis erat flava. 

5. Breves erunt noctes. 

6. Nubessuntcaelestes.-Or. 

7. Portae urbis sublimes 
erant. —Verg. 

8. Membranae oculorum sunt 

tenues. 

9. Terra ferax oleo est -Verg. 

10. Arbores montium humiles 

erant. 

11. Vigil et fidelis est mater. 

12. Feminae Spartae frugales 

erant. 

13. Arabia Felix erat ferax, 
Arabia Deserta non erat. 

14. Virgo erat suavis et gra- 

cilis. 

15. Urbs erat patens omnibus 

hostibus. 

Feminine — E 

1. Minds are quick. 

2. The city was celebrated. 

3. The boy’s brow was 

smooth. 

4. The clouds were heavy. 

5. Laws of the Republic are 

common to all. 

6. Death is common to all. 

7. The land of Africa was 

fertile. 

8. Laws are useful to men. 

9. The dark night was terri- 

ble. 

10. The simple girl was pru- 
dent. 

Datives — H 

1. to a sad heart. 

2. for the strong boxers. 

3. to a sagacious owl. 

4. for diligent farmers. 

5. for faithful sisters. 

82 


Neuter — C 

1. Animal est acre. 

2. Gaudium est volucre. 

3. Nomen erat celebre. 

4. Breve est tempus. 

5. Breve iter erit. 

6. Dona erant caelestia. 

7. Vitium commune omnibus 

est. 

8. Carmen poetae erit dulce. 

9. Omne animal cor habet. 

10. Civile bellum terribile om- 

nibus est. 

11. Homines jus civile amant. 

12. Regnum Tarquinii SuperbI 

malum erat. 

13. Bellum magnum et atrox 

erat -Sail. 

14. Virtutis nil est vile aut 

nequam. 

15. Regnum Servil Tullil po- 

tens erat. 

Neuter — F 

1. Wars are sad. 

2. Hearts will be sad. 

3. Nectar was celestial. 

4. The hare is a terrestrial 

animal. 

5. Honey is sweet to sailors. 

6. The swine’s body was 
heavy. 

7. Oxen are faithful animals. 

8. The useful metals were 

iron and copper. 

9. Lions are ferocious ani- 

mals. 

10. Swine are rapacious ani- 
mals. 

Ablatives — I 

1. in a short time. 

2. on a cold night. 

3. with sharp sickles. 

4. by mild winters. 

5. from frugal sisters. 


ETYMOLOGY 


English Words built on Stems of Adjs. 3 2 


English Words built on Stems of Adjs. 3 1 


brief 

a short summary 


1 brevi 1 ate 

brief 

less 

sagac 

ity 

sagaci 

ous 

sagaci 

ous 

1 short | en 

briefs 

without 

shrewd 

ness 

shrewdness 

full of 

wise 



(said of young lawyers 

wis 

dom 

discernment 

having 

shrewd 



having no practice) 


Nouns 

Verbs 

Adjectives 

abridgement 

abridge 

brief 

grievance 

grieve, aggrieve 

grievous 

gravity 

aggravate 

grave 

suavity 


suave 

leniency 


lenient 

leVer, levee', 

-ity alleviate 

alleviative 

mollusc 

mollify 

emollient 

grandee, -eur 

aggrandize 

grand 

sublimity 

sublimate 

sublime 

community 

excommunicate 


Commoner 

commune 

uncommon 

omnibus 



amiability 


amiable 

agility 


agile 

civility 

Civilize 

civil 

nobility 

ennoble 

noble 

equality 

equalize 

equal 

facility 

facilitate 

facile 

fertility 

fertilize 

fertile 

frugality 


frugal 

humility 

humiliate 

hum(b)le 

mortality 


mortal 

immortality 

immortalize 

immortal 

infidelity 


infidel 

liberality 

liberalize 

liberal 

Simile, -itude 

assimilate 

similar 

SUbtlety 

subtilize 

subtle 

Utility 

utilize 


Vileness 

vilify 

vile 


Adverbs 

Nouns 

Adjectives 

Adverbs 

briefly 

atrocity 

atrocious 

atrociously 


audacity 

audacious 

audaciously 

gravely 

fallacy 

fallacious 

fallaciously 

SUaVely 

felicity 

infelicitous 

felicitously 

leniently 

ferocity 

ferocious 

ferociously 

* 

pugnacity 

pugnacious 

pugnaciously 

grandly 

rapacity 

rapacious 

rapaciously 

sublimely 

tenacity 

pertinacious 

tenaciously 


mendacity 

mendacious 

mendaciously 

commonly 

duplicity 

duplicate 

doubly 


simplicity 

simple 

simpiy 


multiplicity multiplex 


amiably 




agilely 




civilly 

prudence 

prudent 

imprudently 

ignobly 

presence 

present 

presently 

equally 

patency 

patent 

patently 


patience 

impatient 

impatiently 


potency 

impotent 

impotently 

frugally 

diligence 

diligent 

diligently 

hum(b)i y 

negligence 

negligent 

negligently 

mortally 

elegance 

inelegant 

elegantly 

immortally 

eloquence 

eloquent 

eloquently 

illiberally 

excellence 

excellent 

excellently 

similarly 

indemency 

inclement 


subtly 

reCency 

recent 

recently 


Sapience 

sapient 

sapientiy 

vilely 

Silence 

silent 

silently 


PREFIXES 


a-, ab-, off , away 

£7as> 
ex-, e-, out 
en-, (A. S.), to make 
in-, im- 1 not 
ig-, il-, un- / 
per, through 


In Nouns 


-ance 

-ence 

-ency 

-ety 

-ity 

-ty 

-y 


that which, 
state of 
being, 
quality of 
being, 

-ing 

-ness 


one who 


-ment, that which 


SUFFIXES 


-ness, state of being 

-ate 

-ize 

-eur / 

-fy 


In Adjectives 

-ar, pertaining to 
-ive, having the. power of 

■ous, full of; -ate, -ed 


In Verbs 


to give 
to put 


In Adverbs 

-ly, in a . . . manner 


83 


FOURTH DECLENSION — The u Nouns (u-stems) 


4th 


Endings f The Genitive Singular of Nouns of the Fourth Declension ends in us 

and ^ rpT \' r • o • i j • f us, Masculine and Feminine 

Gender [ The N native Singular ends m NeuUr 


Sing. 

a step, M. 

a bow, M. 

a harbor, M. 

a horn, N. 

the knee, N. 

Nom. 

gradus 

4 arcus 

4 portus 

4 cornu 

genu 

Gen. 

gradus 

arcus 

portus 

cornus 

genus 

Dat. 

gradui 

arcul 

portui 

cornu 

genu 

Acc. 

gradum 

arcum 

portum 

cornu 

genu 

Voc. 

gradus 

arcus 

portus 

cornu 

genu 

Abl. 

gradu 

areu 

portu 

cornu 

genu 

Plur. 






Nom. 

gradus 

arcus 

portus 

cornua 

genua 

Gen. 

graduum 

arcuum 

portuum 

cornuum 

genuum 

Dat. 

gradibus 

arcubus 

portubus, -ibus 

cornibus 

genibus, -ubus 

Acc. 

gradus 

arcus 

portus 

cornua 

genua 

Voc. 

gradus 

arcus 

portus 

cornua 

genua 

Abl. 

gradibus 

arcubus 

portubus, -ibus 

cornibus 

genibus, -ubus 


(so) 

( 80 ) 

(so) 




manus, us, F., 

acus, us, F., 

artus, uum, M., 


veru, us, N., 


the hand 

a needle, a pin 

the joints 


a spit 


porticus, us, F., 

tribus, us, F., 

lacus, us, M., 




a colonnade 

a tribe 

a lake 




fructus, us, M., 

partus, us, M., 

specus, us, M., 




tree-fruit 

birth 

a cave 




NOUN OF THE FOURTH AND SECOND 


Tables of Terminations 


Sing. 

Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Locative 

Ace. 

Voc. 

Abl. 

Plur. 

Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Acc. 

Voc. 

Abl. 


domus, a house, home, F. 

domUS, domi (rare) 
domui, domo 

case: domi=o£ home , in the house 

domum, home, homewards, to the house 

domus 

domo, domu, from home, out of the house 

domus . 

domuum, domorum date) 
domibus 

d 0 m 5 s { hotZard} ioms ’ the houses 

domus 

domibus 


man'us, a hand 
us, of a 
ui, to, for 

um, a 

us, ! 

jfrom, by, 
\with, in 


us, s 

uum, of 
ibus, to, for 
us, s 


us, 

ibus, 


ver u 
us 
u 
u 
u 


from, by, 
with, in 


ua 

uum 

ibus 

ua 

ua 

ibus 


84 


NOUNS OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION 

All Masculine except about 12. Certain names of trees and plants are Feminine 


4th 


(Parse N. M. 4) 


vultus, us, M. the countenance , (a | 0 ^ index of the 

rlsus, us, M. laughing , (laughter) 

cantus, us, M. singing 

luctus, us, M. mourning 

gemitus, us, M. sighing, (a groan) 

fletus, us, M. weeping, wailing 

morsus, us, M. biting, (a bite) 

potus, us, M. a drinking, (a draught) 

spiritus, us, M. a breathing, (the breath) 

pulsus, us, M. a beating, the pulse 

gestus, us, M. bearing, attitude 

metus, us, M. fear, dread 

sonitus, us, M. sound 

tumultus, us, M. an uproar 

fluCtUS, US, M. a billow, (a huge wave) 

cultus, us, M. culture, refinement 

usus, us, M. use, experience 


status, us, M. standing 

aditus, us, M. approach 

exitus, us, M. an outlet, (a way out) 

circuitus, US, M. a circuit, (a way around) 

transitus, us, M. passage, (passing over) 

eventus, us, M. an event, occurrence, (outcome) 

impetus, us, M. an attack 

adventus, us, M. an arrival 

conventus, US, M. a convention, (a coming together) 

concursus, US, M. an assembly, (a running together) 


aenatus, us and i, ivi. i tie senate 
consulates, us, M. the consulship 

magistrate, us, M. ( 1' ffl °% ce 
[ 2. a civil officer 

exercitus, US, M. an army, (an exercised body of men) 

equitatus, us, M. cavalry 
peditatus, us, M. infantry 
victus, US, M. victuals, (provisions) 


A 

1. Imago animl vultus est, indices ocull -Cic. 

2. Vultus ac frons sunt animl janua.-Q. Cic. 

3. Perdix in alto gramine cantul virginis 

respondet. 

4. Fllia, multis in luctibus, et in perpetuo 

maerore senescit.-f Juv. 

5. Dat tellus gemitum.-Verg. 

6. In urbe oriebatur clamor, gemitus, luctus, 

(there) was rising 

fletusque popull, etiam preces virgi- 
num. 

7. Recent! mens trepidat metu -Hor. 

8. R5mae potestas in popul5, auctoritas in 

Senatu erat.-|C?c. 

C 

1. Sad is the countenance of the old man. 

2. The soldier is alive in the hands of the 

enemy. 

3. The culture of the mind is pleasing to sen- 

sible boys. 

4. The noise of the billows at night was terrible. 

5. A gentle breath of wind is delightful in 

summer. 


B 

1. Cornua lunae obtusa sunt. -P/m. 

2. Cornua juvencae sunt brevia et acuta. 

3. Corde et genibus tremit.-Por. 

4. Romani tacitas preces scriptas in tabulis 

ceratls genibus deorum in templis ad- 
ligant. 

5. Gestus et motus corporis venusti sunt -Cic. 

6. Adventum Veneris fugiunt vent l.-Lucr. 

7. Medicus pulsum venarum aegri puer! sentit. 

8. Caesar exercitum equitatumque castris 

continuit.-fC aes. 

9. Incolae manibus pedibusque opus faci- 

(= with might and main) 

unt -Ter. 

D 

1. The horns of the ox are long and strong. 

2. Upon the arrival of the Consul there was a 

prompt assembly of the Senate. 

3. There was a sudden attack upon the city 

by the infantry with great uproar. 

4. The guest gives money with a full hand.- 

Cic. 


t Adapted. 


85 


FIFTH DECLENSION — The e Nouns (e Stems') 


5th 


„ f The Genitive Singular of Nouns of the Fifth Declension ends in el or el. 

e \ The Nominative Singular ends in es or ies. 

Gender They are all Feminine hut one. 


Tables of Terminations 


Sing. 

Nom. 

a thing, F. 

4 res 

a day, M. or F. 

dies 

(medius -dies) 

mid-day, M. 

meridies 

Sing. 

Nom. r 

es di 

es 

Gen. 

rei 

die! 

meridiei 

Gen. 

ei 

ei 

Dat. 

rel 

diei 

meridiei 

Dat. 

ei 

ei 

Acc. 

rem 

diem 

meridiem 

Acc. 

em 

em 

Voc. 

res 

dies 

meridies 

Voc. 

es 

es 

Ahl. 

re 

die 

meridie 

Ahl. 

e 

e 

Plur. 

Nom. 

res 

dies, days, m. (only) 

Plur. 

Nom. 

es 

es 

Gen. 

rerum 

dierum 


Gen. 

e'rum 

e'rum 

Dat. 

rebus 

diebus 


Dat. 

ebus 

ebus 

Acc. 

res 

dies 


Acc. 

es 

es 

Voc. 

res 

dies 


Voc. 

es 

es 

Ahl. 

rebus 

diebus 


Ahl. 

ebus 

ebus 


spes, ei, F. hope. 
fides, ei, F. faith. 
plebes, ei, F. The 

Commons. 

All Nouns of the Fifth end in ies, like dies, 
except res, spes, fides, plebes. 


Note l.-The Stem Letter e in the Gen. and Dat. Sing. is{^ h n 0 f t ^rVcT S onant" * in r -ei. 

Note 2. — Nouns of the 5th Declension, excepting res and dies, are wanting in most of the plural cases. 
Only eight or nine have some plural cases. Many are wanting in some of their singular cases also. 


NOUN FIRST OR FIFTH NOUN FIRST AND FIFTH 


Sing. 

extravagance, 

F. 

The Commonweath, The Republic, F. 

Nom. 

luxuria 

luxuries 

Respublica 


Gen. 

luxuriae 

luxuriei 

Reipublicae 


Dat. 

luxuriae 

luxuriei 

Reipublicae 


Acc. 

luxuriam 

luxuriem 

Rempublicam 


Voc. 

luxuria 

luxuries 

Respublica 


Ahl. 

luxuria 

luxurie 

Republica 


Plur. 





Nom. 

luxuriae 


Respublicae 


Gen. 

luxuriarum 


Rerumpublicarum 


Dat. 

luxuriis 


Rebuspublicis 

1. public affairs 

Acc. 

luxurias 


Respublicas 

2. popular government 

Voc. 

luxuriae 


Respublicae 


Ahl. 

luxuriis 


Rebuspublicis 



86 


NOUNS OF THE FIFTH DECLENSION 


5th 


(About 100 in number) 

(Parse N. F. 5) 


res, rei, F. a thing , an affair , a circumstance 

acies, el, F. the battle line, (like a sword-edge) 

facies, ei, F. the face 

glacies, ei, F. ice 

species, ei, F. appearance 

saties, ei, F. 1 . sufficiency 2. satiety, (rare word) 

pauperies, ei, F. poverty 

barbaries, ei, F. rudeness, foreign manners 

caesanes, ei, F. a head of hair 

fjj- - -r, / 1. trust (in a person), faith 

naes, ei, 3 protecfion 


amicities, ei, F 
amicitia, ae, F. 
avarities, ei, F. 
avaritia, ae, F. 
mollifies, ei, F. 
mollitia, ae, F. 
pigrities, ei, F. j 
pigritia, ae, F. J 
temperies, ei, F. 1 


friendship, (200 times in Cicero) 
avarice, greediness 
softness, weakness 
sloth, indolence . 


temperature 2. temperance 
planities, ei, F. a plain 
segnities, ei, F. slowness, tardiness 


A 

1. Spes est exspectati5 bonl.-Cic. 

2. Scilicet rerum est pulcherrima Roma- 

t V erg. 

3. Homo sine re, sine fide, sine spe erat.-fCic. 

4. Juvenis omnia bona in spe habet.-f Sal. 

5. Vir deorum atque hominum fidem im- 

ploravit. 

6. Multis mensibus non cernitur dies -Plin. 

is perceived 

7. Autumnus mitis inter juvenem senemque 

temperie medius est.-fOr. 

8. Pauperes rustic! pauperiem et duros 

perferunt labores.-f Verg. 

endure 

9. Tanta barbaries Sarmatarum est, ut pacem 

non intellegant.-F/or. that 

do understand 

c 

1. While there is life there is hope. 

2. All hopes of safety are in temperance. 

3. The affairs of the farmers are prosperous. 

4. The poverty of the strangers was terrible. 

5. The people have great faith in good men. 


B 

1. Cleopatra regina amicitiam populi Romani 

coluit. 

2. Pueris talorum nucumque avaritia est, viris 

auri argentlque et urbium.-$m. 

3. Civitatum mores degeneraverunt ad mol- 

litiam have degenerated 

4. Punica fides erat nomen perfidiae et fraudis. 

-Liv. 

5. Erat inter oppidum et collem planities.- 

Caes. 

6. Nox Romanis pigritiem ad sequendum fecit. 

pursuing 

7. CLIVOM MARTIS IN PLANICIEM RE- 

DEGERVNT S. P. Q. R.-Inscr . 

8. Sol recedens quasi tristitia quadam con- 

trahit terram.-Cic. certain 

9. Castlgamus etiam segnitiem hominum atque 

we find fault with 

inertiam -Cic. 

D 

1. Beautiful were the face and the hair of the 

poet. 

2. Honors change men’s manners. 

mutant 

3. Man lives and toils from day to day. 

de in 

4. Men’s hopes and fears through months and 

years are manifold. 

5. The sailor lives in faith and hope through 

the terrible storm. 


t Adapted. 


87 


ANCIENT PHRASES— NAMES OF PLACE 


Prep. 

Noun 


A 

General Rules 

1. in 
in 

corde, 

via, 

in the heart ) 
on the street J 

Place in or on, 

in with the Ablative 

2 . ex 

e 

oppido, 

portu, 

out of the town 1 
out of the harbor j 

Place out of, 

ex or e with the Ablative 

3 . ab 

urbe, 

(away) from the city ) 



a 

mari, 

(away) from the sea > 

Place from, 

ab or a, de with the Ablative 

de 

muro, 

(down) from the wall J 



4. in 

portum, 

into port 

Place into, 

in with the Accusative 

5. ad 

templum, 

, to the temple 

Place to, 

ad with the Accusative 

6. Romae, 

at Rome 

Place at, 

No Prep. The Locative Case 


Note. — ab and ex are used before words beginning with a Vowel or h ; either ab or a, and ex or e before 
words beginning with a consonant. 


1. in loco 


Place 

in, 


B 

in urbe, in terra, in castris, in proelio, in manibus, in vita, in Herodoto, in Italia. 


i, in via, in equo, in leone, in solio, in arbore, in pulpito, in sella, in capite. 

2 ex loco out of ( ex ur ^ e » ex Aethiopia, ex Asia, ex Hispania, ex India, ex aqua, ex equo. 

’ \e marl, e regibne, e Graecia, e carcere, e somno, e robore, e curru. 

3. ab loco, (away ) from, ab urbe, ab classe, a castris, a patria, a for5, a sole, a mari. 

a Troja, a Sicilia, ab oriente, ab Jove NeptunSque, a patre. 
de loco, (down) from, de caelo, de monte, de rupe, de muro, de capite, de provincia, de tribu- 
nal!, de triclinio, de cubiculo, de sella, de navi. 

4. in locum, into, in urbem, in silvas, in castra, in exercitum, in noctem, in humeros. 

( towards, ad caelum, ad sidera, ad septentrionem, ad meridiem, ad aquilonem. 
to, ad templum, ad oppidum, ad mare, ad tribunal, ad concilium, ad homines. 
near, ad urbem,* ad villam, ad januam, ad Genavam, ad Capuam, ad Tarentum. 


Place 

at 


In 

1st Decl. Sing. 


Like 

Gen. 


= Rbmae, at Rome , Antiochiae, at Antioch , Cretae, “ in the 

in Crete , 


2d Dec). Sing. Gen. 


domi, at home 


= Corinth!, at Corinth, Cvpri, at Cyprus, Rhodi, / £umi, on the ground 

, r,i 1 \ belli, at war 

at Rhodes , 

6 . Locatives i latDeci. pi. Dat. or Abi. = Athenis, at Athens, Capreis, at Capri, fons, out of doors 
! 2 d Decl. PI. Dat. or Abl. = Philippls, at Philippi, 


[3d Decl. Dat. or Abl. = Karthagini, at Carthage, Curibus, at Cures, [ 


[ ruri, in the country 
at evening 


vesperi 
\ vespere 


* Victor ad urbem est, The conqueror is near the City. A conquering general returning home was obliged 
to wait near by, outside the city walls, until the Senate gave him permission to enter The City in triumphal 
procession. 

Note. — It is a singular fact that the old Roman could never correctly say ab Roma, ad Romam, in 
domum, in domo, in run. He must omit Prepositions with these words. 


Rule. — Certain Proper names of towns, and of small islands, domus, rus, and a few other words take the 
Locative, a Seventh and very ancient case , almost out of use in the Golden Age. 

The Locative Case in the 1st and 2d DecVs, Sing, is like the Gen.; in the 1st and 2d DecVs, Plur., and in the 
3d Decl. it is like the Dat. or Abl. 


88 



TEMPLUM VESTAE 


89 


COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 


An Adjective is a word used to describe or limit a Noun or Pronoun, as vir validus, a strong 
man; unus vir, one man. 

Most Adjectives have three forms, called the Positive, Comparative, and Superlative Degrees. 


Positive 

altus, high 


doctus, learned 


The Double s Superlatives 

Comparative 

altior, higher 

more high 
too 

rather 

doctior, 

more learned 
too 

rather 


high 


learned 


Superlative 

altissimus, highest 

most high 

very high 

doctissimus, 

most learned 

very learned 


The Comparative is formed by adding ior and the Superlative by adding issimus to the Positive, after 
taking away the termination of the Genitive Singular; as, 


Nominative 

altus, 

levis, 

felix, 

prudens, 


(Genitive) 

(alt-1,) 

(lev-is,) 

(felic-is,) 

(prudent-is,) 


alt-ior, 

lev-ior, 

felic-ior, 

prudent-ior, 


alt-issimus, 

lev-issimus, 

felic-issimus, 

prudent-issimus, 


high , etc. 
light 

fortunate , happy 
prudent 


The Double r Superlatives 


Adjectives in er form the Superlative in rimus 


Positive 

Comparative 

Superlative 


pulcher, 

pukhr-ior, 

pulcher-rimus, 

beautiful, etc. 

liber, 

liber-ior, 

liber-rimus, 

free 

acer, 

acr-ior, 

acer-rimus, 

sharp 

celer, 

celer-ior, 

celer-rimus, 

swift 

vetus, 

veterior, (rarely) 

veter-rimus, 

old 


vetustior, (mostly) 




The Double 1 Superlatives 



Six Adjectives in ilis form the Superlative in limus 


facilis, 

facil-ior, 

facil-limus, 

easy , etc. 

difficilis, 

difficil-ior, 

difficil-limus, 

difficult 

similis, 

simil-ior, 

simil -limus, 

like 

dissimilis, 

dissimil-ior, 

dissimil-limus, 

unlike 

gracilis, 

gracil-ior, 

gracil-limus, 

thin 

humilis, 

humil-ior, 

humil-limus, 

low, lowly 


Note. — The Adjective is the Qualifier of the Noun. In our expression the Genitives and Adjectives 
cluster about the- Nouns as their Qualifiers. Latin Adjectives resemble Genitives, and they are largely 
built upon the full Genitive stems. * 


90 


IRREGULAR COMPARISON 


bonus, good 

melior, better 

optimus, best 

malus, bad 

pejor, worse 

pessimus, worst 

magnus, great 

major, greater 

maximus, greatest 

f small 

f smaller 

( smallest 

Pirvus \little 

minor 7 

[less 

minimus { 7 , 

[least 

multus, much 

plus, (Sing. Neut. only), more 

plurimus, most 

nequam (indeci.), worthless, naughty 

oppos. 

nequior 

nequissimus 

frugi (indeci.), thrifty, frugal 

frugalior 

frugalissimus 

senex, old 

senior 

maximus natu 

juvenis, young 

junior 

minimus natu 

Many adjectives otherwise not comparable, especially those having a 
thus compared: 

vowel before the terminal 

noxius, hurtful 

magis noxius 

maxime noxius 

But if this vowel be the consonant u ( = 

= v), they can be compared regularly; as, 

antlquus, ancient 

antiquior 

antiquissimus 


A 

1. S5l est splendidior quam Luna. 

2. Nllus est longior quam Danuvius. 

3. Grando est magis noxia quam glacies. 

4. Fulmen est perlculosius quam fulgur. 

5. Feminae sunt sagacidres quam viri. 

6. Agricola est fellcior vir quam Imperator. 

7. Melior tutiorque est certa pax quam 

sperata victoria -Liv. 

8. Adventus hostium fuit agris quam urbi 

terribilior.-L^r. 

9. Italia paucidres elves quam servos habuit. 

10. Omnes fontes aestate, quam hieme, sunt 

gelidiores.-PZm. 

C 

1. The mountain is higher than the hill. 

2. Rivers are deeper than brooks. 

3. The boys see more birds than bees. 

4. Oxen’s strength is greater than horses’. 

5. Italy had better farmers than sailors. 

6. The apples were riper than the pears. 

Rule of Syntax.— Comparative Adjectives usually 
complete their comparison with quam followed by a 
Nominative or an Accusative; rarely by other cases. 


B 

1. Stella est planete splendidior. 

2. Rhenus est rapidior Rhodano. 

3. Nix est imbre tranquillior. 

4. Fulmen est magis noxium tonitru. 

5. Feles sunt cautiores canibus. 

6. Rusticus est liberior et fellcior clve. 

7. Cicero monumentum aere perennius re- 

llquit. 

8. Nihil est virtute formosius.-Cic. 

more comely 

9. Nihil est virtute amabilius.-Cic. 

10. Pauperies in salute est melior omnibus 
voluptatibus regum. 

D 

1. The Ocean is deeper than the Sea. 

2. Seas are broader than lakes. 

3. The country is more healthful than the city. 

4. Oak-trees are taller than fig-trees. 

5. Marble is more beautiful than amber. 

6. The peaches were sweeter than the plums. 

Rule of Syntax. — Comparative Adjectives without 
quam are followed by the Ablative. 


91 


COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 


An Adverb is a word used to modify a Verb, an Adjective, or another Adverb. 

Adverbs also conjoin and introduce subordinate sentences, and hence are often called Con- 
junctive Adverbs. 

Classes of Adverbs 

Adverbs of Manner, of Time, of Place, of Degree, 

of Cause, of Condition, of Concession, of Comparison, of Purpose, and of Result. 

Most Adverbs of Manner are derived from Adjectives, and are regularly compared. 
Adjectives of the 1st and 2d Declensions change the final i of the Genitive Singular Mascu- 
line into e to form the Positive and Superlative Degrees of the Adverb; while the Accusative 
Singular Neuter of the Comparative of the Adjective forms the Comparative of the Adverb. 


Positive 

Adj. latus, broad 
G. S. M. lati 
Adv. late 

broadly 


Comparative 

latior 

A. S. N. latius 
latius 

more broadly 
father} hr0adly 


Superlative 

latissimus 

G. S. M. latissimi 

latissime 

most broadly 

very broadly 


Adjectives of the 3d Declension change the is final of the Genitive Singular Masculine into 
iter to form the Positive Degree of the Adverb. 


Adj. fortis, brave 

G. S. M. fortis 
Adv. fortiter, bravely 


fortior 

A. S. N. fortius 
fortius 


fortissimus 

G. S. M. fortissimi 

fortissime 


Exceptions 


Adj. 

(Genitive) 

Pos. 

Comp. 

Sup. 

(cs) audax, bold 

(audac-is) 

audacter, boldly 

audacius 

audacissime 

(ns) diligens, diligent 

(diligent-is) 

diligenter, diligently 

diligentius 

diligentissime 

(rs) sollers, skilful 

(sollert-is) 

sollerter, skilfully 

sollertius 

sollertissime 



IRREGULAR 

COMPARISON 


Adj’s 

Pos. 

Comp. 

Sup. 

bonus, good 

bene, well 

melius, better 

optime, best 

malus, bad 

male, ill 

pejus, worse 

pessime, worst 

magnus, great 

magnopere, greatly 

magis, more (in degree) 

maxime, especially 

multus, much 

multum, much 

plus, more (in quantity) 

plurimum, most 

parvus, little 

f too little 

parum< , , 

[not enough 

minus, less 

minime, least of all 


saepe, often 

saepius 

saepissime 


prope, near 

propius 

pr oxime 


diu, a long time 

diutius 

92 

diutissime 


ADVERBS WITHOUT COMPARISON 


(This page is useful for reference in translation) 


Manner 

admodum, to a degree 
alias, on other occasions 
aliter, otherwise 
breviter, briefly 
cautim, warily 
certe, certainly 
cetera, for the rest 
cito, quickly 
clam, secretly 
facile, easily , readily 
falso, falsely 
fortiter, strongly, bravely 
frustra, in vain 
furtim, stealthily 
gradatim, step by step 
baud, not at all 
ita, sic, so, thus 
nimium, too much 
non, not ne, not 
omnino, altogether 
paene, almost 
partim, partly 
passim, at random 
paulatim, little by little 
plane, plainly, clearly 
postremd, at last 
primo, at first 
primum, in the first place 
recte, rightly 
sane, soundly, sensibly 
satis, enough 

secundum, secondly, after 
subito, suddenly 
repente, suddenly 
tarn, so, as quam, as, how, 
tandem, at length 
tuto, safely 

. .-fas, how (with Indio.) 

U _’ Ull \that (withSubj.) 

truth, truly 

vicissim, by turns 
vix, scarcely 


Time 

jam, now 
nunc, just now 

turn, then 
tunc, just then 

nuper, lately 

olim, formerly, hereafter 

pridem, long since 

mox, presently, soon 
protinus, instantly 
statim, immediately 

saepe, often 
quotiens? how often ? 
totiens, so often 

rursus, again 

iterum, a second time 
interim, in the meantime 
quondam, at a certain time 
simul, at the same time 
semel, a single time, once 

umquam, ever 
numquam, never 

_ [ not never = 

non nunquam 

quando? when? 
quotidie, daily 

adhuc, hitherto 
deinde, afterwards 
demum, at length 
denique, finally 
semper, always 

heri, yesterday 
hodie, today 
eras, tomorrow 
noctu, by night, at night 
vesper!, at evening 


Place 

hie, here 
hue, hither 
hinc, hence 

illic, there, (yonder way) 
illuc, thither , (yonder) 
illinc, thence, (from yonder) 

ubi? where? 
quo? whither? 
unde? whence? 

ibi, there 
eo, thither 
inde, thence 

hac, this way 
iliac, that way 

alibi, elsewhere 
aliqud, somewhere 
usquam, anywhere 
nusquam, nowhere 
ubique, everywhere 

foras, foris, out of doors 
procul, afar off 

Yes and No 

Ita! Yes! Just so! 
Etiam! Yes! Certainly! 
Quidem! Indeed! 

Vero! Assuredly ! 

Non! No! 

Haud! Hardly! Scarcely! 
[ Not at all! 

Minime ! \ By no means ! 
[No, No! 


Note. — The Adverb is the Modifier of the Verb. In our expression the Ablatives and Adverbs 
cluster about the Verbs as their Modifiers. Latin Adverbs non-comparable mostly resemble Ablatives; but 
we find three cases used adverbially, originally often as Prepositional Phrases, later as single words, viz.: 
The Accusative, the Ablative, and the Locative. 


93 


THE NUMBERS 


The Numbers are called Numeral Adjectives 


Arabic Cardinals 

Ordinals 

Roman 

1. unus, a, um, one 

primus, a, um, first 

I 

2. duo, ae, o, two 

secundus, a, um, second 

II 

3. tres, tria, three 

tertius, a, um, third 

III 

4. quattuor, four 

quartus, a, um, fourth 

IIII rarely IV 

5. quinque, five 

quintus, a, um, fifth 

V 

6. sex, six 

sextus, a, um, sixth 

VI 

7. septem, seven 

septimus 

VII 

8. octo, eight 

octavus 

VIII 

9. novem, nine 

nonus 

VIIII rarely IX 

10. decern, ten 

decimus 

X 

11. undecim 

undecimus 

XI 

12. duodecim 

duodecimus 

XII 

13. tredecim, (= decern et tres) 

tertius decimus 

XIII 

14. quattuordecim 

quartus decimus 

XIIII rarely XIV 

15. quindecim 

quintus decimus 

XV 

16. sedecim or sexdecim 

sextus decimus 

XVI 

17. septendecim 

septimus decimus 

XVII 

18. duodeviginti 

duodevicesimus 

XVIII 

19. undeviginti 

undevicesimus 

XVIIII rarely XIX 

20. vlginti 

vicesimus 

XX 

21. viginti unus or 

unus et vicesimus or 

XXI 

unus et viginti 

vicesimus primus 


22. viginti duo or 

alter et vicesimus or 

XXII 

duo et viginti 

vicesimus secundus 


28. duodetriginta 

duodetricesimus 

XXVIII 

29. undetriginta 

undetricesimus 

XXVIIII rarely XXIX 

30. triginta 

tricesimus 

XXX 

40. quadraginta 

quadragesimus 

XXXX rarely XL 

50. quinquaginta 

quinquagesimus 

L 

60. sexaginta 

sexagesimus 

LX 

70. septuaginta 

septuagesimus 

LXX 

80. octoginta 

octogesimus 

LXXX 

90. ndnaginta 

nonagesimus 

LXXXX rarely XC 

98. duodecentum 

duodecentesimus 

LXXXXVIII or XCVIII 

99. undecentum 

undecentesimus 

lxxxxviiii or xeix 

100. centum, hundred 

centesimus, hundredth 

c 

1000. mille, thousand 

millesimus, thousandth 

CIO later M 

2000. duo millia, (milia) 

bis millesimus 

CIO CIO or MM 

5000. quinque millia 

quinquiens millesimus 


10,000. decern millia 

deciens millesimus 


50,000. quinquaginta millia 

quinquagiens millesimus 


100,000. centum millia 

centiens millesimus 


1,000,000. deciens centena millia 

deciens centiens millesimus 



94 


COUNTING BY HUNDREDS 


The Hundreds are declined like the Plural of bonus 


100. 

centum, one hundred 

centesimus, one hundredth 

C 

101. 

centum unus or 

centesimus primus or 

Cl 


centum et unus 

centesimus et primus 


200. 

ducenti, ae, a 

ducentesimus, a, um 

CC 

300. 

trecenti 

trecentesimus 

CCC 

400. 

quadringenti 

quadringentesimus 

CCCC 

500. 

quingenti 

quingentesimus 

D 

600. 

sescenti 

sescentesimus 

DC 

700. 

septingenti 

septingentesimus 

DCC 

800. 

octingenti 

octingentesimus 

DCCC 

900. 

nongenti 

nongentesimus 

DCCCC 

Cardinals Cardinals 

Ordinals 

Ordinals 


Cardinals normally precede 


Ordinals normally follow 


1. unus equus 

2. una rosa 

3. unum praemium 

4. unus nauta 

5. duo agricolae 

6. duae virgines 

7. tres leones 

8. tres hiemes 

9. tria capita 

10. quattuor puellae 

11. qulnque terris 

12. sex fluviorum 

13. tredecim llberi 

14. septem saxls 

15. novem ducibus 

16. decern urbes 

17. undecim bourn 

18. duodecim suum 

19. XVII boves 

20. XIX carminibus 

21. XXII flores 

22. XXIX murium 

23. LXXX lapidibus 

24. CCCI milites 

25. MDCLXVI viri 


1. One Sun 

2. One Moon 

3. one star 

4. by. two men 

5. for three women 

6. of four animals 

7. to five farmers 

8. with six roses 

9. of the seven kings 

10. in eight gardens 

11. of nine apple-trees 

12. ten herds of cattle 

13. by thirteen lions 

14. of fifteen maidens 

15. seventeen songs 

16. in nineteen days 

17. in twenty-one 

nights 

18. twenty-nine eggs 

19. ninety-nine steps 

20. 203 houses 

21. 708 rocks 

22. 9008 soldiers 

23. 6666 sailors 

24. 10,000 inhabitants 

25. 4116 slaves 


1. vir primus 

2. femina prima 

3. digitus tertius 

4. dentes secundi 

5. mense qulnto 

6. die quarto 

7. lumine secundo 

8. mensae secundae 

9. anno qulnto 

10. sextus ab urbe 

lapis 

11. decima \eg\o.-Caes. 

12. post n5nam horam 

13. pars octava copia- 

rum 

14. marmor centesi- 

mum 

15. pagina sexta deci- 

ma 

16. casa undevlcesima 

17. in oppid5 trices- 

imo 

18. malum sexagesi- 

mum 

19. in templo secundo 

20. talentum decimum 

21. miles undetricesi- 

mus 

22. numerus nonage- 

simus 

23. vico undecimo 

24. mendico duodec- 

imo 

25. cervi nonagesiml 

95 


1. the first son 

2. the first daughter 

3. the 2d place 

4. the 1st man 

5. the 2d woman 

6. the 3d boy 

7. the 4th girl 

8. the 5th brother 

9. the 6th sister 

10. the 7th day 

11. the 8th night 

12. the 9th hour 

13. the 10th year 

14. in the 13th year 

15. the 200th year 

16. in the 200th year 

17. on the 16th day 

18. at the 9th hour 

19. the 1st of 11 

daughters 

20. the 2d of 12 sons 

21. in the Second Pu- 

nic War 

22. with the 37th tal- 

ent 

23. the 12th sword 

24. the 22d squirrel 

25. the 99th pupil 


The Distributives 


The Numeral Adverbs 


1 . 


2 . 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6 . 

7. 

8 . 
9. 

10 . 

11 . 

12 . 

13. 

14. 

15. 


16. 


singuli, ae, a, one each , one apiece 
, - - f two each , two apiece 

1IU ’ ’ \ two by two, two at a time 

term, ae, a, three each, etc. 
quaterni, four each, etc. 
quini, five each, etc. 
sen! 
septeni 
octoni 
noveni 

deni, ten each, etc. 

undent 
duodeni 
term deni 
quaterni deni 
quini deni 
seni deni 


17. septeni deni 

18. duodeviceni 

19. undeviceni 

20. viceni, twenty each, etc. 

30. triceni, thirty each, etc. 

100. centeni, one hundred each 
1000. milleni, a thousand each 


semel, once 
bis, twice 

ter, thrice, three times 
quater, four times 

quinquies, (originally) quinquiens 

sexies 

septies 

octies 

novies 

decies, deciens, ten times 

undecies 

duodecies 

terdecies 

quaterdecies 

quindecies 

sedecies 

septiesdecies 

duodevicies 

undevicies 

vicies, viciens, twenty times 
tricies, triciens, thirty times 
centies, centiens, one hundred times 
m lilies, miliens, a thousand times 


DECLENSION OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVES 


The Cardinals are all Indeclinable except unus, duo, tres, the plural of centum, and milia. 


Sing. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Plur. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

unus 

una 

unum 

Nom. 

duo 

duae 

duo 

Gen. 

unius 

unius 

unius 

Gen. 

duorum 

duarum 

duorum 

Dat. 

uni 

uni 

uni 

DaL 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

Acc. 

unum 

unam 

unum 

Acc. 

duo, duos 

duas 

duo 

Voc. 

une 




(Vocative wanting) 


Abl. 

uno 

una 

uno 

Abl, 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

Plur. 




Plur. 

M. and F. 

N. 

N. 

Nom. 

uni 

unae 

una 

Nom. 

tres 

tria 

milia 

Gen. 

unorum 

unarum 

unorum 

Gen. 

trium 

trium 

milium 

Dat. 

unis 

unis 

unis 

Dat. 

tribus 

tribus 

milibus 

Acc. 

unos 

unas 

una 

Acc. 

tres, tris 

tria 

milia 






(Vocative wanting) (Voc. wanting) 

Abl. 

unis 

unis 

unis 

Abl, 

tribus 

tribus 

milibus 


Note. — Mille, Thousand, is an Indeclinable Adjective; Milia, Thousands, is a Neuter Noun. 

96 


THE ROMAN COINS 


Nummus, i, M. a coin, (akin to numerus, i, M. a number) 



Copper Coinage 

450 B. C. 

1 quadrans, a copper coin, (the price of a bath) = from .03 down to .00J U. S. 

4 quadrantes, copper, (bought a poor man’s dinner) = 1 as, from .12§ down to .01 U. S. 


sestertius, silver, 
quinarius, silver, 
denarius, silver, 
sestertium, 


Silver Coinage 

269 B. C. 

2§ copper asses = (varying), nearly 0.5 to nearly .03 U. S. 

5 copper asses 

10 copper asses = (varying), nearly .20 to .17 U. S. 

1000 silver sestertii, sesterces, = $42.94. 


Gold Coinage 

27 B. C. 

aureus, gold, = 100 silver sestertii, Caesar’s coin = $5.00 (and a little over). 

Oxen and sheep were the first money. The Latin word pecunia, money , comes from pecus, cattle. 
Next rough copper, weighed, served as money, being easier to circulate than cattle and less variable in value. 
Then the copper was melted and molded in bars, with an ox, a pig, or a fowl stamped thereon. 

This was the work of Servius Tullius, the reorganizer (578-534 B. C.). His unit of coinage was the as 
of cast copper weighing 1 Roman pound , libra. The Decemvirs (450 B. C.) cast the first real Roman coin, 
weighing about f pound U. S. Avoirdupois. 

This first circular coin had upon one side the head of the two-faced Janus, and upon the reverse a ship’s 
prow. These coins were clumsy and heavy to carry. But later they were made lighter, and fractional coins 
also of copper were struck. Values of copper coins kept constantly depreciating, until silver and finally 
gold coinage came to supply the needs of growing commerce with distant provinces, and to serve the con- 
venience of the rich people at Rome. 

Juno Moneta (moneo, I advise ) was the goddess of good counsel. The vault of her great temple on 
Capitol Hill was the original Mint, moneta; whence also comes the familiar English word money. 

No wonderful machine tossed out the bright new coins. Two simple tools sufficed, a short iron bar with 
a die in the end and a heavy anvil with a second die carved on its face. A tiny ball of silver, gold, or copper, 
heated red hot, was laid between, and one quick blow of a heavy hammer made the coin required, all ready 
to use when cooled. 

Coins later bore mostly the head of some one of the great or lesser gods, or of the goddess Roma, with 
various device of consul or general on the reverse. But little lettering appeared, yet the Roman money was 
welcome the world over, and its value appreciated. 

Note. — To calculate the exact equivalents of Roman coin values in U. S. money is an impossible 
problem. Values varied in the absence of permanent government standards. Purchasing power was also an 
impossible problem, but to satisfy the soldiers their generals would often direct what their wages should buy. 

For convenience the American reader, if possible, may quickly imagine — 

The Roman as as the U. S. American Cent. 

The Roman Sestertius as a 3-cent “ Nickel .” 

The Roman Denarius as a 17-cent “Quarter.” 

The Roman Aureus as a $5.00 goldpiece or “Greenback.” 

97 


VOCABULARY— TIME 


Saturnus, I, M. Saturn , (god of Time) 

tempus, oris, N. time 

aeternitas, atis, F. eternity , (time past and future) 
saeculum, i, N. a generation , (33 years) 
aetas, atis, F. a lifetime 
aestas, atis, F. summer 
ver, veris, N. spring 
autumnus, i, M. autumn , (Sept. 22-Dec. 22) 
hiems, emis, F. winter 
annus, i, M. a year 
mensis, is, M. a month 
dies, diei{^; ,}o day 

hora, ae, F. an hour, (AttoUhe time from sunrise to 
. , T fa water clock 

horologium, 11, N. a clock j or 

[ sun-dial 

clepsydra, ae, F. a water clock, to our sand 


nox, noctis, F. night 

Vigilia, ae, F. a watch, (ithof the time from sunset to 

solis occasus, sunset 
vesper, eris, or eri, M. evening 
crepusculum, i, N. twilight 
dlluculum, i, N. daybreak 


COS, (only in Nom.), F. 


the dawn 


aurora, ae, F. Gr. 
mane, (indeci.), N. morning 
meridies, el, M. noon , (medius-dies) 
aequinoctium, ii, N. the equinox 
Kalendae, arum, F. the Calends, (t month) f the 

kalo, I call 

Nonae, arum, F. The Nones, 

nonus, ninth 

Idus, uum, F. The Ides, '‘S'lt^mho’ftfcS) 
nundinae, arum, F. market-day, (novem-dies) 


From rfavw, / cut, came two important words: templum, a temple, a space of woods cut off, and tem- 
pus, time, a section of Eternity cut out. 

But what of time? Only mystery! The Sun rose and set once every day; the moon went through her 
four quarters once every month. 

One thousand years ago Homer, the blind bard of ancient Troy, had sung to the Greeks of the three 
Seasons: Summer, and Winter, when the cranes fly screaming away to the sources of Ocean, and Spring, 
when the nightingale songster returns. 

The Hebrews said night began when three stars were visible. The Romans spoke of the first coloring 
of the figs as the beginning of Autumn. For the Ancients the crops and the weather went the rounds, telling 
the seasons as they came. This was all they knew of time. 

No morning paper regularly brought the date. No chimes from steeples, no grandfather’s clock in 
stately walnut on the stair announced the roll of passing hours. 

A Pontif ex was the time-keeper for Old Rome, whose duty it was “ to watch out.” Catching a first peep 
of the horns of the new moon at sunset, a hymn was sung, and he hastened to touch fire to the sacrifice waiting 
upon the altar of Juno, i. e., Luna, the Moon- goddess. Then quickly summoning the plebs to the capitol, he 
told them that the New Moon had been seen, that this was the Kalends or 1st day of a New Month, and there 
in the evening twilight he called either five or seven times aloud the old Greek and Etruscan word “Kalo,” 
I call, thus announcing that the Moon’s next change, the Nones, would come five or else seven days hence; 
on which day they would be told the Dies Fasti, Court Days (when the praetor sat), and the Dies Nefasti, or 
days of sacrifice, the festivals, the games, the constellations rising anew in the heavens, all for the New 
Month. 

One Nundinae, one eight-day Etruscan week, after the Nones came the Ides, the 13th or 15th day, the 
middle of the Month, when the Moon was full, and shone in all her glory; two Nundinae, two eight-day weeks, 
later the Moon was gone and the Month past. The Romans, therefore, had their Nundinae or “ market-days ” 
the Greeks their “ three decades of days,” while the Egyptians and other Oriental peoples their week of 7 days 
with its Sabbath Day of Rest, which was introduced finally among the Romans about 300 A. D. 

The Roman year was designated by the names of its two consuls, COSS. All dates read from the found- 
ing of the city A. U. C. Then upon the Ides of each September the Praetor drove the yearly nail, Clavus 
Annalis, into the side wall of the temple, of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitol Hill. Such was the 
public record of years gone by. 


98 


THE FOUR CALENDAR REVISIONS 


1. The Romulian Year =304 

2. The Year of Numa = 355 

3. The Julian Year = 365 J days =12 months, a Solar year 

every 4 years.) 

4. The Gregorian Year = 365| days = 12 months, a Solar year 

this day every 100 years indivisible by 400.) 


days = 10 months. (6Lunaryrs. = 5Solaryrs. = 1 Lustrum), 
days = 12 months, a Lunar year. (Lunar Cycle = 19 years.) 

Old Style.” (This adds 1 day 

“New Style.” (This omits 


The Lunar Year of Romulus 
The Year of Alba Longa 

Mar. Apr. Mai. Jun. Quine. Sext. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

31 30 31 30 31 30 30 31 30 30 

(Containing 4 “full” months and 6 “hollow” months) 


The Chinese 4000 years ago had the Solar Year of 365j days, in 12 parts, of 30 days, 10 hours, 30 min- 
utes. But the Greeks and Romans, taught by the great nations of Egypt and Babylon, long tried to keep 
the Lunar and Solar years together, resulting in hopeless confusion, and finally sending down to us the 
clumsy irregularities of our own calendar. 


The Lunar Year of Numa Pompilius 

Mar. Apr. Mai. Jun. Quine. Sext. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. 

31 29 31 29 31 29 29 31 29 29 29 28 

All the months but Feb. now had an odd or lucky number. 

Mensis Intercalaris of 22 days added at end of Feb. every other year. 

Numa added 51 days to the year of Romulus; he also in order to escape the unlucky even numbers sub- 
tracted 1 day from each of the 6 hollow months, cavi menses, adding it again at the end; viz. : 304.— 6+51+6 = 
355 days. Out of these extra 57 days two new months, January and February, were made, 29+28 = 57 days. 
But Numa discovered his Lunar Year still 11 days short, which he was forced to intercalate after the custom 
of the Greeks. 

The Year of Confusion, 46 B. C. = 445 Days 

Mens. , 2 Mens. 

Int. Mar. Apr. Mai. Jun. Quine. Sex. Sept. Oct. Nov. Int. Dec. Jan. Feb. 

(23) 31 29 31 29 31 29 29 31 29 (67) 29 29 28 

The High Pontiffs tinkered the calendar to suit the Nobles, and the months and days kept always falling 
behind the seasons and the crops. June came in September. Harvest-time in mid-winter. The people 
grew tired of it. Julius Caesar, therefore, being Pontifex Maximus, introduced the “Year of Confusion,” 
long enough to permit the seasons to catch up. 


The Julian Year, 45 B. C. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

28 

Mar. 

Apr. 

Mai. 

Jun. 

Jul. 

Sex. 

Sep. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

29 

28 

28 

31 

29 

31 

29 

31 

29 

29 

31 

29 

29 


29 

+2 +1 +1 +1 +2 +1 +1 +2 

Julius Caesar the next year announced a new Kalendar. Ignoring the unlucky feature, he boldly ap- 
portioned the 11 days as now we have them (counting February 24th twice in Leap Year), affixing also his 
own name to the month Quintilis, just as Augustus did also to the month Sextilis later. Cicero made merry, 
jesting that “The stars would rise tomorrow as arranged by the new edict.” 

March the 1st had always been New Year’s Day, when the Fire of Vesta was kindled anew, when also 
the two new Consuls came into office. 

The Festival Terminalia terminating the year had always come at the end of February. Now Caesar 
decided that the shortest day should be the last day of the year, but to please the people he waited for the first 
New Moon afterward to start his new Kalendar. 


99 


THE JULIAN CALENDAR 


Menses 


Januarius 

31 

1. Kalendls 
3 in } ante Nonas 

4. Pridie Nonas 

5. Nonis 


Februarius 

28 

Kalendls 
j jj j ante Nonas 

Prldie N5nas 
Nonis 


Martius 

31 

Kalendls 
VI. | 

V. [ ante 


IV. 

III. 


Nonas 


Aprllis 

30 

1. Kalendls 

2 fv ) 

g’ j jj > ante Nonas 

4. Prldie Nonas 

5. Nonis 


Maius 

31 

Kalendls 
VL 1 

V. I ante 


IV. 

III. 


Nonas 


31. Prldie Kalendas 
Februaries 


Prldie Kalendas 
Aprllis 


31. 


Maias 


Prldie Kalendas 
J unias 


Junius 

30 


Kalendls 
IV. 

III. 

Prldie Nonas 
Nonis 


ante Nonas 


6. VIII. 


VIII. 


Prldie Nonas 

6. VIII.] 


Pridie Nonas 

VIII. 

7. VII. 


VII. 


Nonis 


7. VII. 


Nonis 


VII. 

8. VI. 

ante 

VI. 

ante 

VIII. 1 


8. VI. 

ante 

VIII.] 


VI. 

9. V. 

idus 

V. 

idus 

VII. 


9. V. 

idus 

VII. 


V. 

10. IV. 


IV. 


VI. 

ante 

10. IV. 


VI. 

ante 

IV. 

11. III. 


III. 


V. 

Idus 

11. III. 


V. 

idus 

III. 

12. Prldie idus 

Prldie Idus 

IV. 


12. Pridie idus 

IV. 


Pridie 

13. idibus 

idibus 

III. 


13. idibus 

III. 


Idibus 


ante 

idus 


14. 

XIX. 


XVI. 


Pridie idus 

14. XVIII.] 


Prldie idus 

XVIII.) 

15. 

XVIII. 


XV. 


idibus 


15. XVII. 


idibus 


XVII. 

16. 

XVII. 


XIV. 


XVII. 1 


16. XVI. 


XVII.] 


XVI. 

17. 

XVI. 


XIII. 


XVI. 


17. XV. 


XVI. 


XV. 

18. 

XV. 


XII. 

ante 

Kal- 

endas 

Mar- 

tias 

XV. 


18. XIV. 


XV. 


XIV. 

19. 

XIV. 


XI. 

XIV. 


19. XIII. 


XIV. 


XIII 

20. 

XIII. 

ante 

X. 

XIII. 

p 

20. XII. 

ante 

XIII. 


XII. 

21. 

XII. 

Kal- 

IX. 

XII. 

ante 

Kal- 

endas 

Aprllis 

21. XI. 

Kal- 

XII. 


XI. 

22. 

XI. 

• endas 

VIII. 

XI. 

22. X. 

endas 

XI. 

ante 

X. 

23. 

X. 

Feb- 

VII. 

X. 

23. IX. 

Maias 

X. 

■ Kalendas 

IX. 

24. 

IX. 

ruarias 

VI. 


IX. 

24. VIII. 


IX. 

Junias 

VIII. 

25. 

VIII. 


V. 


VIII. 

25. VII. 


VIII 


VII. 

26. 

VII. 


IV. 


VII. 


26. VI. 


VII. 


VI. 

27. 

VI. 


III. 


VI. 


27. V 


VI. 


V. 

28. 

V. 


Pridie Kalendas 

V. 


28. IV. 


V. 


IV. 

29. 

IV. 



Martias 

IV. 


29. III. 


IV. 


III. 

30. 

III. 




III. 


30. Pridie Kalendas 

III. 


Prldie K 


ante 

Kalendas 

Julias 


Julias 


Kalendarium, The Roman Almanac 



Note. — This Farmer’s Almanac, a curious relic, a great cubical 
block of stone, cut in 3 columns on its 4 faces, tells on each column: 

1. The sign of the Zodiac for the month, 

2. The name of the month, 

3. The number of days therein, 

4. The position of the Nones, 

5. 6. Hours in day and night, 

7. The sign the Sun goes through, 

8. The god protecting the month, 

9. The farmer’s crops and duties for the month, 

10. The principal sacrificial festivals. 

A Useful Rhyme 
** In March, July, October, May, 

The Ides are on the fifteenth day, 

The Nones the seventh; but all besides 
Have two days less for Nones and Ides.” 

Annus Bissextilis (Leap Year) 

One day, Feb. 24th, a. d. VI. Kal. Mart, being counted twice. 

100 


* 

o 


P a 


ADOPTED B. C. 45 


Qulnctlli8 

(or) 

Julius 

31 


Menses 


Sextilis 

(or) 


vor; 

Augustus 

September 

October 

November 

December 

31 

30 

31 

30 

31 


1 Kalendls 
2. VI. | 

l ( 


3. V. 


ante 


4. IV. | Nonas 

5. III. I 


Kalendis 

Jjj | ante Nonas 

Pridie. Nonas 
Nonis 


Kalendls 

jjj | ante Nonas 

Pridie Nonas 
Nonis 


1. Kalendis 

2. VI. | 

3 V. 

4. IV. 

5. III. 


ante 

Nonas 


Kalendls 

jjj | ante Nonas 

Pridie Nonas 
Nonis 


6. Pridie Nonas 

VIII. 


VIII. 


6. Pridie Nonas 

VIII. 


VIII. 

7. Nonis 


VII. 


VII. 


7. Nonis 


VII. 


VII. 

8. VIII. 


VI. 

ante 

VI. 

ante 

8. VIII. 


VI. 

ante 

VI. 

9. VII. 


V. 

Idus 

V. 

idus 

9. VII. 


V. 

Idus 

V. 

10. VI. 

ante 

IV. 


IV. 


10. VI. 

ante 

IV. 


IV. 

11. V. 

idus 

III. 


III. 


11. V. 

idus 

III. 


m. 

12. IV. 


Pridie idus 

Pridie Idus 

12. IV. 


Pridie Idus 

Pridie 

13. III. 


idibus 

Idibus 

13. III. 


idibus 

Idibus 


31. Pridie Kalendas 
Augustas 


Pridie Kalendas 
Septembrls 


Octobris 


31 Pridie Kalendas 
N o vembrls 


Kalendls 

Jjj | ante Nonas 

Pridie Nonas 
Nonis 


ante 

idus 


14. Pridie idus 

XIX. 


XVIII. 


14. Pridie Idus 

XVIII.] 


XIX. 

15. idibus 


XVIII. 


XVII. 


15. idibus 


XVII. 


XVIII. 

16. XVII. 


XVII. 


XVI. 


16. XVII.) 


XVI. 


XVII. 

17. XVI. 


XVI. 


XV. 


17. XVI. 


XV. 


XVI. 

18. XV. 


XV. 


XIV. 


18. XV. 


XIV. 


XV. 

19. XIV. 


XIV. 


XIII. 


19. XIV. 


XIII 


XIV. 

20. XIII. 


XIII. 

ante 

XII. 

ante 

20. XIII. 


XII. 

ante 

XIII. 

21 XII. 


XII. 

Kal- 

XI. 

Kal- 

21. XII. 

ante 

XI. 

Kal- 

XII. 

22. XI. 

ante 

XI. 

endas 

X. 

endas 

22. XI. 

Kal- 

X. 

• endas 

XI. 

23. X. 

Kalendas 

X. 

Sep- 

IX. 

Octobris 

23. X. 

endas 

IX. 

Decern- 

X. 

24. IX. 

Augustas 

IX. 

tembris 

VIII. 


24. IX. 

Novem- 

VIII. 

bns 

IX. 

25. VIII. 


VIII. 


VII. 


25. VIII. 

bris 

VII. 


VIII. 

26. VII. 


VII. 


VI. 


26. VII. 


VI. 


VII. 

27. VI. 


VI. 


V. 


27. VI. 


V. 


VI. 

28. V. 


V. 


IV. 


28. V 


IV. 


V. 

29. IV. 


IV. 


III. 


29. IV. 


III. 


IV. 

30. III. 


III. 


Pridie Kalendas 

30. III. 


Pridie Kalendas 

III. 


ante 

Kalendas 

Januarias 


Decembris 


Pridie Kalendas 
Januarias 


How to Translate any given Roman Date into English 


If the Roman date given be Kalends, 

1st. Add two to the total number of days in the 
month preceding. 

2d. From the number thus obtained subtract the 
Roman date given. 

3d. The result is the date in English. 

VII. Kal. Feb. = (31 + 2 - 7) = January 26. 
XV. Kal. Jul. = (30 + 2 - 15) = June 17. 

Kal. 

1. Kalendls Januariis. 

2. Kal. Feb., Kal. Mai., K. Oct. 

3. Pridie Kalendas Junias. 

4. Ante diem sextum Kalendas 

Mai as. 

5. a. d. XVI Kal. Jul. 

in, on 

6. in ante diem nono Kalendas 

Junias. 

7. duodecimo Kalendas Aprills. 

8. XIII Kal. Quinct. 

ex, from 

9. ex ante diem qulnto Kalendas 

Maias. 

10. ex a. d. XII Kal. Feb. 

ad, to 

11. ad ante diem sextum Kalen- 

das Martias. 

12. ad a. d. XV Kal. Dec. 


If the Roman date given be Nones or Ides, 

1st. Add one to the number of the day on which 
they come. 

2d. From the number thus obtained subtract the 
Roman date given. 

3d. The result is the date in English. 

III. Non. Mart. (7 + 1 — 3) = March 5. 

IV. Id. Jun. (13 + 1 — 4) = June 10. 

Id. 

1. Idibus Decembribus. 

2. Id. Mart., Id. Nov. 

3. Pridie Idus Aprills. 

4. Ante diem quintum Idus Feb- 
ruaries. 

5. a. d. VIII Id. Jan. 

in, on 

6. in ante diem septimo Idus 
Junias. 

7. Octavo Idus Septembrls. 

8. VI Idus Novembris. 

ex, from 

9. ex ante diem sexto Idus Octo- 
bris. 

10. ex a. d. VII Id. Jan. 

ad, to 

11. ad ante diem quartum Idus 
Augustas. 

12. ad a. d. Ill Id. Dec. 


Non. 

1. Nonis Novembribus. 

2. Non. Apr., Non. Aug. 

3. Pridie Nonas Septembris. 

4. Ante diem quartum Nonas 

Martias. 

5. a. d. Ill Non. Sept. 

in, on 

6. in ante diem quarto Nonas 

Julias. 

7. in a. d. IV Non. Sextil. 

8. VI Non. Octob. 

ex, from 

9. ex ante diem quinto Nonas 

Maias. 

10. ex. a. d. IV Non. Aug. 

ad, to 

11. ad ante diem quintum Nonas 

Julias. 

12. ad a. d. Ill Non. Nov. 

101 


THE ABORIGINAL GODS OF ANCIENT ITALY 

As ascertained chiefly from the Religious Festivals engraved on the Stone Calendars 


. „ . , ,r • . f the great sky-god 

Juppiter, Jovis, M. Jupiter 1 lord of heaven 

( director of the weather 


Genius, il, M. Genius (“V'foubte of 'every man" 

_ _ _ . f her good spirit attending and 

Juno, oms, F. Juno\ protecting her 

( the “double of every woman” 
PorSc oric T? Poroe /goddess of Agriculture 

Geres, ens, r. G<?res| care t a k er G f cr0 p S 

f god of Agriculture 

Saturnus, l, M. oat urn j ruler of Saturnia in the Golden 
l Age 

Ops, opis, F. Ops , (giver of good harvests) 

. ( protector of the crops and 

Mars, MartlS, M. Mars\ herds from all enemies, man 
l or beast or disease 

Venus, eris, F. Venus, (the goddess of the garden) 
Flora, ae, F. Flora, (the goddess of springtime and 

A 

1. Juppiter erat Optimus et Maximus omnium 

Romae deSrum. 

2. Juppiter erat dominus caelorum, deus lu- 

minis, et tempestatum, et fulminis, et 
tonitrus. 

3. Juppiter Pluvius hominibus pluviam dat. 

4. Clves sub caeld patent! jusjurandum dant: 

O Juppiter Fidius! 

5. Rdmulus rex victor prlmum Romae tern- 

plum in monte Capitollno JovI Fere trio 

the smiter 

dedicavit. 

6. Romulus Sablnos proelio superavit. Hie 

grato animo sub Palatlnd monte JovI 
StatdrI templum aedificavit. 

7. Augustus Imp. JovI TonantI templum con- 

secravit. Fulgor per nocturnum iter in 
Hispania ejus lectlcam perstrinxit, ser- 
vumque praelucentem exanimavit.- 
f Suet. 

+ Adapted. 


( the god of the wild 

Faunus, I, M. Faunus j the good old spirit of the “out- 

l of-doors” 

[ the god of sweet water 

Neptunus, I, M. Neptune \ god of the Sea, after 399 
\ B. C. 

Volcanus, I, M. Vulcan,^ the god of Fire, destructive) 
Janus, I, M. Janus, (“the door-god”) 

VPQtfl a p P Vp<itn / g° ddess of the household hearth 

v esta, ae, f . v esta\ with its blazing fire 

Liber, eri, M. Bacchus, (protector of the vine) 

- • (protectors: 1st, of the farm 

Lares, ium, M. The Lares \ and farmhouse; 2d, of 

[ every household 

Penates, um, M. The Penates { th f 0 l^{^ otlhe 

_ • ( the spirits of the de- 

Manes, ium, M. The Manes \ parted en masse, 

(the “double of the dead 

Fortuna, ae, F. Fortune, (sodd|8s of luck, of plenty, of 

B 

1. Neptunus erat prlmum deus fluminum et 

fontium, turn omnis umoris, denique 
maris. 

2. Ut Janus erat deus omnis januae, ut Portu- 

nus, custos portus Tiberis, erat deus 
omnium portuum, sic Neptunus, deus 
omnium aquarum, demum deus maris 
erat. 

3. Volcanus olim erat deus calorum aestatis, 

nutriens frumenta et fruges. 

fostering 

4. Filiae prlncipis tribus prlmae Vestales Vir- 

gines erant. Casa prlncipis prlmum 
templum Vestae erat. Focus casae prl- 
mum altare Vestae erat. Itaque aedes 
Vestae erat rotunda, habens antlquae 
casae formam. 

5. Ut Saturnus erat antlquissimus Romae 
* deus, sic Kronos Graeciae. 

6. Saturnus, primus sator, homines agricul- 

turam et usum vltis et falcem docuit, 
hinc falcem semper portavit. Saturnus 
aborigines Aure5 Saeculo in Italia reg- 
navit. Aureum Saeculum erat aevum 
pads et fellcitatis sine bello et sine ser- 
vis. Saturnus et Janus erant soli del. 


102 


THE ABORIGINAL GODS OF ANCIENT GREECE 


vvxTog, 1 According to Homer (who lived about 1000 B. C.), in the beginning all was 
F. night J black “uncreated” Night. 

chaos 1 ^ ccorc ^ n S to Hesiod (about 800 B. C.), in the beginning all was dark shapeless Chaos. 


Ovpa vog, ov , M. heaven 
Tata, ag, F. earth 


Heaven and Earth, star-sown Heaven and deep-down dismal Under- 
world Earth, were the Parents and “Founders of the Royal House of 
Gods.” The Titans, The Cyclops, The Giants were their children. 


T t tr fiver Up 7 \ 7 ™o/Th ese were many: Old Ocean the first-born, Mother Earth with others, 
leaves, me l itansi but |ast of ftU 01d Father Time . 


(These were three, Thunder-Roar, Lightning, Thunderbolt: “the 
the Cyclojps < powers of the Air,” each with one huge round eye in the middle of 
[ his forehead. 


r' ry; , (Cyclones, Tornadoes, each with fifty heads and a hundred hands. These 

• \ stormed the Heavens, piling Mt. Pelion on Mt. Ossa to ascend. 

Chronos, Father Time, and Rhea, Mother Earth (robed in fields and 
lipovog, ov, M. time I flowers) were the founders of the “Divine Circle” of Twelve dwell- 
Ku/3eX>7, 'Peyj, F. Rhea] ing on Mount Olympus. Their children were Hera, Hades, Posei- 
don, Zeus, Demeter, and Hestia. 

{ “Father of gods and men,” had many children: Athene, Apollo, Artemis, 
Ares, Aphrodite, Hephaistos, Hermes, Dionysos, Herakles, Persephone, 
and the twin Dioskouroi. Proserpina 

Castor and Pollux 


THE AGRICULTURAL RELIGION OF ANCIENT ITALY 

The ancients were religious people. With the Romans every act of life came under the supervision of 
the gods. Every Roman had his Genius, as every Greek his Daemon, attending him as his good guardian 
angel day and night, from birth to death. A man’s birth-day was the holiday of his attending Genius, 
when he and his whole family offered sacrifice thereto with cakes and wines, flowers and incense, yielding 
themselves to joy and pleasure, because his Genius wished every man success and happiness through his 
whole life. 

Imagine a traveller entering a straw-thatched casa 3000 years ago. He enters the single, room by the 
single doorway, janua, under protection of its “ Door-god ” Janus. He sees the great hearth of Vesta, the 
fire-goddess, with its blazing fire. Above which stand little images, the Lares, protecting the home. In the 
back of the hut is the Master’s couch, and near by a niche in the wall, a half-hidden shelf, for the food, while 
above it stood more little images, the Penates, guarding the larder. Very likely under the floor of that hut 
lay buried their own beloved forefathers, laid thus to be ever very near to the living. Their spirits, Manes, 
had not gone to Heaven, for those old Romans knew nothing of Heaven. But near by the hut was a shallow 
pit, with a big flat stone at the bottom, the door-way to the great dark Under-world. Five times a year this 
stone was lifted, and those Manes came up all en masse to be entertained by the Living, who then gave them- 
selves to the worship of the Dead. 

Very unlike the gods of Greece, the gods of Rome neither married nor were given in marriage; they 
were not mere myths like the Grecian; they were gods of the farm and the field, of the woods and the weather. 
They were, in reality, the powers of Nature, deified. Hence we know the Romans to have been a very 
agricultural people, offering sacrifices reciprocal and expecting in return from those agricultural deities 
protection from enemies, good weather, and bountiful crops. 

103 



CONCILIUM DEORUM ET DEARUM 




104 


THE DIVINE CIRCLE OF TWELVE 

Gradually adopted and accepted by the Romans (500-100 B. C.) 


Zeus, Atos, 

Juppiter, Jovis, 

Masc. 


God and King of Heavens and Earth, 
“ Father of gods and men.” The great 
sky -god. 

His home and throne on Mt. Olympus. 
His finest Temple at Olympia. 

I His eagle at his side, 
and thunderbolts 
poised in his right 
hand. 


Hpa, as, 
Juno, onis, 
Fem. 


Queen of the gods. Wife of Jove. 

“ Noblest of the goddesses.” Chief protectress 
of women. 


Statue enthroned 


f Sometimes a peacock at her 

( side, a cuckoo perched on 
top of her staff. 

A beautiful, stately woman. 


’M-qvi], rjs, 

Minerva, ae, 
Fem. 


Goddess of Wisdom. Sprung from the brain 
of Jove. 

At Athens, in the Parthenon, she stood in full 
dress of gbld, face, hands, and feet of ivory; 
the Patroness of “Arts and Arms.” 

with lance, shield and hel- 
met, wearing A£gis with 
Statue standing Gorgon’s head. 

Owl at her side, snake at her 
feet. 


’ AiroWcov, 

CJVOS, 

Apollo, inis, 

Masc. 


God of Prophecy, hence of Healing. Twin 
brother of Diana. 

Protector of voyagers on the highways of 
Ocean, of travellers and settlers in new 
lands. Temple at Delphi. 

Patron of Music, Poetry, Archery. God of 
the Sun. 

Statue, Apollo Belvidere = highest ideal of 
manly beauty, with flowing locks of golden 
hair and their sprig of laurel. 

The prime of young manhood with bow and 
zither. 


“Aprepis, 

l8os, 

Diana, ae, 

Fem. 


Goddess of Hunting. Twin sister of Apollo. 
Protectress of the life of the Wild. Goddess of 
the Moon. 

I Homeopathic Healer of human ills and ails. 
Chapels at road-forks = trivia. Temple at 
Ephesus. 

Statue = The virgin-huntress, with bow, 
quiver, and dogs. 


"Aprjs, eos, 

Mars, Martis, 

Masc. 


God of War. “ Curse ” of culture and prog- 
ress; his brother was Strife, his steeds 
Panic and Fear. 

Statue = A grim warrior in helmet and 
armor. 


’A<ppo5iT77, 77s, 

Venus, eris, 

Fem. 


Goddess of Love and Beauty. 

Born of the foam of the sea. 

Her temples in pleasant climes, near the sea. 
Statue, Venus de Aledici = ideal of perfect 
woman. 


"Htpaurros, ov, 

Vulcanus, i, 

Masc. 


The god of Fire. Flung from Heaven by Hera; 

lamed by the 9 days’ fall. 

Craftsman for the gods. Patron of Smiths. 
Statue = A big brawny Smith, with hammer, 
tongs, and anvil. 


'Ep/dijs, ov, 

Mercurius, ii, 

Masc. 


Alessenger of the gods. Conductor of de- 
parted souls. 

“Patron of Orators, Traders, Travellers, 
Thieves.” 

Statue = A youth strong and agile, shod 
with winged sandals, wearing a winged 
hat, bearing the herald’s caduceus. 


Alouvctos, ov, 

Bacchus, i, 

Masc. 


f The god of Wine, 
i Patron of the culture of the Vine. 

] Statue = A youth with vine or ivy crown, gob- 
1 let and thyrsos in hand, a panther attending. 


UoaeLdojv, covos, 

Neptunus, i, 

Masc. 

\ 


Alaster of the Sea. Giver of springs and 
streams. 

Protector of ships and sailors. 

In art, a big man, clad in sea-green robe, 
driving over waves in a great sea-shell 
drawn by dolphins, carrying the Trident. 


"A 1677s, ov, 

Pluto, onis, 

Masc. 


f “The Zeus of the Nether World,” sings Homer. 

I ln art, a big man, with heavy' hair, carrying 
away Proserpina in a car drawn by winged 
dragons. 


THE ADOPTION OF THE GREEK GODS AT ROME 

Two influences gradually undermined the Agricultural gods of Ancient Rome: the mysterious Etrus- 
cans, their baneful neighbors on the North, and the Grecian Merchants, of Magna Graecia, coming up from 
the South to sell their wares. 

Hercules was a patron god of merchants, therefore Hercules came along; and a friendly altar was erected 
for him in the Forum Boarium. Castor and Pollux came second. Castor w r as the patron god of horses and 
horsemen , so the banner of Castor came to be carried at the head of Rome’s new heavy-armed cavalry, and 
their temple in the Forum Romanum was built; all this quite antedating 500 B. C. 

Romulus yoked an ox and a cow to a plow, and plowed a furrow around Mons Palatinus, the line of the 
“Wall of Romulus.” Servius Tullius also plowed a furrow and built the “Wall of Servius,” enclosing the 
Seven Hills of the Political City of Rome; enclosing identically also the Pomerium, the Six Hills of the Re- 
ligious City of Rome, Mons Aventinus being excluded. On the Aventine, therefore, and on the Campus 
Martius, outside of this Pomerium, the new gods imported from Greece had their new temples built. 

Minerva, patron-goddess of house-builders and of working-men , was the third importation by way of 
Etruria; her origin mysterious, her mission the foundation of the modern labor-union. 

Fortuna, goddess of Luck, was the fourth; Diana and Apollo, the twins, the fifth. 

Demeter, Mother Earth , goddess of grain , assuming to be the Ceres of old. and Bacchus, assuming to be 
Liber, both coming up with the wheat from the South, mark the beginnings of ocean commerce. Mercury, 
then Neptune, god of salt-water , then Aesculapius, with his serpent, brought over at the time of the terrible 
plague, and lastly came Pluto, when the sacred Pomerium barrier was broken down forever, 200 B. C., and 
new temples to new gods could be built anywhere. 


105 


VOCABULARY— BIRDS AND FOWLS 


avis, avis, F. a bird 
anas, anatis, F. a duck 
milvus, 1 , M. a kite, (a bird of prey) 
vultur, uris, M. a vulture 
turtur, uris, M. a turtle dove 
turdus, i, M. a thrush 
cornix, icis, F. a crow 
pica, ae, F. the magpie 

pingo, I -paint 

psittacus, i, M. Gr. a parrot 

luscinia, ae, F. the nightingale fiSgg s T n " 

luscus, gloom , cand, I sing 

halcyon, onis, F. Gr. the kingfisher 

hirundo, inis, F. a swallow 
perdix, icis, C. Gr. a partridge 


gallus, i, M. a cock 

gallina, ae, F. a hen 

pullus, i, M. a chick 

grus, gruis, F. a crane , (a great delicacy) 

struthiocamelus, i, M. Gr. an ostrich 

ciconia, ae, F. a stork 

ala, ae, F. a wing 

penna, ae, F. a feather 

ovum, i, N. an egg 

nidus, i, M. a nest 

cantus, us, M. a singing, a song 

VERBS 

Trans. Intrans. 

canit, sings natat, swims volat, flies 

canunt, sing natant, swim volant, fig 


To the care-worn citizen, escaping the Forum din, tired out with the long slow day’s journey, the inner 
courtyard of his Villa presented a charming evening scene. 

Here he saw the Guinea-fowls with their foster broods of Pheasants, the strutting Peacocks, with gor- 
geous wide-spread tails, the gay Flamingoes, and above, circling around the snow-white dove-cots on the 
gables and turrets of the villa, large flocks of beautiful Pigeons. Here also were the Turtle and Ring Doves, 
Partridges, Thrushes, Geese, and Ducks, confined in darkened pens, fattening for the master’s table up at 
Rome. 

Here now assembled the herds, all day at pasture on the hills; the teams, all jaded from the plow. 

The cackling birds, the lowing kine, the twilight hush, all these accompanied the retiring day. And as 
the owner entered his mansion a magpie or a parrot swinging above the door welcomed his arrival. 

At his table a steaming chicken pie, or dish of blackbird, of snipe, of crane, or stork waited his ready 
relish. 

Upon his couch feather-fringed tapestries adorned the coverings, and before the cock crew first he was 
lost among the silken cushions stuffed with down. 


A 

1. Pavo est rara avis. 

2. Aquila erat JovI sacra.-fSwet. 

3. Greges anatum in piscinis natant. 

4. Greges anserum ad Insulam natant. 

5. Jecur anseris, flcls past!, semper erat dul- 

cissimum gustatu discipulis Epicuri. 

6. Vultures altissime in caelo sereno volant. 

7. Acerriml vulturum aquilarumque ocull sunt. 

8. Quod halcyon hieme pullos tranquillo marl 

ducit, eos dies halcyoni5s appellant.- 

those 

f Plin. 

t Adapted. 


B 

1. Anates in nidis 5va non ponunt. 

2. Anserum 5va maxima sunt, sed etiam majdra 

ova struthiocameldrum. 

3. Has litteras quidem gallina scripsit.-f Plant. 

surely 

4. Agricola ad cantum gall! secundl surgit. 

5. Sine pennis volare haud facile est; meae alae 

to fly my 

pennas n5n habent -Plant. 

6. Instrumenta scrlbae calamus et penna sunt: 

sed calamus arboris est, penna avis.- 
Isid. * 


108 


VOCABULARY— FISH 


piscis, is, M. a fish 
piscina, ae, F. a fish-pond 
piscator, oris, M. a fisherman 
piscatus, us, M. a catch 
anguilla, ae, F. an eel 

acipenser, eilS, M. the Sturgeon, (a banquet ornament) 
asellus, i, M. the haddock 
lacertus, l, M. a sea-fish, (the poor man’s staple) 
mullus, 1 , M. the mullet , (the rich man’s luxury) 

passer, eris, M. a flounder 

rhombus, i, M. a turbot 

salar, aris, M. a trout 

salmo, onis, M. a salmon 

scomber, bri, M. the mackerel 

branchiae, arum, F. Gr. a fish’s gills 

pinna, ae, F. 1 . a feather 2. a fin 

spina, ae, F. 1 . a thorn 2. a fish-bone 3. the spine 

squama, ae, F. a scale 


balaena, ae, F. Gr. a whale 


cetus, i, M. Gr. any sea-monster, (a doiphm) Sea1, ° r 

crocodilus, i, M. Gr. a crocodile 


Hydra, ae, F. Gr. The Hydra, 


(the seven-headed sea- 
serpent, killed by 
Hercules) 


nautilus, i, M. Gr. the sailor -fish, the nautilus 
phoca, ae, F. Gr. a seal, a sea-dog 
torpedo, inis, F. the torpedo, (electric ray) 
torpidus, benumbed 


caris, idis, F. Gr. a sea-crab 

locusta, ae, F. a lobster 

ostrea, ae, F. Gr. an oyster 

ostrearium, ii, N. an oyster bed, (artificial) 

concha, ae, F. Gr. 1 . a pearl-oyster 2. a sea-shell 

squilla, ae, F. Gr., a shrimp 

echinus, i, M. Gr. 1 . a hedge-hog 2. a sea-urchin 

musculus, i, M. a sea-mussel 

murex, icis, M. 1. the purple-fish 2. purple, 


(its juice was the purple dye for the Emperor’s toga) 


It was very natural that Italy, a great over-populated peninsula surrounded by seas, should get there- 
from a large food-supply. Some forty varieties of edible fish are mentioned for us in old Roman writings. 
In the place of meats fish was the main-stay of the workman’s table, and the delicacy of the epicure wherever 
it could be had. 

The Mullus was king of all in flavor and in price. One weighing 6 pounds sold for 8000 sesterces. 

The Turbot was best from the rivers of North Italy. The sweetest Sturgeon was brought from the Isle 
of Rhodes, in the iEgean Sea. 

The Eel was best from the coast of Sicily. The eel-skin served as a whip in the schoolhouse. 

Wealthy Romans constructed near their villas magnificent Piscinae, whence well-fattened fish came 
fresh to their tables. Oysters throve, they thought, in moonlight. 

Deep-sea monsters were seldom seen. The whale gave them no oil, and the seal no fur. Those Sea- 
dogs played and barked on the shores of the great mysterious Atlantic, while fierce sharks and graceful dol- 
phins sported joyously therein. 


A 

1. Piscator rete in piscina ponit. 

2. Piscina-rum genera sunt duo, aquarum 

dulcium et salsarum.-f Varr. 

3. Bonus piscatus piscatori evenit.-f Plaut. 

catch 

4. Mullus libras debet habere duas -Mart. 

5. Acipenser apud antiquos piscium nobilissi- 

mus erat -Plin. 

6. Natat ad magistrum delicata anguilla.- 

\Mart. 

7. Pinnae pisces hostibus a tergo servant. 


8. Fishes great and small swim in the sea. 

9. The turbot swims in the fish-pond. 

10. The Eleven Disciples were fishers of men. 

11. A very good catch of trout happens to the 

patient fisherman. 

t Adapted. 


B 

1. Ostrea palma mensarum divitum erat. -P/m. 

2. Luna alit ostreas. Sunt grandes et pingues 

in ostreario. 

3. Ostreae cum luna pari ter crescunt pari- 

terque decrescunt.— Cic. 

4. Locusta marina aquam marinam maxime 

amat. 

5. Locustis squillisque magna ex parte sub 

eodem munimento praeduri eminent 
OCull —Plin starving stand out 

6. Piscatorii ludi quotannis mense Junio trans 

Tiberim fieri solent a praetbre urbano 

to be made are accustomed 

pro piscatoribus Tiberinis. 


7. Huge sea-monsters swim in Ocean. 

8. The shell of the purple-fish was the trumpet 

of Triton. 


109 


VOCABULARY— BIRDS AND FOWLS 


avis, avis, F. a bird 
anas, anatis, F. a duck 
milvUS, I, M. a kite, (a bird of prey) 
vultur, uris, M. a vulture 
turtur, uris, M. a turtle dove 
turdus, i, M. a thrush 
cornix, icis, F. a crow 
pica, ae, F. the magpie 

ping 6 , 1 paint 

psittacus, i, M. Gr. a parrot 

luscinia, ae, F. the nightingale {^l flight s?ng?r tress 

luscus, gloom, cano, I sing 

halcyon, onis, F. Gr. the kingfisher 
hirundo, inis, F. a swallow 
perdix, icis, C. Gr. a partridge 


gallus, i, M. a cock 

gallina, ae, F. a hen 

pullus, i, M. a chick 

grus, gruis, F. a crane , (a great delicacy) 

struthiocamelus, i, M. Gr. an ostrich 

ciconia, ae, F. a stork 

ala, ae, F. a wing 

penna, ae, F. a feather 

ovum, i, N. an egg 

nidus, i, M. a nest 

cantus, us, M. a singing, a song 

VERBS 

Trans. Intrans. 

canit, sings natat, swims volat, flies 

canunt, sing natant, swim volant, fly 


To the care-worn citizen, escaping the Forum din, tired out with the long slow day’s journey, the inner 
courtyard of his Villa presented a charming evening scene. 

Here he saw the Guinea-fowls with their foster broods of Pheasants, the strutting Peacocks, with gor- 
geous wide-spread tails, the gay Flamingoes, and above, circling around the snow-white dove-cots on the 
gables and turrets of the villa, large flocks of beautiful Pigeons. Here also were the Turtle and Ring Doves, 
Partridges, Thrushes, Geese, and Ducks, confined in darkened pens, fattening for the master’s table up at 
Rome. 

Here now assembled the herds, all day at pasture on the hills; the teams, all jaded from the plow. 

The cackling birds, the lowing kine, the twilight hush, all these accompanied the retiring day. And as 
the owner entered his mansion a magpie or a parrot swinging above the door welcomed his arrival. 

At his table a steaming chicken pie, or dish of blackbird, of snipe, of crane, or stork waited his ready 
relish. 

Upon his couch feather-fringed tapestries adorned the coverings, and before the cock crew first he was 
lost among the silken cushions stuffed with down. 


A 

1. Pavo est rara avis. 

2. Aquila erat JovI sacra.-fSW. 

3. Greges anatum in piscinls natant. 

4. Greges anserum ad insulam natant. 

5. Jecur anseris, ficis past!, semper erat dul- 

(fed) 

cissimum gustatu discipulls Epicuri. 

6. Vultures altissime in caelo sereno volant. 

7. AcerrimI vulturum aquilarumque oculi sunt. 

8. Quod halcyon hieme pullos tranquilld marl 

ducit, e5s dies halcyonios appellant.- 

those 

f Plin. 

f Adapted. 


B 

1. Anates in nldis ova non p5nunt. 

2. Anserum 5va maxima sunt, sed etiam majora 

5va struthiocamelorum. 

3. Has litteras quidem gallina scrlpsit.-f Plant. 

surely 

4. Agricola ad cantum gall! secundi surgit. 

5. Sine pennis volare haud facile est; meae alae 

to fly my 

pennas non habent.- Plant. 

6. Instrumenta scribae calamus et penna sunt: 

sed calamus arboris est, penna avis.- 
Isid. * 


108 


VOCABULARY— FISH 


piscis, is, M. a fish 
piscina, ae, F. a fish-pond 
piscator, oris, M. a fisherman 
piscatus, us, M. a catch 
anguilla, ae, F. an eel 

acipenser, eilS, M. the Sturgeon, (a banquet ornament) 

asellus, i, M. the haddock 

lacertus, I, M. a sea-fish , (the poor man’s staple) 

mullus, 1 , M. the mullet , (the rich man’s luxury) 

passer, eris, M. a flounder 

rhombus, i, M. a turbot 

salar, aris, M. a trout 

salmo, onis, M. a salmon 

scomber, bri, M. the mackerel 

branchiae, arum, F. Gr. a fish’s gills 

pinna, ae, F. 1 . a feather 2. a fin 

spina, ae, F. 1. a thorn 2. a fish-bone 3. the spine 

squama, ae, F. a scale 


balaena, ae, F. Gr. a whale 

cetus, i, M. Gr. any sea-monster , (a doip a hm) Sea1, ° r 

crocodilus, i, M. Gr. a crocodile 

„ , (the seven-headed sea- 

Hydra, ae, F. Gr. 7 he Hydra , serpent, killed by 

Hercules) 

nautilus, i, M. Gr. the sailor-fish , the nautilus 
phoca, ae, F. Gr. a seal, a sea-dog 
torpedo, inis, F. the torpedo, (electric ray) 

torpidus, benumbed 

caris, idis, F. Gr. a sea-crab 

locusta, ae, F. a lobster 

ostrea, ae, F. Gr. an oyster 

ostrearium, ii, N. an oyster bed, (artificial) 

concha, ae, F. Gr. 1 . a pearl-oyster 2. a sea-shell 

squilla, ae, F. Gr., a shrimp 

echinus, i, M. Gr. 1 . a hedge-hog 2. a sea-urchin 

musculus, i, M. a sea-mussel 

murex, icis, M. 1 . the purple-fish 2. purple, 

(its juice was the purple dye for the Emperor’s toga) 


It was very natural that Italy, a great over-populated peninsula surrounded by seas, should get there- 
from a large food-supply. Some forty varieties of edible fish are mentioned for us in old Roman writings. 
In the place of meats fish was the main-stay of the workman’s table, and the delicacy of the epicure wherever 
it could be had. 

The Mullus was king of all in flavor and in price. One weighing 6 pounds sold for 8000 sesterces. 

The Turbot was best from the rivers of North Italy. The sweetest Sturgeon was brought from the Isle 
of Rhodes, in the TSgean Sea. 

The Eel was best from the coast of Sicily. The eel-skin served as a whip in the schoolhouse. 

Wealthy Romans constructed near their Villas magnificent Piscinae, whence well-fattened fish came 
fresh to their tables. Oysters throve, they thought, in moonlight. 

Deep-sea monsters were seldom seen. The whale gave them no oil, and the seal no fur. Those Sea- 
dogs played and barked on the shores of the great mysterious Atlantic, while fierce sharks and graceful dol- 
phins sported joyously therein . 


A 

1. Piscator rete in piscina ponit. 

2. Piscinarum genera sunt duo, aquarum 

dulcium et salsarum.-f Varr. 

3. Bonus piscatus piscator! evenit.-f Plaut. 

catch 

4. Mullus libras debet habere duas -Mart. 

5. Acipenser apud antiquos piscium n5bilissi- 

mus erat -Plin. 

6. Natat ad magistrum delicata anguilla.- 

f Mart. 

7. Pinnae pisces hostibus a tergo servant. 


8. Fishes great and small swim in the sea. 

9. The turbot swims in the fish-pond. 

10. The Eleven Disciples were fishers of men. 

11. A very good catch of trout happens to the 

patient fisherman. 

t Adapted. 


B 

1. Ostrea palma mensarum divitum erat -Plin. 

2. Luna alit ostreas. Sunt grandes et pingues 

in ostreario. 

3. Ostreae cum luna pari ter crescunt pari- 

terque decrescunt -Cic. 

4. Locusta marina aquam inarm am maxim e 

amat. 

5. Locustis squillisque magna ex parte sub 

eodem munimento praeduri eminent 

OCull —Plin starving stand out 

6. Piscatorii ludi quotannis mense Juni5 trans 

Tiberim fieri solent a praetore urbano 

to be made are accustomed 

pro piscatoribus Tiberinis. 


7. Huge sea-monsters swim in Ocean. 

8. The shell of the purple-fish was the trumpet 

of Triton. 


109 


VOCABULARY— REPTILES 


reptile, is, N. a reptile 
anguis, is, C. a snake 
serpens, entis, F. a serpent 

serpd, I creep 

coluber, bri, M. a serpent , a snake 

boa, ae, F. a boa, (a large Italian serpent) 
bos, an ox 

draco, onis, M. Gr. a dragon 
vipera, ae, F. a viper, an adder 

. . (twined in the 

echidnae, arum, F. Gr. the vipers hair of the 

Furies) 

vermis, is, M. a worm 
aspis, idis, F. Gr. an asp 
Scorpio, onis, M. Gr. a scorpion 


a lizard 


lacertus, i, M. 
lacerta, ae, F. 
chamaeleon, onis, ontis, M. Gr. the chameleon 

(a color-changing lizard) 


cancer, cri, M. a crab 
coclea, ae, F. a snail 
testudd, inis, F. a tortoise 

testa, a tile 


bufo, onis, M. a toad 
rana, ae, F. a frog 


VERBS 


(of animals and people) 

repit, creeps, crawls 
repunt, creep, crawl 


(of animals only) 

serpit, creeps, crawls- 
serpunt, creep, crawl 


The serpent in ancient times was regarded as the symbol of Wisdom or brain-power. 

Jesus sent his disciples abroad among the nations with the injunction, “Be ye wise as serpents and 
harmless as doves.” 

To Minerva, goddess of Wisdom, were consecrated the owl and the serpent. 

iEsculapius, god of Medicine, was worshipped under the form of a serpent. 

The three Gorgons were three sister monsters, whose hair consisted of snakes twining about their heads. 

The three Furies, similar goddesses, similarly adorned, personified the guilty conscience haunting the 
wicked. Alecto brought the horrors of war; Mega era, insanity and murders, and Tisiphone, epidemics. 

One of the sights along the busy streets of Rome was the Egyptian juggler entwining the most venomous 
snakes about his head and arms. 

The traveller today wandering among the ruins of the palaces of the Caesars upon the Palatine starts 
and shrinks continually at the gay lacertae darting into crevices, or the lazy cocleae creeping everywhere. 
His Italian guide smiles pleasantly. These to him, as to his ancient ancestor, served with mint and rue and 
Byzantine sauce, give almost the relish of a genuine oyster. To supply the market they were purposely 
grown. 


se tamquam 

himself 


A 

1. Pro verb ium est, Inflat 

rana. 

2. Vergilius dlcit, Latet anguis in herba. 

3. Cicero dicit, Homo in sinu viperam 

habet. 


4. Juvenalis dicit, Unlus se dominum fecit 

lacertae. himself 

5. Stheno, Euryale, et Medusa, sorores, tres 

Gorgones, erant simulacra terrdris. 

6. Minerva capillos circum caput Medusae in 

colubros mutavit. 

7. Alect5, Megaera, et Tisiphone, sorores, 

tres Furiae, deae erant vindices facino- 
rum et scelerum.-fOzc. 


B 

1. Boas vocant, quod tam grandes. Boves 

became 

gluttire solent -Hier. 

to swallow 

2. Hercules inter duodecim opera magna 

Lernaeam Hydram septem capita 
habentem sagittis occidit. 

3. Romani divites dracones placidos et domi- 

tos inter delicias habent.-fCtc. 

pets considered 

4. Anguis lac de vaccis in pascuo furtive de- 

trahit. 


5. The serpent creeps into the temple. 

6. The boa creeps in the orchard. 

7. The tortoise crawls in the garden. 

8. The viper creeps into the house. 

9. The Romans call the three Furies The 

Daughters of Night. 


f Adapted. 


110 


VOCABULARY— INSECTS 


insectum, i, N. an insect 

apis, or apes, is, F. a bee 

mel, mellis, N. honey 

murmur, uris, N. the humming of bees 

(while gathering honey in the fields) 

bombus, I, M. Gr. the buzzing of bees 

(in the hive, or in the act of swarming) 

examen, inis, N. a swarm 

ex-agmen, the march out 

apiarium, ii, N. a bee-house, a bee-hive 

vespa, ae, F. a wasp 

formica, ae, F. an ant 

aranea, ae, F. 1 . a spider 2. a cobweb 

musca, ae, F. a fly 

papilio, onis, M. a butterfly 


tinea, ae, F. a moth 

blatta, ae, F. a cockroach, (that shuns the light) 

scarabaeus, l, M. Gr. a beetle 

cimex, icis, M. a bug 

culex, icis, M. a gnat, a midge 

pulex, icis, M. a flea 

cicada, ae, F. a (tree) cricket, (a symbol of summer) 
aculeus, i, M. a sting 

acus, a needle 

bombyx, yds, M. Gr. the silk-worm 
sericum, i, N. silk 

VERBS 

pungit, stings salit, hops, leaps, jumps 
pungunt, sting saliunt, hop, leap, jump 


The ancients knew little of bees; they believed they gathered their young ones off the leaves of trees 
or flowers of Honeywort, of the reed, or the olive, or that bees came forth from the decayed bodies of ani- 
mals, and Vergil soberly gives a recipe for producing Bees from the dead bodies of cattle. 

The four grand divisions of Roman Agriculture were grain-growing, sheep-raising, fruit-culture, and 
bee-keeping. To revive and encourage these among the leisure-loving men of Italy Vergil wrote his world- 
famed poem, The Georgies. The poet, young and earnest, dedicating his able pen through two long years, 
wrought out the poem on the Care of Bees. It won immediate fame and still shines a master-piece of genius. 

Sugar, so plentiful and cheap with us, was unknown to the ancient Romans. 

They ever counted the bee among their best friends. About 75 words in their language prove this fact. 

Mellona was the goddess of the bees; Nectar, the drink of the gods, was -made of honey. Jupiter, when 
born, was hid in a cave. A goat brought him milk, and the bees fed him honey. 

Honey was their only sweetening for wines, fruits, and pastry. Mt. Hymettus, clad in heather, yielded 
the very best; the island Corsica, the poorest. 

A king bee was supposed to rule the hive and lead the swarm. Even Shakespeare (1564-1616) said, 
“They have a king and officers of all sorts.” But Francis Huber (1750-1831), a Swiss blind man, a great 
lover of bees, aided by his wife and his servant, carried out investigations laying the foundations of our scien- 
tific knowledge of the honey-bee. 

Sericum, silk, was brought from China, being made by the Seres living some said at the sources of the 
Nile, which river they believed rose in China. The people, Strabo says, scraped it from the leaves of trees, 
where it grew like cobwebs. A pound of silk was worth a pound of gold. Scarce and valuable, it was un- 
ravelled and woven again with warp of linen or woollen yarn, often crossed with stripes of gold. Thin as 
gauze, almost transparent, they called it ventus textilis, woven wind. The men were long forbidden to wear 
it. Finally the Senate by law reserved it for the Imperial family. 


A 

1. Strepit omnis murmure campus.- Verg. 

2. Apes intus faciunt bombum. 

3. Mox rex examen ingens in alt5 cum magn5 

bombo ad novum apiarium educit. 

4. Res rusticae laetae sunt turn pecudum pastu, 

apium examinibus, florum omnium 
varietate.-Cic. 

5. Agricolae cicadas in aestate cum gaudio 

expectant.-f J uv. 


6. The wasps fly in the orchards. 

7. The ants run into the dove-cots. 

8. The butterflies flit over the flowers. 

t Adapted. 


B 

1. Apis aculeum sine clamore ferre non 

possumus.-Cic. to bear 

we are able 

2. Puerl pectus pungit aculeus doloris.-fCic. 

3. Cecidit tamquam blatta in pulverem. 

he has fallen 

4. Blatta lucifuga per noctem vagans mane 

perit. 

perishes 

5. Tinea stupida in candelam volat, ignis alas 

consumit et Insectum perit. 

6. The crickets sing in the tall trees. 

7. The moths creep into the bee-hive. 

8. The great swarm of bees carries honey for 

a new hive. 


Ill 


VOCABULARY— ANIMAL ATTRIBUTES 


Caro, carnis, F. flesh , (animal or vegetable) 

cartilago, inis, F. gristle 
cauda, ae, F. the tail 

callum, I, N. (the hard, thick) skill Of {jjdfjjits 
coagulum, i, N. rennet 
corium, ii, N. leather 

COmU, US, N. a horn , an antler 

crista, ae, F. a crest , (the cock’s comb) 

juba, ae, F. the mane 

ebur, oris, N. ivory 

gluten, inis, N. glue 

lac, lactis, N. milk 

os, ossis, N. a bone 

dens, dentis, M. a tooth, a tusk 


mel, mellis, N. honey 

cera, ae, F. wax 

lana, ae, F. wool 

pellis, is, F. a pelt, (a skin or hide) 

pilus, I, M. a hair 

villus, l, M. a tuft of hair 

vellus, eris, N. a fleece 

saeta, ae, F. a bristle 

ungula, ae, F. a hoof, a claw, a talon 

unguis, a nail 

i 1. the beak (of a bird) 
rostrum, i, N. \ 2. the prow (of a ship) 

[3. the speakers 1 Stage (in the Forum) 
proboscis, idis, F. Gr. the trunk (of an elephant) 


Pelts were the pristine clothing of the aboriginal Romans. Pelts made sails for ships. 

Later, when great flocks of sheep enlivened the hills, spinning and weaving their wool became the chief 
employment of every good housewife and her slaves. 

The couch and loom were the two principal pieces of furniture of the Atrium, as the sofa and piano of 
today. 

Pelts made the tent for the soldier and the cover for his burnished shield; and when he wore a wooden 
helmet it was often covered with the shaggy skin of some wild animal, tipped or capped with a crest of feathers 
to look fierce in battle. 

Leather sandals w r ere the universal outdoor footgear; indoors a Roman went barefoot. 

A robe of linen was highly prized, but rarely worn. The stately Toga of the Roman citizen was wholly 
woollen, woven entire in a single piece; its color kept snow-white, as given by the sheep, the emperor alone 
wearing the purple. 


A 

1. Cera est pars mellis abjecta. 

2. Mel sincerum est mel sine cera. 

3. Tabulae ceratae liberis gratissimae erant. 

4. Statuae ex ebore majorum atque imagines 

ancestors 

ex cera ingenuls gratissimae erant. 

5. Calla uvarum, pirorum, maldrum, ac 

fungorum noxia hominibus sunt. 

6. Card pin! est lignum album. 

7. Felis ossa atque pellis tota est.— f Plant. 

8. Dives deambulat pecunia superbus, pavo 

crista et cauda superbus et elatus. 


9. The Spartans had money of leather. 

10. Elephants have huge trunks and also tusks 

of valuable ivory. 

11. The horns of a bull are stronger than the 

horns of a ram. 

12. The antlers of the stag are very similar to 

the branches of a tree. 

f Adapted. 


B 

1. Totam quatit ungula terrain. -E?m. 

2. BritannI interiores lacte et carne vlvunt 

pellibusque sunt vestltl.-CWs. 

3. Pes in pelle natat.-Ofl. 

shoe 

4. Mllites durant sub pellibus.-ZzD. 

5. Nationes caprarum pellibus vestitae sunt.- 

y arr were clothed 

6. Lanas Tyrio murice tingunt. Toga purpu- 

rea erat proprius vestltus regum.-fLzu. 

7. Navis argenteum aut aureum rostrum ha- 

bet. Atras aquas salsl maris sulcat. 

it furrows 

8. Rostrum, ornatum rostrls navium, in ford 

Romano locus drationis oratoribus erat. 


9. The villa abounds in milk and honey -Cic. 

10. All day the bees carry wax and honey into 

their hives. 

11. The flesh of the peach is sweet to the 

boys. 

12. The ship, like a bird of the sea, has a beak, 

as a bird of the air. 


112 


THE PRONOUN, THE PREPOSITION 
THE CONJUNCTION, THE INTERJECTION 


113 


VENATIO 





114 


PRONOUNS 


A Pronoun is a word that stands for a Noun. 

Note. — The Noun for which it stands is called 
its Antecedent. 

The Two Properties of the Pronoun 

1st It must stand for a Noun. 

It may serve as a Noun, or 
It may serve as an Adjective. 

The Two Rules of Agreement 

Rule 1 . — A Pronoun, serving as a Noun, agrees 
with its Antecedent in Gender and Number, but its 
Case depends upon the construction of the clause in 
which it stands. 

Rule 2 .—A Pronoun, serving as an Adjective, 
agrees with its Noun in Gender, Number, and Case. 

The Eight Kinds of Pronouns 

Personal, Demonstrative, Determinative, 
of Identity, Intensive, Relative, Interrogative, 


The Demonstrative Pronouns 

hie, haec, hoc, this: Dem. Pron. 1st Pers. 
iste, ista, istud, that: Dem. Pron. 2d Pers. 
ille, ilia, illud, that: Dem. Pron. 3d Peru. 

The Determinative Pronoun 

is, ea, id, that 

The Pronoun of Identity 
idem, eadem, idem, same 

The Intensive Pronoun 
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self 

The Relative 

qul, quae, quod, who, which 

The Interrogative 

quis? quiS? quid? who f what? (Substantive) 
qul ( — )? quae ( — ■)? quod ( — )? 

which ( — )? what ( )? (Adjective) 

The Indefinite Pronouns 


Indefinite. 


The Personal Pronouns 


egO, I Pers. Pron. 1st Pers. 

f thou } 

tu<{ {►Pers. Pron. 2d Pers. 

[you J 

is, he; ea, she; id, ^ jp ers p ron8 . 3d 
sui, of himself, etc. j Pers * 


(Substantive, 
used as a 
Noun) 


meus, my 
noster, our 
tuus, thy 
vester, your j 
suus, his , their, etc.{ Pe ^ 8 Pron - 3d 


Pers. Prons. 1st Pers. 


!>Pers. Prons. 2d Pers. 


(Possessive, 
used as an 
Adjective) 


The Indefinite Pronouns are numerous. 
They are formed by various combinations of 
Pronouns, Pronoun Adjectives, etc. 

They are used to designate whatever is 
indefinite or uncertain. 

Rules of Order 

I. Demonstrative, Determinative, Relative, and 
Interrogative Pronouns , also the Pronoun of Identity, 
normally precede their Nouns. 

II. Qul and Quis, the Relative and Interrogative, 
often begin a sentence. 

III. The Intensive and Indefinite Pronouns, also 
Possessive and Reflexive forms, normally follow their 
Nouns. 


115 


PERSONAL PRONOUNS OF THE FIRST PERSON 


Substantive Sense 


Possessive Sense 


ego, I meus, mea, meum, my, mine 


Sing. 


Sing. 



Plur. 





M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

ego, I 

meus 

mea 

meum 

mei 

meae 

mea 

Gen. 

mei, of me 

mei 

meae 

mei 

meorum 

mearum 

meorum 

Dat. 

mihi, to, for me 

meo 

meae 

meo 

meis 

meis 

meis 

Acc. 

me, me 

meum 

meam 

meum 

meos 

meas 

mea 

Voc. 

wanting 

mi 

mea 

meum 

mei 

meae 

mea 

Abl. 


meo 

mea 

meo 

meis 

meis 

meis 




noster, nostra, 

nostrum, our, ours 


Plur. 


Sing. 



Plur. 





M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

nos, we 

noster 

nostra 

nostrum 

nostri 

nostrae 

nostra 

Gen. 

nostrum, nostri, of us 

nostri 

nostrae 

nostri 

nostrbrum 

nostrarum 

nostrdrum 

Dat. 

nobis, to, for us 

nostro 

nostrae 

nostro 

nostris 

nostris 

nostris 

Acc. 

n5s, us 

nostrum 

nostram 

nostrum 

nostros 

nostras 

nostra 

Voc. 

wanting 

noster 

nostra 

nostrum 

nostri 

nostrae 

nostra 

Abl. 

nnhi«J^ row ’ by >1 ?/<? 
no D1S | w ith, in j ^ 

nostro 

nostra 

nostro 

nostris 

nostris 

nostris 


English Etymology 
egoism, self-opinionatedness 

(systematic selfishness) 
egoist, one who continually thinks I 

f self-conceit 

egotism s (too frequent use of I and Me, habit of talking 
( about self) 

egotist, one who continually says I 

nostrum, OUT medicine 

(a remedy made by a quack who also often sells 
it, a patent medicine) 

Note. — The pronoun ego was pronounced with 
6 short during the Golden Age, but o long before and 
after it. 

The suffix met indicates emphasis: as, egomet, 
I indeed; nosmet, we certainly. 

Repetition also indicates emphasis: as, meme, 
me, my very self. 

In the mention of several persons, self included, 
polite English puts the I last, the Roman always 
put the Ego first. 


A 

1. Ego tu sum, tu es ego -Plaut. 

am art 

2. Ego in at rein meam aino, mea mater me 

amat. love 

3. Patria mihi carissima est. 

4. Amici memores sunt nostri. 

5. Consul in pomario nobiscum ambulat. 

with us 

6. Cras conviva in horto mecum cenabit. 

will dine 

7. Amici nobis boni et benigni erunt. 

8. Advena mihi gratus et acceptus erat. 

9. Meme ad graviora opera reservat.-S?7. 

10. Pater noster omnes liberos carissime amat. 

B 

1. Today father walks in the fields with me. 

2. Tomorrow our mother will dine with us. 

3. I certainly love my country. 

4. We indeed are very dear to our parents. 

5. Me, my very self, my sister loves. 

0. Jesus said, I and my father are one. 

Note. — In compounds, mecum, tecum, secum, 
nobiscum, vobiscum, cum with is used wholly with- 
out emphasis, as a sort of connective, almost a con- 
junction. 


116 


PERSONAL PRONOUNS OF THE SECOND PERSON 


Substantive Sense 


Possessive Sense 


tu, thou or you tuus, tua, tuum, thy , thine 


Sing. 

Sing. 



Plur. 




M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. tu, thou 

tuus 

tua 

tuum 

tui 

tuae 

tua 

Gen . tul, of thee 

tul 

tuae 

tui 

tuorum 

tuarum 

tuorum 

Dot. tibi, to, for thee 

tuo 

tuae 

tuo 

tuis 

tuis 

tuis 

Acc. te, thee 

tuum 

tuam 

tuum 

tubs 

tuas 

tua 

Voc. tu , 0 thou 

(Vocative wanting) 


(Vocative wanting) 


Abl t »{£©£}«* 

tuo 

tua 

tuo 

tuis 

tuis 

tuis 



vester, vestra, 

vestrum, 

your, yours 


Plur. 

Sing. 



Plur. 




M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. vds, you, ye 

vester 

vestra 

vestrum 

vestri 

vestrae 

vestra 

Gen. vestrum, vestri, of you 

vestri 

vestrae 

vestri 

vestrorum vestrarum 

vestrorum 

Dat. vobis, to, for you 

vestro 

vestrae 

vestro 

vestris 

vestris 

vestris 

Acc. vos, you 

vestrum 

vestram vestrum 

vestros 

vestras 

vestra 

Voc. v5s, 0 ye 

(Vocative wanting) 


(Vocative wanting) 


Abi. yob* 

vestro 

vestra 

vestro 

vestris 

vestris 

vestris 


THE ROYAL PLURAL 

The Royal Plural is the Pronoun you , instead of thou, addressed to a single person, with a plural Verb 
in agreement. 

Its origin dates back 1500 years, when a certain later Roman Emperor, desiring to magnify his own 
self-importance, required his subjects to address him with you instead of thou, assuming himself equal to 
many single persons. 

The custom descended throughout the Dark Ages among all the peoples inheriting the Latin or 
Romance Languages. It was used in the court conversation of polite society when addressing superiors. 
The Normans carried it over from France when they conquered England (1066), thus introducing it to the 
Anglo-Saxon race. 

In the sentence of deposition of Edward II (1327), the Speaker of Parliament says: “I renounce to you 
the homage (= the oath of allegiance) that was made to you sometime; and from this time forth I defy thee 
and deprive thee of all royal power.” Beginning with you to his sovereign, he ends with thee to his fellow- 
citizen. 

Gradually the Pronoun you lost its air of superiority under the axe of equalizing democracy, especially 
in the cities, and fell into its present-day usage; while the Pronoun thou, still heard among the country-folk 
in Northern England, became the language of intimacy and affection. 

Thou, the Pronoun of the Bible, used in worship and in poetry, is known as the Solemn Style. 

The habit of addressing a single person with a Plural Pronoun naturally wrought havoc with the second 
person singular of the Verb in all its tenses; a fact which scholars deplore, declaring it a loss to the English 
language; and scholarly students of majestic poetry feel that we should always employ the ancient or Solemn 
Style in its translation as correct, true, and loyal to the great bards of Antiquity. 

117 


PERSONAL PRONOUNS OF THE THIRD PERSON 


DETERMINATIVE USE 


Substantive Sense 


Possessive Sense 


Sing. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

is, he 

ea, she 

id, it 

Gen. 

ejus, of him 

ejus, of her 

ejus, of it 

Dat. 

ei, to, for him 

ei, to, for her 

ei, to, for ii 

Acc. 

eum, him 

(Vocative wanting) 

earn, her 

id, it 

Abl. 

eo {iSt&'jKm 


e5 {{&£■}* 

Plur. 




Nom. 

ei, ii, I, they 

eae, they 

ea, they 

Gen. 

eorum, of 

earum, of 

eorum, of 


them 

them 

them 

Dat. 

eis, iis, is, 

eis, iis, is, 

eis, iis, is, 


to, for them 

to, for them 

to, for them 

Acc. 

eos, them 

eas, them 

ea, them 


(Vocative wanting) 



Abl. 

eis, iis, is, 

eis, iis, is, 

eis, iis, is, 







his ( — ) 
his 


F. 

ejus 


her (— ) 
hers 


N. 

ejus, its ( — ) 


Note. — ejus, his ( — ), etc., borrowed from the 
Genitive Singular of the Determinative Pronoun 
(see page 122). 


e5rum, 

earum, 

eorum, 

(their ( — ) 

(their ( — ) 

( their ( — ) 

[theirs 

\ theirs 

} theirs 


Note. — eorum, their ( — ), etc., borrowed from 
the Genitive Plural of the Determinative Pro- 
noun (see page 122). 


REFLEXIVE USE 


Sing. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Acc. 

Ahl 


Substantive Sense 

(Nominative wanting) 

sul, of himself, herself, itself 
sibi, to, for himself, herself, itself 
se or sese, himself , herself, itself 

(Vocative wanting) 

se or ses e{ f £%;%-}himself, etc. 


Possessive Sense 


M. 

F. 

N. 

f his own 

f her own 

[its own 

suus< , . 

SUa |^r, hers 

suum< 


Note. — suus, sua,- suum, his own, his, etc., is de- 
clined in full, Singular and Plural, like bonus, bona, 

bonum, (Vocatives wanting). 


Plur. 

(Nominative wanting) 

Gen. sui, of themselves 
Dat. sibi, to, for themselves 
Acc. se or sese, themselves 

(Vocative wanting) 

Abl. se or sese } themselves 


suus, 

their own 
their, theirs 


sua, 

j their own 
[their, theirs 


suum, 

their own 
their, theirs 


Note. — suus, sua, suum, their own, their, theirs, 
is declined in full, Singular and Plural, like bonus, 
bona, bonum, (Vocatives wanting). 


118 


PERSONAL PRONOUNS OF THE THIRD PERSON 
DETERMINATIVE USE 


A Substantive Sense 

1. Id est verum. 

2. Caesar eos laudat. 

3. Merca tores ad eos saepe veniunt.-fCaes. 

4. Nuntius id Caesari nuntiat. 

5. Is magno id cum periculo fecit.-fCaes. 

6. Venit mihi obviam tuus puer: is mihi lit- 

teras abs te reddidit.-Cic. 

7. Nomen ejus erat Horatia. 

8. Est enim, credo, is vir iste, ut civitatis 

(such) that 

nomen sua auctoritate sus tinea t.-Cic. 

he upholds 


9. She was a faithful wife to him. 

10. He will be a careful guardian of her. 

11. They were distinguished women. 

12. They will be virtuous, courteous citizens. 

13. He reports it to him. 

14. It is a good part of it. 


B Possessive Sense 

1. Is est ejus f rater. 

2. Ea erat mater earum. 

3. Il erant servl ejus. 

4. Is ejus equos habet. 

5. Eae ejus columbas laudant. 

6. Ea est eorum consobrina. 

7. Ea industriam eorum descrlbit. 


8. He is her father. 

9. She is his mother. 

10. She was a daughter of his. 

11. She has his money. 

12. They are friends of theirs. 

13. They have their horses with them. 

14. They will give them their rewards. 


REFLEXIVE USE 


C Substantive Sense 

1. Feles sunt semper sul cautissimae. 

2. Is sibi legationem ad clvitates suscepit.- 

Caes. 

3. Omnino est amans sul virtus -Cic. 

fond 

4. Non sibi, sed patria e.-Prov. 

5. Nemo non benignus est sul judex.-/Sm. 

6. Cicerones puerl amant inter s e.*-Cic. 

7. (Aer) ima sui parte maxime varius est.- 

Sen. 


8. The silly boy praises himself. 

9. A sensible man never praises himself. 

10. Men do not often praise one another. 

11. Do children always love one another? 

12. They perceive themselves at home. 

* inter se, one another, each other: a reciprocal 
prepositional phrase signifying mutually. 


D Possessive Sense 

1. Homo est non dominus suus. 

2. Vir degener est suus servus. 

3. Clvis verus patriam suam amat. 

4. Ea libros suos amat. 

5. Is opera sua numquam laudat. 

6. Is omne opus suum fecit. 


7. He is her own father. 

8. She is his own mother. 

9. Boys love their mothers. 

10. Girls like their fathers. 

11. The animal loves its home. 

12. She has her own money. 

13. They all have their own friends. 

Rule of Order . — Possessive and Reflexive forms 
normally follow their Nouns. 

hack to the Subject of the Verb. 

mentioned, very often distinctly apart from 


Note. — The Reflexive use regularly reflects, refers, goes 

The Determinative use alludes to something before 
the Subject of the Verb. 


t Adapted. 


119 


DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN OF THE FIRST PERSON 



M. 

Singular 

F. 

hie, haec, hoc, this (near me) 

N. M. 

Plural 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

hie, 

haec, 

hoc, 

hi, 

hae, 

haec, 


this (man) this (woman) 

this (thing) 

these (men) 

these (women) 

these (things). 

Gen. 

hujus 

hujus 

hujus 

horum 

harum 

horum 

Dat. 

huic 

huic 

huic 

his 

his 

his 

Acc. 

hunc 

hanc 

hoc 

hos 

has 

haec 

Abl. 

hoc 

(Vocative wanting) 

hac 

hoc 

Ins 

(Vocative wanting) 

his 

his 


DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN OF THE SECOND PERSON 




iste, ista, istud, that (near you), 

that {of thine} ^at (contemptible) 




Singular 



Plural 



M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

iste, 

ista, 

istud, 

isti, 

istae, 

ista, 


that (man) that (woman) 

that (thing) 

those (men) 

those (women) 

those (things) 

Gen . 

istius 

istius 

istius 

istorum 

istarum 

istorum 

Dat. 

isti 

isti 

isti 

istis 

istis 

istis 

Acc. 

istum 

istam 

istud 

istos 

istas 

ista 



(Vocative wanting) 



(Vocative wanting) 


Abl. 

isto 

ista 

istd 

istis 

istis 

istis 


DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN OF THE THIRD PERSON 



M. 

ille, 

Singular 

F. 

ilia, illud, that (near him, her, it = yonder) 

Plural 

N. M. F. 

N. 

Nom. 

ille, 

ilia, 

illud, 

illi, 

illae, 

ilia, 


that (man) 

that (woman) 

that (thing) 

those (men) 

those (women) 

those (things) 

Gen. 

illius 

illius 

illius 

illorum 

illarum 

illorum 

Dat. 

ill! 

illi 

illi 

illis 

illis 

illis 

Acc. 

ilium 

illam 

illud 

illos 

illas 

ilia 

Abl. 

(Vocative wanting) 

illo ilia 

illo 

illis 

(Vocative wanting) 

illis 

illis 


120 


DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 


hie, haec, hoc 


A Substantive Use 

1. Rapidus fluvius est hie -Plant. 

2. Haec est femina nobilis. 

3. Haec omnia is fecit. 

4. Hoc haud dubium es t.-Ter. 

5. Vendidit hie auro patriam.— V erg. 

6. Hi se ad nos applicant.— Ter. 

7. Hi omnes lingua, Institutls, legibus inter 

se differunt.-CWs. 


8. To these Caesar thus responds. 

9. To him Dlvico thus responds. 
10. Among these Ariovistus is king. 


B Adjective Use 

1. Hie homo sanus non est -Plant. 

2. Hie homo est omnium hominum prae- 

cipuus. -Plaut. 

3. Marcus Porcius Cato hujus nostrl Catonis 

pater erat.-fC^c. 

4. Hi montes non altissiml sunt. 

5. Reliquum omne tempus hujus annl est 

vestrum. 


6. This bird is not an eagle; this is a vulture. 

7. This fish is a very large whale. 

8. This insect is a wasp; this is not a bee. 


iste, ista, istud 


C 

1. Tuus iste fra ter est. 

2. Iste est locus viatoribus perlculosus. 

3. Ista erat semper clamosissima urbs. 

4. Hie credit quod iste dlcit. 

what 

5. IstI sunt elves dlligentes. 

6. Ista erant audacia animalia. 

7. Iste tuus inimlcus erit, sed meus amicus. • 


8. That is not a timid dog of yours. 

9. That is a noisy street near you. 

10. Those were grateful guests of thine. 

11. Those were insolent companions of 

yours. 


D 

1. Ista fraus flnem nunc habet. 

2. Iste morbus erit horribilis calamitas. 

3. Ista animalia erant maxime noxia. 

4. De istls rebus exspecto tuas litteras.-C'ic. 

5. Sic enim tuus iste Stoicus sapiens dixit. 

6. Iste otil et pacis hostis est hie. 

7. Ab ist5 enim Aristotele Romani scientiam 

suam mundl receperant. 

had received 


8. The boys do not like that master. 

9. The people love that just judge. 

10. The citizens praise those noble consuls of 
theirs. 


file, ilia, illud 


E 

1. Commendo vobls ilium et ilium -Suet. 

2. Melior tutiorque est certa pax quam 

sperata victoria: haec in tua, ilia in 
deorum manu est.— Liv. 

3. Sic oculos, sic ille manus, sic ora fere- 

hat. -V erg. . 

4. Ille est is, Demosthenes, Graecus orator. 


5. These praise him, those blame. 

6. These have horses, those cattle. 

7. These love books, those love children. 


F 

1. Sol me ille admonuit ut brevior essem.-Cic. 

should be 

2. Poeta illud carmen pulcherrimum amat. 

3. Hie servus est industrius, ille ignavus. 

4. Lux illlus lunae nobis jucundissima est. 

5. Ille canis est satis malus, iste pejor. 


6. This general is brave, that one braver. 

7. This consul is just, that one proud. 

8. That bird is not very dangerous; it is an 

owl. 


Rule of Order . — Demonstratives normally 'precede their Nouns. 


121 


t Adapted. 


THE DETERMINATIVE PRONOUN 


is, ea, id, that , this , (the aforesaid) 




Singular 



Plural 



M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

is, 

ea, 

id, 

ei, ii, i, 

eae, 

ea, 


that 

*(man) that f (woman) 

that J (thing) 

those (men) 

those (women) 

those (things) 

Gen. 

ejus 

ejus 

ejus 

eorum 

earum 

eorum 

Dat. 

ei 

ei 

ei 

eis, iis, is 

eis, iis, is 

eis, iis, is 

Acc. 

eum 

earn 

id 

e5s 

eas 

ea 



(Vocative wanting) 



(Vocative wanting) 


Abl 

eo 

ea 

eo 

eis, iis, is 

eis, iis, is 

eis, iis, is 




THE PRONOUN 

OF IDENTITY 





idem, eadem, 

idem, same 





Singular 



Plural 



M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

idem, the 

eadem, the 

idem, the 

eidem \^ e 

eaedem, the 

eadem, the 


Same *(man) 

same t (woman) 

same J (thing) 

idem Wf 

^ (men) 

eorundem 

same (women) 

same (things) 

Gen. 

ejusdem 

ejusdem 

ejusdem 

earundem 

eorundem 

Dat. 

eidem 

eidem 

eidem 

eisdem, 

isdem 

eisdem, 

isdem 

eisdem, 

Isdem 

Acc. 

eundem 

eandem 

idem 

eosdem 

easdem 

eadem 


(Vocative wanting) 



(Vocative wanting) 


Abl. 

eodem 

eadem 

eodem 

eisdem, 

eisdem, 

eisdem, 





isdem 

Isdem 

Isdem 





THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN 





ipse, ipsa, ipsum, 

Self, (sometimes =) very 




Singular 



Plural 



M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

ipse, 

ipsa, 

ipsum, 

ipsi, 

ipsae, 

ipsa, 


(him) Self 

(her) self 

(its) self 

(them) selves 

(them) selves 

(them) selves 

Gen. 

ipsius 

ipsius 

ipsius 

ipsorum 

ipsarum 

ipsorum 

Dat. 

ipsi 

ipsi 

ipsi 

ipsis 

ipsis 

ipsis 

Acc. 

ip sum 

ipsam 

ipsum 

ipsos 

ipsas 

ipsa 


(Vocative wanting) 


(Vocative wanting) 


Abl, 

ipso 

ipsa 

ipso 

ipsis 

ipsis 

ipsis 


Note. — Ipse is often used to intensify another pronoun, as nos ipsi, (nos met ipsi), we ourselves; or a 
noun, as vir ipse ibit, the man will go himself , used intensively; but vir se amabit, the man will love himself, 
is used reflexively. 

* Man, or other Masculine Noun. Note. — Is, ea, id always refer to something 

t Woman, or other Feminine Noun. said or thought of before. 

t Thing, or other Neuter Noun. 


122 


THE DETERMINATIVE PRONOUN 


is, ea, id, that , this , (the aforesaid) 


A Adjective Use — That 

1. Helvetii in earn partem eunt. 

2. Helvetii id flumen transeunt. 

3. Ejus belli haec fuit causa. -Caes. 

4. Id ea de causa faciebat.-Caes. 

he did 

5. In ea re omnium animi intenti erant. 

6. Caesar ex eo numero X inilites cepit. 

7. Caesar in ea parte nihil videt. 


8. Caesar comes into that island. 

9. Those days were memorable to all. 

10. In that place were those three robbers. 


B Adjective Use — This 

1. Helvetii ex eo loco se movent. 

2. Caesar eas res commemorat. 

3. Legati ab eis nationibus cum hoc grato et 

accepto mandato venerunt. 

4. In eS flumine pSns erat -Caes. 

5. Pauperies ejus rei causa erat. 

6. Divitiacus ob earn rem RSmam profugit. 

7. Caesar ab eS oppidS mille passuum aberat. 

8. These are Britons on this island. 

9. Ariovistus responds to this messenger. 

10. On account of this cause corn was scarce. 


PRONOUN OF IDENTITY 
idem, eadem, idem, same 


C Substantive Use 

1. Caesar idem fecit. 

2. Vir faciem radit, simius idem facit. 

3. Luscinia cantum cantat, pica facit idem. 

4. Vultus StSici erat semper idem. 


5. It is he, he is the same. 

6. It was she, she was the same. 

7. Socrates* face is always the same. 

8. The voice of Diogenes was always the 

same. 


D Adjective Use 

1. Legati eodein die venerunt. 

2. Hostis eadem diligentia castra munivit. 

3. Belgae eadem celeritate contenderunt. 

4. Spes eadem de causa discessit. 


5. Cats and dogs were not in the same place. 

6. Two boys run at the same time. 

7. On that same night the moon was full. 

8. Two lions will not be in the same moun- 

tain. 


THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN 


ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self 


E Appositive Use 

1. Caesar ipse in Italiam contendit. 

2. Milites ipsi sibi praescribunt. 

3. Belgae ipsi sese confirmant. 

4. Omne animal se ipse diligit.-Cic. 

5. Labor ipse voluptas est -Prov. 


6. The boy himself is not at home. 

7. Cicero often praises his own orations 

himself. 

8. The Romans themselves had few great 

philosophers. 


F Adjective Use 

1. Galli ad portas ipsas Romae venerunt. 

2. Nihil eis ipsis est notum. 

3. In ipsis fluminis ripis stant. 

4. Fons omnium voluptatum in nobis ipsis est. 

5. Virgo ipsissima verba carminis ipsius amat. 


6. Bees stand on the very edge of the cup. 

7. The bodies of the Gauls themselves were 

huge. 

8. The crocodiles swim to the very bank of 

the river. 


123 


THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 


THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 


qul, who, which English Definitions 




Singular 



Singular 


Nom. 

qui 

quae 

quod 

I who 

\ which (man) 

[who 

[which (woman) 

( which Subst. 

\ which (thing) Adj. 

Gen . 

cujus 

cujus 

cujus 

whose 

whose 

of which 

Dat. 

cui 

cui 

cui 

to, for whom 

to, for whom 

to, for which 

Acc. 

quem 

quam 

quod 

whom 

whom 

which 


(Vocative wanting) 



(Vocative wanting) 


Abl 

quo 

qua 

quo 

'Suborn 

f SiX'}whom 




Plural 



Plural 


Nom. 

qui 

quae 

quae 

who 

who 

which 

Gen. 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 

whose 

whose 

of which 

Dat. 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

to, for whom 

to, for whom 

to, for which 

Acc. 

quos 

quas 

quae 

whom 

whom 

which 


(Vocative wanting) 


'Si^hom 

(Vocative wanting) 

'S%’}vhi'h 

Abl. 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

tulL^hom 


THE INTERROGATIVE 

PRONOUN THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN 


quis? who? what? 


English Definitions 


Singular Singular 


Nom. 

fquis? 

quis? 

quid? 

who? 

who? 

what? Subst. 

\qui? 

quae? 

quod? 

what (man)? 

what (woman)? 

what (thing)? Adj. 

Gen. 

cujus? 

cujus? 

cujus? 

whose? 

whose? 

of what? 

Dat. 

cui? 

cui? 

cui? 

to, for whom? 

to, for whom? 

to, for what? 

Acc. 

quem? < 

f quem? 

[ quam? 

quid? 

quod? 

whom? 

f whom? 

[ what (woman)? 

what? 

what (thing)? 


(Vocative wanting) 



(Vocative wanting) 


Abl. 

quo? j 

quo? 1 
qua?/ 

quo? 





Plural 



Plural 


Nom. 

qui? 

quae? 

quae? 

who? 

who? 

what? 

Gen. 

quorum? 

quarum? 

quorum? 

whose? 

whose? 

of what? 

Dat. 

quibus? 

quibus? 

quibus? 

to, for whom? 

to, for whom? 

to, for what? 

Acc. 

quos? 

quas? 

quae? 

whom? 

whom? 

what? 


(Vocative wanting) 



(Vocative wanting) 


Abl . 

quibus? 

quibus? 

quibus? 





Note. — Relatives, as the word implies, always refer, go hack to a before-mentioned Antecedent 
expressed or understood. 


124 


THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 

qui, quae, quod, who , which 


A Substantive Use — qui, who 

1. Tres partes, quarum unam incolunt Belgae. 


inhabit 

2. German!, qui trans Rhenum incolunt.- 

Caes. 

3. Quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt.- 

CaeS. continually they wage 

4. (Rhenus), qui agrum Helvetium a Ger- 

manis dividit.— \Caes. 

5. (Mons Jura), qui est inter Sequanos et 

Helvetios .-Caes. 

6. (Rhodanus), qui provinciam nostram ab 

Helvetiis dividit.-fCWs. 

7. Pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, jubet 

rescindl. -Caes. he orderfs 

to be cut away 

8. Ilium civem, cui patriae salus carissima 

est, omnes laudant. 

9. Pater noster, qui es in caelo. 

art 


10. Sailors love the moon, the light of which 

often reveals danger. 

aperit 

11. Farmers love the sun, the heat from which 

always ripens the corn. 

maturat 


B Adjective Use — qui (vir), which (man) 

1. Rbmulus ab Roma, quam urbem is rex 

condidit. 

2. Cujus legationis Divico princeps fuit- 

Caes. 

3. Quo die frumentum militibus metiri 

oporteret.-CWs. t0 measure out 

it would be necessary 

4. Quibus rebus Caesar vehementer 

commotus est. -Caes. exceedingly 

was disturbed 

5. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos 

Gallos virtute praecedunt.-Cae^. 

excel 

6. Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineri- 

bus domo exire possent.-CWs. 

to go away they would be able 

7. Diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani 

omnes conveniant.— Caes. 


8. The Po, on which river was a large town. 

9. Horatius has a straw-thatched hut, in 

which home live three brave boys. 

10. Galba has one faithful boy, to which slave 
he presents a beautiful reward. 


THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN 

quis? quis? quid? who? what? 


C Substantive Use — quis? who? 

1. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita?— Cic. 

2. Quibus boves agros sic patienter arant? 

3. Quis vestrum non exspectat, dum tem- 

pest as est saeva? 

4. Quis senatui ac populo victoriam nuntiat? 

5. Ariovistus Caesarem rogavit, quid sibi 

vellet in sua Gallia ?-fCWs. 

he would wish 

6. Non quis, sed quid. Quid pr5 quo ‘t-Provs. 

7. Quis clarior inGraeciaquamThemistocles? 

Quis potentior?-Cic. 


8. What is more useful to us than air? 

9. Who was a nobler mother than Cornelia? 

10. Who was a greater orator than Demos- 
thenes? 


D Adjective Use — qui (vir)? what (man)? 

1. Virgo, quae patria est tua ‘t-Plaut. 

2. Cujus vox est suavior quam lusciniae? 

3. Quod animal sagacius est quam vulpes? 


4. Whose daughter is she? 

5. Whose chickens are in our garden? 

6. Whose cattle were in your field? 

7. What animal is bolder than the lion? 

8. What bird is more cunning than the crow? 

9. What light is brighter than the sun’s? 

10. What water is purer than the dew on the 

flower? 

11. What rope is stronger than its weakest 

part? 

Rule of Order. — Qui and Quis, the Relative and 
Interrogative , often begin a sentence. 


125 


t Adapted. 


INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 


Substantive Use 


Adjective Use 


M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

quis, 

(qul) 

quis / an V 

(quae) ( one 

quid, anything 

qui 

(quis) 

quae (or) 
qua 

quod, any 

aliquis, 

(aliqul) 

aliqua / some 

(aliquae) | one 

aliquid, something 

aliqui 

aliqua 

aliquod, some 

quidam, 

quaedam, a 

quiddam, a certain 

quidam 

quaedam 

quoddam, a certain 


certain (person) 

(thing) 




quisquam, 

quisquam, 

quicquam j anything 

(quisquam had no Adjective use, ullus, a, um, taking its 
place, nor any Plural in its Substantive use) 


anybody 

quidquam / (at ail) 





(at all) 





quispiam, 

quaepiam, 

quippiam or 1 some- 

quispiam 

quaepiam 

quodpiam, some 


some one 

quidpiam J thing 




quisque, 

quaeque, each, 

quidque, each, every 

quisque 

quaeque 

quodque, each, 


every (person) 

(thing) 



every 

unusquisque, 

unaquaeque. 

unumquidque, every single 

unusquisque 

unaquaeque 

unumquodque, each, every. 


every single one 

thing 



(separately) 

quivis, 

quaevis, 

quidvis, what you 

quivis 

quaevis 

quodvis, any 


who you will 

will 



whatever 

quilibet, 

quaelibet, 

quidlibet, what 

quilibet 

quaelibet 

quodlibet, no 


who you 

you please 



matter what 


quicumque, 

quisquis, 


'please 

quaecumque 1 whoever 
quisquis J whosoever 


quodcumque 

quidquid 

quicquid 


whatever 

whatsoever 


Note. — Unusquisque has 
throughout a double declen- 
sion. (Gen. unluscujusque). 




Adjective 


Sing. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

aliqui 

aliqua 

aliquod 

Gen. 

alicujus 

alicujus 

alicujus 

Dat. 

alicui 

alicui 

alicui 

Acc. 

aliquem 

aliquam 

aliquod 


(Vocative wanting) 


Abl. 

aliquo 

aliqua 

aliquo 

Plur. 

Nom. 

aliqui 

aliquae 

aliqua 

Gen. 

aliquorum 

aliquarum 

aliquorum 

Dat. 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

Acc. 

aliquds 

aliquas 

aliqua 


(Vocative wanting) 


Abl. 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 


Adjective 


Sing. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

quidam 

quaedam 

quoddam 

Gen. 

cujusdam 

cujusdam 

cujusdam 

Dat. 

cuidam 

cuidam 

cuidam 

Acc. 

quendam 

quandam 

quoddam 


(Vocative wanting) 


Abl. 

quodam 

quadam 

quodam 

Plur. 

Novi. 

quidam 

quaedam 

quaedam 

Gen. 

quorundam 

quarundam 

quorundam 

Dat. 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

Acc. 

quosdam 

quasdam 

quaedam 


(Vocative wanting) 


Abl. 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 


126 


THE NINE IRREGULAR PRONOUN ADJECTIVES 


alius, another (one of many) aliud, else 

UllUS, any (one at all) 

uter, which (of the two) 

solus, alone, only unus, one 


alter, the other (one of two) 
nullus, none , no 
neuter, neither (of the two) 
totus, whole 


Sing. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

alius 

alia 

aliud 

Gen. 

alterius* 

alterius 

alterius 

Dat. 

alii 

alii 

alii 

Acc. 

alium 

aliam 

aliud 

Abl. 

ali5 

(Vocative wanting) 

alia 

alio 

Sing. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

uter 

utra 

utrum 

Gen. 

utrius* 

utrius 

utrius 

Dat. 

utri 

utri 

utri 

Acc. 

utrum 

utram 

utrum 

Abl. 

utro 

(Vocative wanting) 

utra 

utro 


alter. . . alter, the one. . .the other 
alter! . . . alter!, some . . . others 


M. 

F. 

N. 

alter 

altera 

alterum 

alterius 

alterius 

alterius 

alter! 

alter! 

alter! 

alterum 

alteram 

(Vocative wanting) 

alterum 

altero 

altera 

alterd 

M. 

F. 

N. 

totus 

tota 

totum 

totius* 

totius 

totius 

toti 

toti 

toti 

totum 

totam 

(Vocative wanting) 

totum 

toto 

tota 

toto 


alius . . . alius, the one .. .the other 
alii. . alii, some. . .others 


ndnnullus, a, um, some (one) (non, not nullus, no one ) 
uterque, utraque, utnunquej^-'X!’ 

utercumque, utracumque, utrumcumque, 

whichever (of the two) 

ambo, ambae, ambo, 6<XA{deSdU P k e i dio 

* Note. — Pronounce alteri'us, utri'us 


utervis, utravis, utrumvis, whichever (of iwo) you wish 

uterlibet, utralibet, utrumlibet, whichever 

(of two) you please 

alteruter, alterutra, alterutrum [the one (or) the 
alteruter, alterautra, alterumutrum \ other (of two) 

toti'us. The Plurals are like bonus. 


A 

1. N5n est in alio aliquo salus.-Uw/#. 

2. Nunc aliquis dicat mihi: Quid tu?-/7or. 

3. Justitia suum culque distribuit. 

4. Ipse se quisque diligit.-Cic. 

5. Si quisquam est timidus, is es tu. 

6. Non omnia sunt in duce, aliquid etiam in 

militum manu est.-f.Lifl. 

7. Aliud bonum, aliud malum est. 

8. Nil aliud nisi quod sibi soli placet con- 

sulit.-PZawL 

9. Uter est Insanior horum 7-Hor. 

10. Uterquef eorum ex castris exercitum 

ducunt.-Caes. 

1 1 . Some people never perceive danger. 

12. A certain father gave something to his son. 

13. Which boy of the two holds something 

with both hands? 
t A popular error, authorized by society. 

* Adapted. 


B 

1. Qui me alter audacior est homo t !-Plaut. 

2. Una salus ambobus er\t.-Verg. 

3. Alter! laudem, alter! culpam dat. 

4. Nullum malum sine aliquo bono est. 

5. Nomen uni Ada, et nomen alter! Sella. 

6. Mihi cum viris ambbbus est amicitia, cum 

altero vero magnus usus -Cic. 

7. Neutri ill5rum quisquam esset me carior.- 

(JlC' would be 

8. Partes ubi se via findit in ambas.-Fergf. 

9. Cum tota se luna sub orbem solis 

subjecisset.-Cic. 

had laid under 


10. Some trees are high, others low. 
l. 11. Each one runs his own race, 

g 12. No man has all the knowledge in the 
whole world. 

Rule of Order . — Indefinites normally follow their 
Nouns. 

127 


PREPOSITIONS 

(To be memorized as needed) 

A Preposition is a word used to join other words, and also to show the relation between them. 

Nouns in the English Language have so little Declension that they require the aid of 
numerous prepositions, loose prefixes. Nouns in the Latin Language, in the earlier centuries, 
did not need or use prepositions; the case-endings alone were sufficient. Latin then was a 
language of tight suffixes. For the sake of emphasis and precision Adverbs began to be inserted, 
which gradually crystallized into Prepositions; prefixing themselves loosely in process of time 
and usage to particular cases for particular reasons. 

Prepositions ending in a, as contra, extra, intra, are plainly Ablatives and Adverbs. Prepo- 
sitions ending in m, am, um, as cum, coram, circum, are old Accusatives. 


26 Prepositions take the Accusative 


ad, to, towards, at 
adversus ) against 
adversum f towards 
ante, before 
apud, near, at, with 
circum, circa, round 
circiter, about 
cis, citra, on this side of 
contra, opposite to, against 


erga, towards 

extra, outside 

infra, below 

inter, between, among 

intra, within 

juxta, near 

ob, on account of 

penes, in the power of 

per, through, by means of 


post, after, pone, behind 
praeter, beyond 
prope, near 

. ( near by 

prop er | ow accoun t 0 f 

secundum, next to 
supra, above 
trans, across 

ultra, on the farther side of 


8 Prepositions take the Ablative 

a, ab, abs, from, by 
coram, in presence of 
cum, with 

de, down, down from 
ex, e, out of 

nra„/ * re / r<mi °f 

® \ at the head of 

pro, before, for 
Sine, without, (opposite cum) 


4 Prepositions take either the Accusative or 
Ablative 

in, into, (motion to) Acc. 
in, in, (rest in) Abl. 

sub, under, ( under which a thing moves) ACC. 
sub, under, ( under which a thing rests) Abl. 
subter, beneath 

{ Over, (situation) 

above, (position) 
about, (reference) Abl. 



INTERJECTIONS 

(This list is useful for reference in translation) 

The Interjection is a word of Exclamation. It usually shows surprise or strong feeling. 
The Romans had about 40 Interjections, which had originated mostly in imitation of natural 
sounds heard all about them, especially the cries of birds and animals. 


O! Oh! 0! Oh! Expressing joy, grief, pain, surprise 
io! ho! yo ho! Joy 
ohe! ho there! stop! 

oho! aha! Joy, surprise 


ohoho! 

heus ! holloa there! (used to call attention) 

§heu! } a ^‘ a ^ as ' Paia or grief 

eho! Soho! Scolding 
taxtax! whack! whack! 
ehem! ahem! Joyful surprise 


hui! hah! phew! 
eCCe! lo! behold! Emphasis 
ha ha hae! ha! ha! ha! Laughter 

attatatatae!f aks/ stmn * e! \ 

St ! hist! hush! hark! (said with finger to mouth) 

phu! fie! \ 

, . , 7 . > Wonder, disgust 

phy! bosh! j 

sodes! prithee! (colloquial) 
edepol! indeed! 


( Joy, 
pain, 
wonder, 
(fright 


128 


CONJUNCTIONS 

(This page is useful for reference in translation) 

A Conjunction is a word used to connect words, phrases, clauses, sentences. 
COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS (join words, phrases, or clauses of same construction) 


i and 


Copulative ( = joining together) 
et, and 

et . . . et, both. . . and 

-que, and (“makes two into one”) 

atque, and also, and yet 
ac = atque (“but fainter”) 
neque or nec, and not 


neque . neque 
nec . nec 


neither . 


nor 


Disjunctive (= setting apart) 


or 


aut, or 

aut. . aut, either. . .or 
vel, or else, or even 
vel . vel, either . . or 
sive, whether 
sive . . seu, whether ... or 


Consequential (resulting) 


therefore 


ergo, therefore 
igitur, then (postpositive) 
itaque, accordingly 

i H on / f or reason 

lUcU | on th a £ accoun t 


CaUSal (reason for) 


for< 


nam, for 

namque, for indeed 
enim, for (postpositive) 
etenim, for (you know) 
quare, wherefore 


Adversative ( = contrasting) 


but < 


at, but, yet 

autem, on the other hand 

(postpositive) 

sed, but 

verum, but, in truth 
vero, but, however 

(postpositive) 

. ( nevertheless, yet 

{ notwithstanding 


SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS (join Subordinate to Principal Clauses) 


Final (aim, purpose) Consecutive (result) 


in 

order • 
that 


uti, in order that 
ut, that 

( mostly fol- 
quo ; lowed by 

{ a comparative 

ne, lest, that not 
quominus, that not 
quin, but that 


so 

that 


( ut, so that 
<1 ut non, that not 
( quin, but that 


when 


Temporal (time) 
r cum, when 
quando, when 
ubi, whenever since 

simul 

simul ac \ as soon as 
simul atque J 
dum, while 
quoad, till, until 
donee, as long as, until 
antequam ) (sooner than) 
priusquam J before 
postquam, after 


CaUSal (reason why) 
cum, since 
quia, because 
quod, because 
quoniam, inasmuch as 
(quando, seeing that 


Conditional (supposing) 


Comparative 


Concessive (granting) 


Interrogative 


if 


Si, if 

nisi, if not, unless 
sin, but if 
dum, if only 
modo, only, merely 
dummodo, provided 
that 


ut, as 

Uti, (orig. form) 

quam, as, than although 
sicut, even as 
as prout, according as 
i velut, just as 

| tamquam, as much as 
(quasi, as if 


quamquam, although 
quamvis, however 
cum, although 
licet, though 
etsi, even if 


whether \ 


[ num, whether ? 
j -ne, whether ? 

I nonne, 

whether . . . not f 


utrum, whether? 
| utrum. . an, 


| whether. . .or 
(cur, why 


129 


VOCABULARY— THE KITCHEN-GARDEN 


hortus, i, M. CL garden, (grounds kept for pleasure) 

hortus pinguis, a kitchen-garden 
holus, eris, N. vegetables 
lactuca, ae, F. lettuce 

lac, lactis, milk 

brassica, ae, F. cabbage, (greatly prized) 
asparagus, I, M. Gr. asparagus 
cactus, i, M. Gr. the (Spanish) artichoke 


beta, ae, F. the beet 
rapum, i, N. the turnip 
radix, icis, F. the radish 
pastinaca, ae, F. a parsnip, a carrot 


allium, ii, N. garlic, (much eaten by the poor) 

caepa, ae, F. an onion, (a sacred plant in Egypt) 

cucumis, eris, M. the cucumber 

cucurbita, ae, F. a gourd 

mel5, onis, M. a melon, (apple-shaped) 

fungus, i, M. a mushroom 

tuber, eris, N. a truffle, (a kind of mushroom) 


legumen, inis, N. pulse, the bean 
faba, ae, F. a bean 

phaselus, i, M. & F. Gr. the kidney bean 
cicer, eris, N. the chick-pea 
pisum, i, N. Gr. pease, the pea 
lens, lentis, F. a lentil, (Egyptian the best) 


oryza, ae, F. Gr. rice 
polenta, ae, F. pearl-barley 
lupus, I, M. the hop 

( especially loved by the bees- 
Water-parsley, (modem celery )* 
was used for garlands, being 
fragrant. 


THE SPICES 
condimentum, i, N. spice, (green herbs) 
piper, eris, N. pepper, (brought from India) 
laser, eris, N. assafaetida, (now a valuable medicine) 
coriandrum, I, N. Gr. coriander, (seeds eaten after dinner) 
careum, ix, N. Gr. caraway, (now a favorite flavor for bread) 
portulaca, ae, F. purslain, (now often used as a pot-herb) 
rumex, icis, F. sorrel (= “ Soxir-grass which children like to- 


In the good old times, when each citizen tilled his own two acres, the hortus was the special charge of 
the house-wife. If she were neglectful of it she was quickly judged a nequam mater-familias. 

The list of table vegetables appears to us very meagre : no potatoes, no ears of corn, no celery, squash, 
or spinach ; mainly beans, and cabbage, and onions, and lettuce. 

Legumina, beans , in great variety, fed men and cattle. Lactuca, lettuce, of many shades, was a 
garden staple. Brassica, cabbage , green or brown, was a very great favorite. To preserve its color it was 
boiled with a touch of saltpetre; cooked with garlic or onions it became the poor man’s delight. 

Caepae, onions, were brought from Egypt. Horace and Pliny speak of rice as known to the Greeks. 

The Romans, as all the Romanesque nations, their descendants, were very fond of gardens of all kinds. 
Besides the usual pleasure garden about the Villa, with walks, and trees, and flowers, and fountains, and 
marble statues and statuettes, the Romans had horti pensiles, gardens hung up on wheels to be rolled into 
sunny or shady spots as desired, covered also with isinglass. Therein they grew grapes, and apples, and 
melons, and cucumbers at all seasons. The wonders wrought by the Topiarius, the fancy-gardener, were 
marvellous. With his knife and shears he pruned and forced the trees and shrubs into geometrical figures 
and odd animal shapes to adorn the hortus of the villa. * 

130 


VOCABULARY— FLOWERS AND PLANTS 


FI ora a p T7 Flnrn I the goddess of flowers 

r lora, ae, r . r iora\ {annual festival April 28th) 
flos, floris, M. a flower 

rOSa>, ae, F. a rose , (sacred to Venus) 

viola, ae, F. a violet 
lilium, ii, N. a lily 
crocus, i, M. Gr. saffron 

hyacinthus, i, M. a hyacinth, (prob. our Gladiolus) 

narcissus, i, M. Gr. the narcissus 

papaver, eris, N. the poppy 

ros marinus, M. the rosemary 

menta, ae, F. Gr. mint 

ruta, ae, F. Gr. rue 

thymum, i, M. Gr. thyme 

sinapi, is, N. Gr. mustard 

hedera, ae, F. ivy, (^MBacchu., wound about 


papyrus, i, M. & F. Gr. 


1. the paper reed 

2. papyrus paper 


harundo, inis, F. a tall reed, “ a bamboo ” 

calamus, i, M. Gr. a reed 

canna, ae, F. Gr. a cane 

genesta, ae, F. the broom plant 

linum, i, N. Gr. 1. flax 2. a thread 

ulva, ae, F. sedge 

urtica, ae, F. a stinging nettle 

vepris, is, M. a brier, (or thom bush) 

acanthus, x, M. Gr. 6car’d-/o 0 t{“ e ^ y - e S;" n ' 

veratrum, 1 , N. hellebore, (a remedy for insanity) 

viscum, i, N. mistletoe 

gramen, inis, N. grass 

alga, ae, F. sea-weed 

spongia, ae, F. Gr. sponge 

herbarius, ii, a botanist 

VERBS 

germinat, sprouts forth floret, blooms 

germinant, sprout forth florent, bloom 


The goddess Flora, Varro tells us, was very ancient, having come to the Romans along with the 
Sabines, when their sisters were stolen for wives. 

The Romans, we see, had very few flowers; and these few originally transplanted from the wild woods. 
Violaria and Rosaria were the most frequent and the prettiest of all the flower beds. But they had 
several useful plants. The linum made thread to sew up their wounds and to tie up their letters. 

From the Crocus they made an essence whose fragrant odor filled the theatre. From the “ bamboo ” 
they made fishing poles, arrow shafts, shepherd’s flutes, rods for the schoolmaster, splints for the doctor, 
and hobby-horses for the small boy. 

Coronae, chaplets, of leaves of ivy, myrtle, and parsley, intertwined with roses and violets, crowned 
the brows of banqueters, being supposed an antidote to the powers of the wine-cup. The rose, the emblem 
of silence, often placed above the table, signified that words spoken and things done were to be kept private. 
“ Sub rosa ” became a proverb. 

Roses were the favorite flowers of the Romans; and the demand at Rome at times was so great that 
they had to be imported from Egypt; though very late ones bloomed south of Naples, and rosae hibernae 
were forced in the hot-houses, where grapes and vegetables also forgot the season, to feast the epicure of 
the Empire. 

Artificial flowers of wax, of thin leaves of horn dyed, and of gold and silver were sometimes used at 
the public games. 

In Rome the windows of the poor, and even the house-tops, often became miniature flower-gardens. 


A 

1. Flbra dea florum erat. 

2. Viola in primo vere floret. 

3. Flores rosarum omnium ultimi sunt. 

4. Tfi mihi rosa es -Plaut. 

5. Lilium rosae nobilitate proximum est.-Ph*n. 

6. Soporiferum papaver est pulcher fl5s. 

7. Lilium candidum est pfirissimum omnium. 

8. Coronae flSrum simulacra deum coronant. 


9. The rose was sacred to Venus. 

10. The ivy was sacred to Bacchus. 

11. Wreaths of ivy were proper for poets. 

12. Hvacinths and lilies both have bulbs. 

bulb! 


B 

1. Naves, vela, f unes, vestlmenta, calcel aut 

soleae, fabricata ex papyro, in Aegyptfi 
vulgaria erant. 

2. Cicero in chartls papyri cum calamo et 

atramento scrlpsit. 

3. Harundinem a vento agitatam vident.-Fw^. 

4. Piscator pisces harundine captat. 

5. Aucupes cum harundinibus aves captant. 

6. Inter vepres rosae nascuntur.-P/in. 


7. A reed was taller than a cane. 

8. Horses love best grass wet with dew. 

9. Nothing is cheaper than sea-weed. -Prot. 


VOCABULARY— THE FOREST TREES 


Forest Trees were Feminine Nouns 


arbor, oris, F. a tree 

abies, etis, F. the silver fir 

cupressus, i, or us, F. Gr. the cypress , (s pT u e t o) to 

pinus, i or us, F. the pine 

picea, ae, F. the pitch pine 

pix, picis, pitch 

larix, icis, F. Gr. the larch 

salix, icis, F. the willow 

murrha, ae, F. Gr. 1 . the myrrh-tree 2. myrrh 

tilia, ae, F. the linden 

castanea, ae, F. Gr. the chestnut 

acer, eris, N. 1. the maple-tree 2. maple-wood 

(very hard, and good for writing-tablets) 

alnus, 1 , F. the alder, (good in ship-building) 

ulmus, i, F. the elm 

fagus, 5, F. Gr. the beech, (beech-nuts were an ancient 


fraxinus, i, F. the ash, (good javelin-wood) 
platanus, l, F. Gr. the plane-tree, (English Sycamore) 
laurus, 1 or US, F. the laurel, (sacred to Apollo) 
taxus, 1, F. the yew, (berries poisonous) 
buxus, l, F. Gr. the evergreen box-tree 

(wood valuable) 

populus, i, F. the poplar 

querCUS, US, F. the oak , (sacred to Jove) 

aesculus, i, F. the Italian oak, 'Tcomseible 6 / 

suber, eris, N. the cork-oak 

ilex, icis, F. the holm-oak, (an evergreen) 

rbbur, oris, N. hard oak-wood, (the heart of the tree) 

juglans, ndis, F. 1 . a walnut 2. a walnut-tree 

Jovis-glans 

topiarius, ii, M. the ornamental gardener, 

(landscape artist) 


Mountainous countries in temperate climates are mostly well-timbered. The Pine, the Oak, the 
Chestnut are especially fond of the steep mountain side. Of these the Italian Aborigines built their huts. 
Of these they made their spears and plows, iron being very scarce, if known at all. The Acorns, especially 
of the ASsculus, the king of all the oaks, were probably a staple food. Beechnuts and Walnuts were scarce, 
but Chestnuts were so plentiful they are said to have been ground into meal and baked into cakes. 

The Romans later gave the nuts to their children for playthings, strewed them on the floor at wed- 
dings, having better food. The trees of the mountains then were made into charcoal for the braziers of the 
wealthy, and beams for their lofty panelled ceilings. 

Gorgeous groves surrounded the splendid villa parks. When the owner died the sombre Cypress 
trees, brought from the mountains, were planted around his solemn cremation pyre or over his tomb. 
Myrrh, a resin, flavored their wines. 

Very ancient peoples appear to have had only the torch wherewith to conquer the night. In Eastern 
countries, where olives grew and clay soils provided vessels, oil lamps supplanted torches, and these were 
often carried, as a light to the foot, on the toe of the sandal. Excavators now uncover thousands of such 
clay lamps. The Romans, however, liked the torch. For travelling by night the torch was their only 
street light. The funeral occurring at night was known not by the long line of carriages, but by the long 
row of torches. At the wedding by night a boy, whose parents were living, having lighted a torch at the 
hearth of her father, led the new bride through the street to the home of her new husband. 

Originally this torch was but a pine-knot full of resin. Later it was made of the hardest woods. 
Tough twigs or vine clippings tied in tight bunches and soaked in oil served at times; but better still 
were staves of Ilex, Holm-oak, or of the Corylus, Hazel-nut wood, tied up as a three-foot tube, the middle 
of which was packed with fibre of flax or tow, saturated with pitch or rosin or wax or oil. 

132 


VOCABULARY— ATTRIBUTES OF TREES AND PLANTS 


arbor, oris, F. a tree 


arbustum, i, N 


{* 


'plantation of trees festooned 
with grape vines 

silva, ae, F. a wood 

luCUS, 1 , M. a grove, (sacred to some deity) 

saltus, us, M. ) 77 7 , 

a woodland pasture 


nemus, oris, N. Gr. 
cortex, icis, M. and (rarely) F. bark 
lignum, l, N. wood, (fire-wood) 
materia, ae, F. building timber 
virga, ae, F. a twig 
ramus, I, M. a branch 

trunCUS, 1 , M. the trunk of a tree (without root or branch) 

stipes, itis, M. a log , (a post) 

stipula, ae, F. a stalk 

stirps, stirpis, F. the trunk (with its roots) 

radix, Icis, F. a root 

resina, ae, F. resin, rosin 

balsamum, i, N. Gr. balsam, (a fragrant gum) 

succus, I, M. juice, sap 

1. a block of wood (sawn into tab- 
lets and bound as a book, to be 
smeared with wax for writing) 

2. a ledger 


codex, icis, M. 


fructus, us, M. tree-fruit 

flos, floris, M. a flower, a blossom 

corymbus, I, M. Gr. a bunch of flowers 

1. a garland, a wreath 

2. a crown 


corona, ae, F. Gr. 


herba, ae, F. 1 . (anything green) 2. an herb 

folium, il, N. a leaf 

frons, dis, F. a green bough, foliage 

, _ _ ( a bunch of herbs, torn up on Capi- 

verbenae, arum, r . \ tol Hill, carried by the Herald of 
l War to the offender. 


gemma, ae, F. a bud 

germen, inis, N. a sprout 

bulbus, I, M. 1. a bulb 2. an onion 

propagb, inis, F. a layer, a slip, a shoot 

planta, ae, F. a sprout, a sprig 

frutex, icis, M. a shrub, a bush 

virgulta, orum, N. a copse 

spina, ae, F. a thorn 

nux, nucis, F. a nut 


codicilll, orum, M. 


1. kindlings 

2. a note, a billet 


A 

1. The bark of the Italian oak is very rough 

and hard. 

2. The bark of the cork oak was very thick 

and soft. 

3. The pine tree makes excellent building 

timber. 

4. The chestnut tree makes poor fire-wood. 

5. The grove of oak trees was sacred to 

Jupiter. 

6. The grove of cypress trees was sacred to 

Pluto. 

7. The trunks of poplar trees are very tall 

and straight. 

8. The trunks of beech trees are white and 

smooth. 

9. The branches of elm trees are huge and 

heavy. 

10. The roots of oak trees are very long and 

very strong. 

11. The wood of the maple was especially use- 

ful for writing tablets. 


12. IllI robur et aes triplex circa pectus erat. 
Hor. 


B 

1. The wood of the maple is very hard and 

very firm. 

2. The new logs of walnut trees are especially 

valuable. 

pretiosi 

3. The nuts of the walnut are very excellent 

in taste. 

4. The nuts of the beech tree are very good 

for swine. 

5. Squirrels like chestnuts and walnuts. 

6. Some shrubs have sharp thorns. 

7. The foliage of the box bush is always ver- 

dant. 

8. The larch has no leaves in winter. 

9. The leaves of the laurel are tough and 

leathery. 

10. The sprigs of the willow quickly take root 

under water. 

11. The yew tree has poisonous berries. 


12. Prov. Inter os atque offam multa inter- 
venire possunt, verum inter offam 
atque herbam ibi verb longum inter- 
vallum est -Cato. 


133 


f 



HORTUS POMPEIANUS 


134 




THE VERB 


# 


135 


THE VERB 




The first men, like the little children of today, used only Nouns; later they made the original 
Verbs in imitation of the sounds and operations of Nature. These they mostly imitated very 
differently. Being uneducated, they made many mistakes. But even their mistakes, after long 
years of every-day use, became adopted as correct usages. Common words in the every-day 
conversation of men, before the arts of Spelling and Writing have firmly fastened correct 
standards, the little words especially, become usually very Irregular. Those Verbs which we 
class Irregular, those little Verbs am or be, bear, go, give, will or wish, eat, stand, and the like, 
were undoubtedly the very oldest and first used by the Roman men. 

The Third or Consonant Conjugation scholars believe to be the next oldest. As the Third 
or Consonant Declension includes a vast number of Nouns, so the Third Conjugation includes 
the great majority of the Latin Verbs, being the one and only Conjugation which men then 
had to supply names for their early occupations. 

The First Vowel Conjugation, the long a Verbs, about 360 in number, were made later out 
of Nouns and Adjectives, one at a time, as necessity required a new Verb to portray some 
'physical action; just as in English from the Noun material we have made the Verb materialize ; 
from the Adjective natural, the Verb naturalize, and many others. 

The Second Vowel Conjugation, the long e Verbs, about 120 in number, came along, as men 
progressed in mind, to portray strong mental feeling or action; many of Noun or Adjective stems. 

The Fourth Vowel Conjugation, the long i Verbs, perhaps 60 in all, like the Fourth Declen- 
sion of Nouns, the smallest of all, seem to have been made to describe the rather unusual voices: 
of animals, and certain higher operations of brain and muscle in men more civilized. 


Verbs of the Four Conjugations Classified 


1st 

2d 


3d 


4th 


Regular, 

Perf. Stem-vowel lengthened, 
Regular, 

Perf. evi, 

Perf. Stem-vowel lengthened, 
Reduplicated Perf. 

Perf. i, 

Perf. si, 

Perf. Part, tus. 

Regular, 

Perf. Stem-vowel lengthened, 
Reduplicated Perf. 

Perf. i, 

Perf. si, 

Perf. ui, 

Perf. vi, ivi. 

Pres, stem i. 

Pres, stem u. 

Regular, 

Perf. Stem-vowel lengthened, 
Reduplicated Perf. 

Perf. si, 

Perf. ui. 



Pres. Inf. 

Act. 

Perf. Ind. 
Act. 

amo. 

amare. 

amavi. 

juvo. 

juvare. 

juvi 

moneo. 

monere. 

monui. 

fleo. 

flere. 

flevi. 

video. 

videre. 

vidi. 

pendeo. 

pendere. 

pependi. 

responded 

, respondere. 

respondi. 

jubeo. 

jubere. 

jussi. 

doceo. 

docere. 

docui. 

rego. 

regere. 

rexi. 

lego. 

legere. 

legi. 

pello. 

pellere. 

pepuli. 

defendo. 

defendere. 

defendi. 

divido. 

dividere. 

divisi. 

cold. 

colere. 

colui. 

peto. 

petere. 

petivi. 

capio. 

capere. 

cepi. 

minuo. 

minuere. 

minui. 

audio. 

audire. 

audivi. 

invenio. 

invenire. 

inveni. 

reperio. 

reperire. 

repperi. 

sentio. 

sentire. 

sensi. 

aperio. 

aperire, 

136 

aperui. 


Perf. Pass. 

Part. 

amatus, love, like 
jutus, help, aid, assist 

monitus, advise, warn 
fletus, weep, weep for 

visus, see 
, hang 

responsus, answer, reply 
jussus, order 
doctus, teach 

rectus, rule 
lectus, gather, read 
pulsus, drive 
defensus, defend 
divisus, separate , divide 
cultus, 1 . till 2. dwell 
petitus, beg, seek 
captus, take 
minutus, lessen 

auditus, hear 
inventus, discover 
repertus, find out 
sensus, feel 
apertus, open 


THE VERB 


A Verb is a word which declares or asserts some action or being. The Verb, Verbum, word , 
is the main word of every sentence. There can be no sentence without its Verb. In fact, it is 
the only word which, carrying its Subject within itself, can be the shortest possible complete 
sentence of itself; thus, fer! bring! da! give! es! eat! i! go! 

[Present stem 

[ Regular, built on three stems ] Perfect Active stem 

I Irregular | Perfect Participle stem 

Verbs are named] Deponent 
Defective 

l Impersonal (having it for their subject) 


The Inflection of the Verb is called Conjugation. 


There are 

Four typical Conjugations 


[ 1st, 

Stem 

vowel 

Pres. Inf. 
ending 

Verb 

models 

a 

-are 

amare 

) 2d, 

e 

-ere 

monere 

) 3d, 

e 

-ere 

regere 

4th, 

i 

-ire 

audire 


Two Voices 


f Active 
\ Passive 

[ Indicative (In main clauses, expressing facts) 

Three Moods ] Subjunctive (In subordinate clauses, expressing supposition, condition, etc.) 
[ Imperative (Expressing command, entreaty) 


[ three of the Present 
System 

Six Tenses ( 

| three of the Perfect 
( System 


Two Numbers 


Singular ( one ) 
Plural (more) 


In Latin In English 

Present Present = am 

Imperfect Past = was 

Future Future = shall be 

Perfect Perfect = have been 

Pluperfect Past Perfect = had been 


Future Perfect. Future Perfect = shall have been 


{ 1st Person (the speaker) 

2d Person (the one spoken to) 
3d Person (the one spoken of) 


Verbal Nouns 


three Active 


The six Infinitives 


{ Present 
Perfect 
Future 


Verbal Adjectives 

f Present Active, P. A. P. 
The three Participles] Future Active, F. A. P. 

[ Perfect Passive, P. P. P. 


f Present 

three Passive] Perfect The Gerundive] 
[ Future 


The Gerund (used with or without an Object in its proper case) 


usually takes an Object 

with which it agrees like an Adjective 


The Supine] 


in um may take an Object, 
in u cannot take a Direct Object 


137 


THE VERB sum, am — IRREGULAR 


Principal Parts j Pr ®^ nd 


Pres. Inf. 
esse 


Perf. Ind. Perf. Part, 
fui 


Indicative Mood 

PRESENT TENSE 
Singular Number 

First Person SUm, I am 
Second “ es, thou art, (you are) 
Third “ est, he is, she is, it is 
Plural Number 

First Person SUHIUS, we are 
Second “ estis, yeare, (youare) 
Third “ SUnt, they are 

IMPERFECT TENSE 

eram, i was 

eras, thou wast, (you were) 

erat, he was, she was, it was 
eramUS, we were 
eratiS, ye were, (you were) 
erant, they were 

FUTURE TENSE 
er6, I shall be 

eris, thou wilt be, (you will be) 

erit, he will be 
erimus, we shall be 
eritis, ye will be, (you will be) 
erunt, they will be 

PERFECT TENSE 
fui, I have been, (I was) 
fuistl, thou hast, (you have) been 
fuit, he has been 
fuimus, we have been 
fuistiS, ye have, (you have) been 
fuerunt or fuere, they have been 

PLUPERFECT TENSE 
fueram, I had been 
fueras, thou hadst, (you had) been 
fuerat, he had been 

fueramus, we had been 
fueratiS, ye had, (you had) been 
fuerant, they had been 

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE 
fuero, I shall have been 
fUeilS, thou wilt, (you will) havebeen 
fuerit, he will have been 
fuerimus, we shall have been 
fueritiS, ye will, (you will) have been 
fuerint, they will have been 


Subjunctive Mood 

PRESENT TENSE 

Singular 

Sim , *may I be 

sis, i may be, 

sit, let me be, 

Plural I should be, I would be, 

SimUS, (if) I be, 
sitis, (when) I am, 

sint (since) I am, 

etc. 


IMPERFECT TENSE 
eSSem, I should be, 
eSSeS, I might be, 
esset, (if) I were, 

(when) I was, 

essemus, (since) I was, 

essetis, etc. 

essent 


PERFECT TENSE 

fuerim, i may have been, 
fueris, (if) / was, 
fuerit, (when) I was, 
(since) I was, 

fuerimus, etc. 

fueritis, 

fuerint 


PLUPERFECT TENSE 
fuissem, I should have been, 
fuisses, i might have been. 


fuisset, 

fuissem us, 

fuissetis, 

fuissent 


(if) I had been, 
(when) I had been, 
(since) I had 
been, 
etc. 


* 


Imperative Mood 

PRESENT TENSE 

Singular 

1 . 

2. eS, be thou 

3. 

Plural 

1 . 

2. eSte, be ye 

3. 

FUTURE TENSE 

Singular 

1 . 

2. esto, thou shalt be 

3. esto, he shall be 
Plural 

1 . 

2. estote, ye shall be 

3. sunto, they shall be 


Infinitive 

Pres, esse, to be 
Perf. fuisse, to have been 

Fut. futurus esse or fore 

to be about ' 
to be going j 


Participle 

Fut. futurus, a, um, ^ 


* The many meanings of 
the Subjunctive Mood vary 
with the context. 

The Subjunctive is fre- 
quently translated by the 
corresponding Indicative 
Tenses, or by Indicative 
Tenses not corresponding. 

The Present Subjunctive 
has a Future meaning in 
itself, therefore it is often 
translated shall or should. 


to be 


to be 


138 


VOCABULARY— MANKIND, I 


homo, inis, C. man, (a human being) 

root in humus, the ground 

nemo, inis, C. no man , (nobody) 

ne, not, homo, man 

mulier, eris, F. woman , wife 
femina, ae, F. a woman 

vir, viri, M. a man 

vis, vis, F. strength , (of mind and body) 

virtus, utis, F. manliness , (V and bod y T lor ° f mind 

A 

1. Sum homd. 

2. Es vir. 

3. Est femina. $ 

4. Sumus pueri. 

5. Estis puellae. 

6. Sunt llberi. 

7. Homo ego sum, homo tu es -Plant. 

8. Si tu sis homo, (Ter.) Quid tu tristis es? 

-Plant. 

B 

* 1. Eram ignarus. 

2. Eras industria. 

3. Erat frugalis. 

4. Eramus prudentes. 

5. Eratis diligentes. 

6. Erant sapientes. 

7. N5n sum qualis eram -Prov. 

8. QuI fuit rana, nunc est r ex-Petr. 

C 

1. Ful felicior. 

2. Fuisti audacior. 

3. Fuit vilius. 

4. Fuimus fortiores. 

5. Fuistis validiores. 

6. Fuerunt faciliora. 

7. Hie est homo nequissimus omnium qui 

sunt, qui fuerunt, qui futuri sunt! 

D 

1. I shall be happy. 

2. Thou wilt be sad. 

3. He will be brave. 

4. We shall be timid. 

5. You will be weary. 

6. They will be wretched. 

7. This man has been brave, will he be wise? 


infans, tis, C. an infant, (to the 7th year) 

in, not fans, speaking 

infantia, ae, F. infancy 
puer, pueri, M. a hoy , (till the i7th year) 
pueritia, ae, F. boyhood , childhood 
puella, ae, F. a girl 
liberi, orum, C. children, 

liber, free (the free ones in the domus) 


E Nonne (expects the answer) “ YeS n 

1. Nonne sum homo? Es! 

2. Nonne es nauta? Sum! 

3. Nonne est agricola? Certe is est \-Plaut. 

4. Nonne sumus feminae? Ita! 

5. Nonne estis pueri? Etiam! 

6. Nonne sunt liberi? Vero! 

F Num (expects the answer) “ No M 

1. Num ignavus eram ? Non! 

2. Num eras timida? Minime! 

3. Num promptus erat? Non erat! 

4. Num tristes eramus? 

5. Num prudentes eratis? 

6. Num dlligentes erant? 

-ne, (appended to the leading word), asks information 

G 

1. Heresne ero? 

2. Erisne regina? 

3. Eritne consul? 

4. Erimusne convivae? 

5. Ducesne eritis? 

6. Obsidesne erunt? 

* 

H 

1. Am I not a boy? Thou art! 

2. Art not thou a girl? I am! 

3. Was she not a woman? She was! 

4. We were not infants (were we?) No! 

5. You were not ill? No indeed! 

6. They were not diligent (were they?) Not at 

all! 

I 

1. I had not been strong. 

2. Thou hadst not been sick. 

3. It had not been mild weather. 

4. We shall not have been unjust. 

5. You will not have been unkind. 

6. They will not have been friendly. 


COMPOUNDS OF THE VERB SUM 


sum, esse, ful, be 

absum, abesse, aful, be away /roraj 


adsum, adesse, adfui 


( be near, be present, 


\ stand by, assist 
desum, deesse, defui, be wanting, lacking, jail 
insum, inesse, infui, be in, be on 

intersum, interesse, interfui 


obsum, obesse, obfui, be against, hinder, injure 
be absent possum, posse, potui, be able, can 

be distant . f be in charge of 

praesum, praeesse, praefur , • j r 

[be in command of 

{ be good for, be ser- 
viceable to, 
benefit, profit 

j be among subsum, subesse, , be under, be nigh 

\ take part in supersum, superesse, superfui, be over, survive 


Sum, be 

Indicative 

sum, I am 

eram, I was 

ero, I shall be 

fui, I have been 

fueram, I had been 

fuer5, I shall have been 


Synopses 


Absum, be away 

Indicative 

absum, I am away 
aberam, I was away 
abero, I shall be away 
afui, I have been away 
afueram, I had been away 
afuero, I shall have been away 


Subjunctive 

sim, may I be 
essem, I should be 
fuerim, I may have been 
fuissem, I should have been 


Subjunctive 

absim, may I be away 
abessem, I should be away 
afuerim, I may have been away 
afuissem, I should have been away 


Possum, be able, can 

Indicative 

possum,* I am able, I can 
poteram, I was able, I could 
potero, I shall be able 
potui, I have been able 
potueram, 1 had been able 
potuero, I shall have been able 

Subjunctive 

possim, may I be able 
possem, I should be able 
potuerim, I may have been able 
potuissem, I should have been able 

*pOSSUm, I can pOSSUmuS, we can 

potes, thou const potestis, you can 

potest, he can possunt, they can 


Prosum, benefit, profit 

Indicative 

prosum, f I benefit 
proderam, I was benefitting 
proderd, I shall be benefitting 
profui, I have been benefitting 
profueram, I had been benefitting 
profuero, I shall have been benefitting 

Subjunctive 

prosim, may I benefit 
prodessem, I should benefit 
prdfuerim, I may have benefitted 
profuissem, I should have been benefitted 

fproSUm, I profit proSUmilS, we profit 
prodes, you profit prodestis, you profit 
prodest, he profits pro sunt, they profit 


140 


VOCABULARY— MANKIND, II 


parens, tis, C. a parent 

conjux, ugis, F. or M. a wife , a husband (rarely) 
amicus, i, M. a friend 
inimicus, i, M. an enemy , a foe 
virg5, inis, F. a maiden , a virgin 
virginitas, atis, F. maidenhood 
adulescens, entis, C. a youth, (from 17 to 30) 

(a maturing person) 

A ab, away 

1. Num ab dom5 absum ‘t-Plaut. 

2. Ab eo oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter 

milia passuum quinque aberat.-fCaes. 

3. Ab his castris oppidum Remo rum nomine Bi- 

brax aberat milia passuum odd -Caes. 

4. Non longius hostes aberant, quam quo 

telum adigi posset.-Caes. 

5. Hie locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ario- 

visti et Caesaris aberat.-CWs. 

6. Paulum nos Ciceronis villa aberimus.-tCfc. 

B ad, near , present 

1. Omnibus periculis adfuit. 

2. Ego tamen tibi his rebus adero difficillimis. 

3. QuI amico in periculis adest, is verus ami- 

cus est. 

4. Omnes enim hi, qu5s videtis, adsunt in hac 

causa. -Cic. 

5. Di omnes nemorum, adeste.-Ov. 

C de, lacking 

1. Tempus Caesari defuit. 

2. Nos, nos, died aperte, consules desumus.- 

Cic. 

3. Hoc unum ad pristinam fortunam Caesari 

defuit.-Cto. 

4. Non epulis desunt rosae. 

5. N5n deerit reipublicae consilium. 

D in, in, on 

1. Nec digitis anulus ullus inest; comae insunt 

capiti, inerant lunaria fronti cornua.-Or. 

2. Huic homini n5n minor vanitas inerat quam 

audacia-<Sa//. 

E inter, in the midst of 

1. Marcus et Tiberius sermdni nostro inter- 
fuerunt. 


adulescentia, ae, F. early manhood 
juvenis, is, C. a young person, (bet. 20 and 39 p 

Sanscr. yuvan, young (one in the flower of his age) 

juventus, utis, F. the age of youth 
senex, senis, C. an old person, (above 39p 

Sanscr. sana-s, old 

senectus, utis, F. old age 

2. Druides rebus divinis intersunt, sacrificia 

publica ac privata procurant, religiones 
interpretan^ tur. -Caes. 

3. Accelerat Caesar, ut proelio intersit.-Caes. 

F ob, against, in the way of 

1. Nihil obest dicere.-Cic. 

to say 

2. Pudor n5n modo non oberat ejus oration!, 

sed etiam probitatis commendatione 
proderat.-Cfc. 

G prae, at the head of 

1. Caesar exercitui per octo aestates in Gallia 

praefuit. 

2. His autem omnibus druidibus praeest unus, 

qul summam inter eos habet auctori- 
tatem -Caes. 

3. Qui non solum interfuit his rebus, sed etiam 

praefuit.-Cic. 

H pro, for, on the side of 

1. Constantia multum prodest in am5r e.-Prop. 

2. Homines hominibus et prosunt et obsunt. 

3. Ii sunt elves boni, qui reipublicae prosunt. 

4. Nihil tibi litterae meae proderunt.-Cfc. 

5. Omnis ventus alicul homini proderit. 

I sub, under, near , nigh 

1. Nigra subest lingua palat o.-Vcrg. 

2. Cum sol Oceano subest.-/7or. 

3. Mons circiter mille passuum in altitudinem 

planitiei suberat. 

4. Templa Veneris saepe mari subsunt. 

J super, over 

1. Etruria duodecim reges habuit, Lucumones; 

quibus unus praeerat, Lucumo. Lu- 
cumo superfuit patri.-fZ^. 

2. Neque deesse, neque superesse, reipublicae 

volo. 


Rule of Syntax . — Verbs compounded with a, ab. Rule of Syntax . — Many Verbs take the Dative 

de, ex, denoting separation from a place, take the when compounded with the Prepositions: ad, ante. 
Ablative usually with a second a or ab. con, de, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super, 

t Adapted. 


141 


CONJUGATION — Verbs in -are (a -stems) 


Principal Parts 


Pres. Ind. 
amo 


Pres. Inf. 
amare 


Perf. Ind. Perf. Part, 
amavi amatus 


Active Voice 


Singular Number < 


Plural Number < 


am-0, I love 

am Sc / thou loveat 
alii ao | y OU i ove 

am-at, he loves 

am-amus, weiove 

am-atis, you love 


am-ant, they love 


am-abam, i was loving 
-abas {;“}!<--» 

-abat, he was loving 
am-abamus, we were loving 
-abatis, you were loving 
-abant, they were loving 


Indicative Mood 

PRESENT TENSE Passive Voice 

am-or, i am loved 
am-aris, (or) 
am-atur, he is loved 
am-amur, we are loved 
am-amini, you are loved 
am-antur, they are loved 

IMPERFECT 

am-abar, i was loved 

-abaris, (or) re{JX“™?}w 

-abatur, he was loved 
am-abamur, we were loved 
-abamini, you were loved 
-abantur, they were loved 

FUTURE 


am-abo, I shall love 

-abis 

-abit, he will love 
am-abimUS, we shall love 
-abitis, you will love 
-abunt, they will love 


amav-l, I have loved, I loved 

-isti{L*r 

-it, he has loved 
amav-imus, we have loved 
-istis, you have loved 
-emnt, (or) -ere, they have loved 

amav-eram, i had loved 
-eras 

-erat, he had loved 

amav-eramus, we had loved 
-eratis, you had loved 
-erant, they had loved 


amaV-erO, I shall have loved 

* er ^ S { ‘you wiU } ,oved 
-ent, he will have loved 
amav-enmus, we shall have loved 
-entis, you will have loved 
-eiint, they will have loved 


am-abor, i shall be loved 

-aberis, (or) loved 

-abitur, he will be loved 
am-abimur, we shall be loved 
-abimini, you wm be loved 
-abuntur, they will be loved 

PERFECT 

*amat-us sum, i have been loved, I was loved 

est, he has been loved 
amat-i sumus, we have been loved 
estis, you have been loved 
sunt, they have been loved 

PLUPERFECT 

amat-us eram, / had been loved 

eras {frS 5 ' } been lmei 

erat, he had been loved 
amat-1 eramus, we had been loved 
eratis, you had been loved 
erant, they had been loved 

FUTURE PERFECT 

amat-us ero, i shall have been loved 

er | S { ‘you will } been ,0,ed 
ent, he will have been loved 
amat-1 erimus, we shall have been loved 
eiitis, you will have been loved 
erunt, they will have been loved 


142 


Subjunctive Mood 

Active Voice PRESENT TENSE Passive Voice 


am-em, may I (or) let me love 

-esl mayst thou )love 
\ may you / 

-et, let him (or) may he love 
am- emus, may we (or) let us love 
-etis, may you love 
-ent, let them (or) may they love 


am-er,f may I be loved 
-eris, (or) 

-etur, let him be loved 
am-emur, may we be loved 
-emini, may you be loved 
-entur, let them be loved 


IMPERFECT 


am-arem, i should love 

-a rp«s / thou wouldst \ inve 
ar es \ you would f love 

-aret, he would love 


am-arer, I should be loved 

nro **i Q! (nr} 1 * thoU WOUldst \be 

-dieiis, &r) ie^ youwould j loved 
-aretur, he would be loved 


am-aremus, we should love 
-aretis, you would love 
-arent, they would love 


am-aremur, we should be loved 
-aremini, you would be loved 
-arentur, they would be loved 


PERFECT 


amav-erim, i may have loved 
-pric/ thou mayst 1 have 

“Crib | y OU ma y j l 0Ve d 

-ent, he may have loved 

amav-erimus { have 

-eritis, you may have loved 
-ennt, they may have loved 


*amat-us sim, I may have been loved 
/ thou mayst \ have been 
\ you may / loved 
Sit, he may have been loved 

amat-I simus { w \Zed have been 

sitis, you may have been loved 
Sint, they may have been loved 


PLUPERFECT 


amav-issem, I should have loved 

(thou wouldst ) have 
"looco \y OU would / loved 

-isset, he would have loved 

amav-issemus { 

-issetis{ y 2«d uldha ’ e 

: 09a _i/ they would have 

-lsseni ^ loved 


amat-us essem 


/ 1 shauld have been 


amat-i essemus{ 
essetis { 
essent{ 


(thou wouldst\have been 
would j loved 
( he would have been 
loved 

' we should have 
been loved 

you would have been 
loved 

they would have been 
loved 


Imperative Mood 

Sing. Active Voice PRESENT TENSE Passive Voice 

1 . 


1. (Subjunctive used) 

2. am-a, love thou 

3. 

Plur. 

1. 

2. am-ate, love ye 

3. — 

Sing. 

1 . 

2. am-ato, thou shalt love 

3. am-ato, he shall love 

Plur. 

1 . 1 

2. am-atote, ye shall love 

3. am-anto, they shall love 


2. am-are, he thou loved 

3. 

1 . 

2. am-aminl, be ye loved 

3. 

FUTURE 

1. 

2. am-ator, thou shalt be loved 

3. am-ator, he shall be loved 

1. 

2 . 

3. am-antor, they shall be loved 

143 


VERBAL NOUNS 



Infinitives 

ACTIVE 

Pres, am-are, toiove 
Perf. amav-isse, to have loved 

Fut. amat-urus esse }i«r« 

PASSIVE 
Pres, am-arl, to be loved 
Perf. amat-us esse, to have been loved 
Fut. amat-um irl, to be about to be loved. 


Gerunds 
Gen. am-andi, of loving 

Dot. am-ando, for loving 
Acc. am-andum, the loving 
Abl. am-ando, by loving 


Supines 

^4cc. amat-um, toiove 

Abl. amat-u, to love, in the loving 


VERBAL ADJECTIVES 
Participles 

p. A. p. 

Pres, am-ans, ans, ans, loving 

F. A. p. 

Fut. amat-urus, a, um{“X‘!°}' M * 

P. P. P. 

Perf. amat-us, a, um 

GERUNDIVE 

am-andus, a, um, 


Notes: 

„ = / J love, am loving, do love, 

31110 \ keep loving. 

otnolvini / 1 was loving, loved, did love, 
amaDam \ kept loving, used to love. 

^urnStiK si iitti / ( h he bonus) to agree 
amatus, a, um j with the Subject. 

fFor variations in the meaning of Sub- 
junctives, see page 138. 


1st. SYNOPSIS OF amo, I love 

SYNOPSIS 

OF laudo, I praise 


First Person Singular 

First Person Plural 

Active 

Passive 

Active 

Passive 


Indicative 

Indicative 

amo 

amor 

laudamus 

laudamur 

amabam 

amabar 

laudabamus 

laudabamur 

amabo 

amabor 

laudabimus 

laudabimur 

amavl 

amatus sum 

laudavimus 

laudati sumus 

amaveram 

amatus eram 

laudaveramus 

laudati eramus 

amavero 

amatus ero 

laudaverimus 

laudati erimus 


Subjunctive 

Subjunctive 

amem 

amer 

laudemus 

laudemur 

amarem 

amarer 

laudaremus 

laudaremur 

amaverim 

amatus sim 

laudaverimus 

laudati slmus 

amavissem 

amatus essem 

laudavissemus 

laudati essemus 


SYNOPSIS OF voco, / call 

SYNOPSIS 

OF judico, / judge 

Second Person Singular 

Second Person Plural 


Indicative 

Indicative 

vocas 

vocaris 

judicatis 

judicaminl 

vocabas 

vocabaris 

judicabatis 

judicabaminl 

vocabis 

vocaberis 

judicabitis 

judicabiminl 

vocavistl 

vocatus es 

judicavistis 

judicatl estis 

vocaveras 

vocatus eras 

judicaveratis 

judicatl eratis 

vocaveris 

vocatus eris 

judicaveritis 

judicatl eritis 


Subjunctive 

Subjunctive 

voces 

voceris 

judicetis 

judiceminl 

vocares 

vocareris 

jtidicaretis 

judicareminl 

vocaveris 

vocatus sis 

judicaveritis 

judicatl sltis 

vocavisses 

vocatus esses 

judicavissetis 

judicatl essetis 


SYNOPSIS OF rogo, I ask 

SYNOPSIS OF 

numero, I count 

Third 

Person Singular 

Third Person Plural 


Indicative 

Indicative 

rogat 

rogatur 

numerant 

numerantur 

rogabat 

rogabatur 

numerabant 

numerabantur 

rogabit 

rogabitur 

numerabunt 

numerabuntur 

rogavit 

rogatus est 

numeraverunt 

numeratl sunt 

rogaverat 

rogatus erat 

numeraverant 

numeratl erant 

rogaverit 

rogatus erit 

numeraverint 

numeratl erunt 


Subjunctive 

Subjunctive 

roget 

rogetur 

numerent 

numerentur 

rogaret 

rogaretur 

numerarent 

numerarentur 

rogaverit 

rogatus sit 

numeraverint 

numeratl sint 

rogavisset 

rogatus esset 

numeravissent 

numeratl essenl 


144 


VERBS— THE FIRST CONJUGATION 


amo, are, avi, atus, like, love , (opp. odi) 
beo, are, avi, atus, bless, make happy 
boo, are, avi, atus, roar 
canto, are, avi, atus, sing, chant 
clamo, are, avi, atus, shout 
imploro, are, avi, atus, implore 
laudo, are, avi, atus, praise 
or5, are, avi, atus, plead, pray 
rogo, are, avi, atus, ask 
voco, are, avi, atus, call 


1st 


fraudo, 1 . cheat, defraud 
judicd, 1 . judge 
juro, 1. swear 
laboro, 1. labor 
libero, 1. set free, liberate 
nego, 1. deny, say No! 
nomino, 1. name 
numero, 1 . count, number 
regno, 1. reign , (as a rex) 
servo, 1. save, preserve 


habito, 1. dwell 

halo, 1 . breathe (out fragrance) 

spiro, 1. breathe (air) 

spero, 1. hope 

nuntio, 1. announce, report 

specto, 1. look at, behold 

vigilo, 1 . watch, lie awake 

poto, 1 . drink 

gusto, 1. taste 

voro, 1 . devour 


Note. — Many Verbs are not used in the Passive Voice, either in English or Latin, especially those 
Intransitive. 


Exercises — Indicative Mood 


A 

1. Clamd. 

3. Clamabam. 

5. Clamabo. 

7. Cantavi. 

9. Cantaveram. 

11. Cantavero. 

1. Imploras. 

3. Implorabas. 

5. Implorabis. 

7. Habitavisti. 

9. Habitaveras. 

11. Habitaveris. 

1. He pleads. 

3. He was pleading. 

5. He will plead. 

7. He has praised. 

9. He had praised. 

11. He will have 
praised. 


2. Clamarnus. 

4. Clamabamus. 

6. Clamabimus. 

8. Cantavimus. 

10. Cantaveramus. 

12. Cantaverimus. 

C 

2. Imploratis. 

4. Implorabatis. 

6. Impldrabitis. 

8. Habitavistis. 

10. Habitaveratis. 

12. Habitaveritis. 

E 

2. They plead. 

4. They were plead- 
ing. 

6. They will plead. 

8. They have praised. 

10. They had praised. 

12. They will have 
praised. 


B 

1. Servor. 

3. Servabar. 

5. Servabor. 

7. Spectatus sum. 

9. Spectatus eram. 

11. Spectatus ero. 

1. Bearis. 

3. Beabaris. 

5. Beaberis. 

7. Negatus es. 

9. Negatus eras. 

11. Negatus eris. 

1. He is loved. 

3. He was loved. 

5. He will be loved. 

7. He has been 
named. 

9. He had been 
named. 

11. He will have 
been named. 


2. Servamur. 

4. Servabamur. 

6. Servabimur. 

8. Spectati sumus. 

10. Spectati eramus. 

12. Spectati erimus. 

) 

2. Beaminl. 

4. Beabamini. 

6. Beabiminl. 

8. Negati estis. 

10. Negati eratis. 

12. Negati eritis. 

i 1 

2. They are loved. 

4. They were loved. 

6. They will be loved. 
8. The}' have been 
named. 

10. They had been 
named. 

12. They will have 
been named. 


G 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Ind. Pres. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Ind. Pres. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Ind. Pres. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Ind. Pres. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Ind. Pres. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Ind. Pres. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb amo 


H 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Ind. Imp. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Ind. Imp. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Ind. Imp. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Ind. Imp. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Ind. Imp. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Ind. Imp. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb libero 


I 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Ind. Fut. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Ind. Fut. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Ind. Fut. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Ind. Fut. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Ind. Fut. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Ind. Fut. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb judico 


145 


VERBS— THE FIRST CONJUGATION (Continued) 


1st 


aestimd, 1. estimate 
existimo, 1 . esteem , think (of) 
cogito, 1. ponder, think (about) 
puto, 1 . reckon, think 
sollicito, 1 . 1 . be anxious 2. solicit 
dubit5, 1. waver, be in doubt 
haesito, 1. hesitate 
festino, 1 . hasten 
maturo, 1 . 1 . ripen 2. hasten 


educo, 1 . bring up, educate 
exspecto, 1. expect, wait for 
paro, 1. get ready, prepare 
hilard, 1. cheer up, gladden 
recreo, 1. create anew, refresh 
lacrimo, 1 . weep 

i wander, go astray 

erro, 1. \ (wander from the truth), 

{ err, make a mistake 
recito, 1 . read aloud 


Instigo, 1. urge on, stir up 
certo, 1. strive 
dimicd, 1. fight, contend 
pugno, 1. fight, give battle 
expugno, 1. take by storm 
occupo, 1. seize, occupy 
supero, 1. overcome, surpass 
vasto, 1. lay waste 
vulnero, 1. wound 


may 

1. Amem. 

3. Cogitem. 

5. Hilarem. 

7. Exspectemus. 

9. Cdgitemus. 
11. Festlnemus. 


Exercises — Subjunctive Mood 

mayst 


A 

let 

2. Amet. 

4. Cogitet. 

6. Hilaret. 

8. Exspectent. 

10. CSgitent. 
12. Festinent. 


1. Ames. 

3. Putes. 

5. Sollicites. 

7. Erraveris. 

9. Putaveris. 

11. Haesitaveris. 


may 

2. Ametis. 

4. Putetis. 

6. Sollicitetis. 

8. Erraveritis. 

10. Putaveritis. 

12. Haesitaveritis. 


should 

1. Amarem. 

3. Lacrimarem. 

5. Recitarem. 

7. Hilararemus. 

9. Cogitaremus. 

11. Festlnaremus. 


1. Let him think. 

3. I should strive. 

5. He would get 
ready. 


C 

would 

2. Amaret. 

4. Lacrimaret. 

6. Recitaret. 

8. Hilararent. 

10. Cdgitarent. 

12. Festlnarent. 

E 

2. Let them think. 

4. We should strive. 

6. They would pre- 
pare. 


wouldst 

1. Amares. 

# 3. Parares. 

5. Creares. 

7. Sollicitavisses. 
9. Putavisses. 

11. Dubitavisses. 


would 

2. Amaretis. 

4. Pararetis. 

6. Crearetis. 

8. Sollicitavissetis. 
10. Putavissetis. 

12. Dubitavissetis. 


F 

1. Let him be es- 2. Let them be es- 
teemed. teemed. 

3. I should be urged 4. We should be 
on. stirred up. 

5. He would have 6. They would have 
been overcome. been surpassed. 


G 


Give in English and Latin. 

1. Subjv. Pres. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Subjv. Pres. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Subjv. Pres. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Subjv. Pres. Pass. IstPlur. 

5. Subjv. Pres. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Subjv. Pres. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb occupo 


H 


Give in English and Latin. 

1. Subjv. Imp. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Subjv. Imp. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Subjv. Imp. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Subjv. Imp. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Subjv. Imp. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Subjv. Imp. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb aestimo 


146 


I 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Subjv. Perf. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Subjv. Perf. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Subjv. Perf. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Subjv. Plup. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Subjv. Plup. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Subjv. Plup. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb vulnero 


VERBS— THE FIRST CONJUGATION (Concluded) 


ard, 1. plough 

planto, 1. plant 

semino, 1 . sow 

germino, 1. sprout , germinate 

gemmo, 1. hud 

freno, 1. bridle , curb 

flagello, 1. whip , lash 

stimulo, 1. goad 

verbero, 1. flog, beat 

TOtO, 1. revolve (as a wheel) 

calco, 1 . tread 


corono, 1. crown , wreathe 
cremo, 1. burn 

flammd, 1 . flame , blaze (as a fire) 
flagrd, 1 . flame , blaze (as in a passion) 
scintillo, 1 . sparkle 
fumo, 1 . smoke 
vaporo, 1 . steam 
obscuro, 1 . darken, conceal 
fulmino, 1. Strike (as bolt lightning) 
fulguro, 1. flash (as sheet lightning) 


1st 


nauseo, 1 . Gr. be sea-sick 
navigo, 1. Gr. sail (navis-ago) 
guberno, 1. Gr. steer, pilot, 
remigo, 1. Gr. row (remus-ago) 
undo, 1 . surge, swell (as the sea) 
no, nare, navi, — , swim, float 
lavo, are, lavi, lautus , ^ 


lotus 
lavatus j 
poto, are, avi, potus / drink, 

potatusj <r„ a i! y 


[ bathe 



Exercises- 

—Imperative Mood 



A 


B 

1. Ama. 

2. Amate. 

1. Amare. 

2. Amaminl. 

3. Para. 

4. Parate. 

3. Cordnare. 

4. Coronamini. 

5. Cogita. 

6. Cogitate. 

5. Lavare. 

6. Lavamini. 


C 


D 

1. Laudatd. 

2. Laudanto. 

1. Amator. 

2. Amantor. 

3. Vocatd. 

4. Vocanto. 

3. Exspectator. 

4. Exspectantor. 

5. Rogato. 

6. Rogantd. 

5. Superator. 

6. Superantor. 


E 


G 

Verbal Nouns ( Infinitives ) 

Verbal Adjectives ( Participles ) 



P. A. P. 

p. p. p. 

1. Amare. 

2. A marl. 

1. Amans. 

2. Amatus. 

3. Cremare. 

4. C reman. 

3. Fumans. 

4. Fumatus. 

5. Obscurare 

6. Obscurari. 

5. Vaporans. 

6. Vaporatus. 


F 


H 



P. A. P. 

Gerundive 

1. Amavisse. 

2. Amatus esse. 

1. Amaturus. 

2. Amandus. 

3. Rogavisse. 

4. Rogatus esse. 

3. Vocaturus. 

4. Vocandus. 

5. Nuntiavisse. 

6. Nuntiatus esse. 

5. Numeraturus. 

6. Numerandus. 


Give in English and Latin. 

1. Impv. Pres. Act. 2d Sing. 

2. Impv. Pres. Pass. 2d Plur. 

3. Impv. Fut. Act. 2d Sing. 

4. Impv. Fut. Pass. 3d Plur. 

5. Impv. Pres. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Impv. Fut. Pass. 2d Sing. 

Verb gubernd 


Give in English and Latin. 

1. Inf. Pres. Act. 

2. Inf. Pres. Pass. 

3. Inf. Perf. Act. 

4. Inf. Perf. Pass. 

5. Inf. Fut. Act. 

6. Inf. Fut. Pass. 

Verb germino 

147 


Give in English and Latin. 

1. Gerundive Nom. Sing. Neut. 

2. Gerundive Gen. Plur. Fern. 

3. Acc. Sup. 7. P. A. P. 

4. Acc. Ger. 8. F. A. P. 

5. Abl. Sup. 9. P. P. P. 

6. Abl. Ger. 

Verb remigo 


VOCABULARY— THE ROMAN SHIP 


„i„ • -n f 1 _ „7„ 00 (Serv. Tul. divided Roman 

Classis, IS, X 1 . I L Q> ClCLSS , citizens into 6 classes) 

Ka?ii(o f I call j 2. The Fleet (men and ships) 

classic!, orum, M. The Marines (= sea-soldiers) 

navis, is, F. Gr. a ship, (^aus, a ship) 

nauta, ae, M. a sailor, (orig. navita) 

navigatio, onis, F. a sea-voyage 

nausea, ae, M. Gr. sea-sickness 

nauarchus, i, M. Gr. a ship-captain 

naufragium, ii, N. a ship-wreck, (navis-frango) 

naumachia, ae, F. Gr. a (mock) sea-fight 

nauticus, a, um, Gr. nautical 

navalis, e, naval 

cymba, ae, F. Gr. the boat, (brought from Tyre) 
scapha, ae, F. Gr. a skiff, (a tiny boat) 
ratis, is, F. a raft, (of logs) 
remus, i, M. an oar 
remex, igis, M. a rower, (remus-ago) 
remiges, igum, M. a bench, a tier or bank of rowers 
navis longa, a ship of war, a galley 

naves Libumicae, (quick-sailing galleys) 

naves onerariae, ships of burden, freighters 

biremiS, iS, F. a bireme, (a galley with 2 banks of oars) 

triremis, is, F. a trireme 
quadriremis, is, F. a quadrireme 
quinqueremis, is, F. a quinquereme 

All ancient nations used boats made of trunks of trees hollowed out with rude axes and with fire. 
Canoes of bark or basketwork covered with hides succeeded the hollow log. Birds taught the use of sails, 
which before the days of flax were simply skins of beasts upon a single mast. 

Having no compass, and fearing to get lost, they always if possible kept in sight of land. When a fleet 
set sail, prayers and sacrifices were offered to the Sea-god. An unlucky omen, as a person sneezing on 
the left, or swallows alighting on the decks, stopped the voyage and kept their ships ashore. 

Their Pilot must know all ports and places, must watch the winds and stars, must be very weather- 
wise. If a storm came suddenly the whole fleet was hauled out upon the nearest shore, the masts were 
raised from their sockets, and ships and men lay safely upon the strand. A sunny sky and a smoother sea 
restored their courage; when strong arms plied the levers, setting the fleet again afloat to complete its 
voyage. Therefore in sailing they hugged the shore, and looked out with dread upon the great deep sea. 

The Romans got their word navis, a ship, from the Greeks, who had an immense vocabulary of nautical 
words, since they had been a great maritime people holding sway over the sea nigh 1000 years. A few 
of these words they took, and with them all the Grecian knowledge of sea-faring life in peace and war. 

The Romans are said to have built their first fleet of 120 war-ships after the model of a Carthaginian 
quinqueremis cast upon the Italian shore. This fleet was built in sixty days, out of green timber, and the 
men were trained in rowing-frames on land. In early times they rarely risked a fight at sea, but later they 
kept two fleets manned, in waiting to sweep the Mediterranean. 

They scarcely ever built a galley of more than five banks of oars, requiring 300 rowers. Livy, however, 
describes one of sixteen tiers, which sailed up the Tiber to Rome; and the great ship of Ptolemaeus Philo- 
pator had 400 rowers in 40 banks, 400 sailors, and 3000 marines. Rowers on a Roman galley were mostly 
slaves, prisoners of war, chained to the bench at times to prevent mutiny. To soften the hardship of their 
lot, or rather to perfect the power of their mighty stroke, these oarsmen rowed in time with their musician. 
Such training of such enormous crews gave them a speed hardly less than that of modern steamships. 

The order of importance of the men aboard a Roman war-ship appears, viz.: the Captain, the Pilot, 
the Under-pilot, the Musician, the Marines, the Sailors, the Rowers. 

148 


malus, I, M. the mast 

modius, ii, M. the mast-socket 

antenna, ae, F. a sail-yard 

velum, i, N. a sail 

funis, is, M. a rope 

plumbum, i, N. the lead 

ancora, ae, F. Gr. an anchor 

carina, ae, F. the keel 

prora, ae, F. Gr. the prow 

puppis, is, F. the stern 

clavus, i, M. the tiller 

insigne, is, N. the image at the prow, 

(like our flag at the mast-head) 

tutela, ae, F. the image at the stern, 

(the guardian deity of the ship) 

rostrum, i, N. a beak (on a ship of war) 

sentina, ae, F. the bilge-water 

scalae, arum, F. the ladder 

amphora, ae, F. the.measure of the ship, (as the ton 

gubemaculum, i, N. a helm, a rudder 

gubernd = I steer 

gubernator, oris, M. a pilot, (a steersman) 
proreta, ae, M. Gr. the under-pilot, 

( = the look-out man at the prow) 

piscator, oris, M. a fisherman 
rete, is, N. a net 


CAESAR SAILED TO BRITAIN TWICE 

In Caesar’s own words 


FIRST VOYAGE 

1. Caesar classem navium parat. 

2. Caesar paucas naves longas, plurimas 

onerarias naves, etiam pauca specu- 
lators navigia et scaphas longarum 
navium collegit. 

3. Omnino LXXXXVIII onerarias naves 

habuit. 

4. Omnino duas legiones in Britanniam 

transportavit. 

5. Nactus idoneam tempestatem tertia fere 

vigilia solvit. 

6. Caesar ipse hora circiter die! quarta cum 

primls navibus Britanniam attigit. 

7. Caesar reliquas naves ad horam nonam in 

ancorls exspectavit. 

8. Turn dato signo ancoras sublevaverunt, 

circiter milia passuum VII ab e5 loco 
pr5cesserunt, apert5 ac plan5 litore 
naves constituerunt. 

9. Multitudo navium Britannds non terruit. 

10. Britann! cSpias ex omnibus collibus, pedi- 

tatum et equitatum et essedarios, ad 
litora maris detulerunt. 

11. Utrique acriter pugnaverunt. 

12. Haec una pugna Caesarl defuit. 

13. Hostes statim ad Caesarem legatos de 

pace miserunt. 

14. Tempestas terribilis venit. 

15. Eadem nocte accidit, ut esset luna plena, 

qul dies maritimos aestus maximos in 
Oceano efficere consuevit, nostrlsque id 
erat incognitum. 

16. Naufragia permulta fecit. 

17. Britann! naufragia et calami tatem Ro- 

manorum perspexerunt. 

18. Magna multitudo peditatus eorum et 

equitatus celeriter ad lltus revenit. 

19. Caesar legiones in acie pr5 castrls con- 

stituit. 

20. Proelium commiserunt. 

21. Britann! impetum nostrorum militum non 

diu sustinuerunt, sed terga verterunt. 

22. Eodem die legati ad Caesarem de pace 

venerunt. 

23. Caesar ipse idoneam tempestatem nactus 

paulo post mediam noctem naves solvit. 

24. Naves omnes incolumes ad continentem 

pervenerunt. 


SECOND VOYAGE 

1. Caesar proximo anno classem secundam 

parat. 

2. Milites hieme naves ve teres refecerunt, 

praeterea et plurimas naves novas 
aedificaverunt. 

3. Caesar ad portum Itium cum legionibus 

pervenit. 

4. Quo ex portu commodissimum in Britanniam 

trajectum esse cognoverat. Est circiter 
milium passuum XXX a continent!. 

5. Tandem idoneam nactus tempestatem mili- 

tes equitesque conscendere in naves jubet. 

6. Caesar ipse cum V legionibus et cum mili- 

bus du5bus equitum ad sdlis occasum 
naves solvit. 

7. Ad solis ortum sub sinistra Britanniam 

relictam conspexit. 

8. Naves omnes ad Britanniam meridians 

fere tempore accesserunt, neque in eo 
loco Roman! hostem vident. 

9. MultitudS navium Britannos terruerat. 

DCCC naves omnino erant. 

10. Caesar classem reliquit, et noctu ad hostes 

contendit. Ipse milia passuum circiter 
XII procedit. 

11. 111! equitatu atque essedis proelium com- 

miserunt. Sed Romanus equitatus eos 
in silvas reppulit. 

12. Turn milites legionis VII eos ex silvis 

expulerunt. 

13. Interim superiSre nocte maxima tempestas 

prope omnes naves affllxit atque eas in 
litus ejecit. 

14. Caesar ipse ad classem redit. Circiter XL 

naves amisit. Reliquas in litus subducit. 

15. Fabri et milites dies noctesque X lab5rant. 

16. Britann! Cassivellaunum copiis omnibus 

praefecerunt. 

17. Equites hostium essedariique acriter proe- 

li5 cum equitatu Romano conflixerunt. 

18. Romani e5s in silvas collisque compulerunt, 

subitS se ex silvis ejecerunt, audacissime 
pugnaverunt. Rdmani vicerunt. 

19. Britann! ad alteram fluminis Tamesis 

ripam magnas copias instruxerunt. 

20. Romani flumen cum capite solo ex aqua 

transierunt. Britanni fugiunt. 

21. Gentes fere omnes se dedunt. Caesar redit. 


149 


2d 


CONJUGATION — I'erbs in -ere ( e-stems ) 


Principal Parts 


j Pres. Ind. 

| moneo 


Pres. Inf. 

monere 


Perf. Ind. Perf. Part, 

monui monitus 


Active Voice 


( mon-eo, I advise 

Singular Number j -e S {“ir 

{ -et, he advises 

mon-emilS, we advise 


Plural Number 


-etis, you advise 
-ent, they advise 


mon-ebam, i was advising 

-ebat, he was advising 
mon-ebamus, we were advising 
-ebatis, you were advising 
-ebant, they were advising 


mon-ebo, I shall advise 

-ebis 

-ebit, he will advise 
mon-ebimus, we shall advise 
-ebitis, you will advise 
-ebunt, they will advise 


monu-l, I have advised, I advised 

-isS }<■**«* 

-it, he has advised 

monu-imus, we have advised 
-istis, you have advised 
-erunt, (or) ere, they have advised 


monu-eram, / had advised 

-erat. he had advised 
mOnU-eramUS, we had advised 
-eratis, you had advised 
-erant, they had advised 


monu-ero, i shall have advised 

-etis{fZS } ham adtised 

-erit, he will have advised 
monu-erimus, we shall have advised 
-eritis, you will have advised 
-erint, they will have advised 


Indicative Mood 

PRESENT TENSE Passive Voice 


mon-eor, i am advised 
-eris, (on 

-etur, he is advised 
mon-emur, we are advised 
-eminl, you are advised 
-entur, they are advised 

IMPERFECT 

mon-ebar, I was advised 

-ebaris, (or) re {{^JS?} «*«•«« 
-ebatur, he was advised 
mOn-ebamur, we were advised 
-ebamini, you were advised 
-ebantur, they were advised 

FUTURE 

mon-ebor, i shall be advised 

-eberis, (or) re{“" u “f )beadvisei 
-ebitur, he will be advised 
mon-ebimur, we shall be advised 
-ebimini, you will be advised 
-ebuntur, they will be advised 

PERFECT 

*monit-us sum I have been advised, / was advised 

eS { you ha™ } bee " advised 
est, he has been advised 

monit-i sumus, we have been advised 
estis, you have been advissd 
sunt, they have been advised 

PLUPERFECT 

monit-us eram, i had been advised 

er as { } been advised 

erat, he had been advised 
monit-i eramus, we had been advised 
eratis, you had been advised 
erant, they had been advised 

FUTURE PERFECT 

momt-us ero, i shall have been advised 

eris { 'you will } have been advised 
ent, he will have been advised 
mo nit -I erimus, we shall have been advised 

eritis, you will have been advised 
erunt, they will have been advised 


150 




Active Voice 

mon-eam, may I advise 

-e&sl maySt lhou ) advise 
\ may you J 

-eat, let him advise 
mon-eamus, may we advise 

-eatis, may you advise 
-eant, let them advise 


mon-erem, I should advise 

_prpc / thou w °uldst 1 , . 

ereS [you would f adViSe 

-eret, he would qdvise 

mon-eremus, we should advise 

-eretis, you would advise 

-erent, they would advise 


Subjunctive Mood 

PRESENT TENSE Passive Voice 


mon-ear, may I be advised 

-earis, (or) re {ZZV^ U 

-eatur, let him be advised 
mon-eamur, may we be advised 
-eamini, may you be advised 
-eantur, let them be advised 

IMPERFECT 

mon-erer, I should be advised 

_prpri c rp / thou wouldst \ be 

t/i crib, l 1 re | y OU wou i d j advised 

-eretur, he would be advised 

mon-eremur, we should be advised 

-ereminl, you would be advised 

-erentUf, they would be advised 


PERFECT 

mOnU-erim, I may have advised *m.OIlit-US Sim, I may have been advised 


I thou mayst ' have 
-erio | y 0U rna y J advised, 

-erit, he may have advised 
we may have 
advised 

( you may have 
\ advised 
j they may have 
advised 


monu-enmus 
-eritis 
-erint 




_ l thou mayst have 1 been 
\ you may have / advised 
Sit, he may have been advised 

monit-i simus { “Xd™ 6 been 

ei-Hc / y° u ma y have been 
blblo | advised 

sint ■ ^ ey may b ave b een 


monu-issem{ J 


should have 

advised 


-isses 


z? -I thou wouldst \have 


* ) you would J advised 
• _ a. / Ae would have 
“ISSei | advised 

I we should have 

monu-issemus( advised 

ieepfic / y° u would have 
-lSSetlS advised 


| advised 

PLUPERFECT 

monit-us essem 
esses 


•mPSSl 

,ar , I thou WOU 


esset 


monit-i 


/ they would have 

-issent( 


Sin?. Active Voice 

1 . (Subjv. used) 

2. mon-e, advise thou 

3. 

Plur. 

1. 

2. mon-ete, advise ye 

3. 

Sing. 

1. 


should have been 
advised 

( wouldst have 1 been 
you would have / advised 
he would have been 
advised 

essemus { we £Si have been 

oooZ+ia / y° u would have been 

esseus ; advised 

ncnanf / they would have been 

essem | advised 


Imperative Mood 

PRESENT TENSE Passive Voice 
1. 

2. mon-ere, be thou advised 

3. 

1. 

2. mon-emini, be ye advised 

3. 


FUTURE 

1. - 


2. mon-eto, thou shalt advise 

3. mon-eto, he shall advise 

Plur. 

1. 

2. mon-etote, ye shall advise 

3. mon-ento, they shall advise 


2. mon-etor, thou shalt be advised 

3. mon-etOr, he shall be advised 


3. mOn-entOr, they shall be advised 

151 


VERBAL NOUNS 



Infinitives 


Pres. 

Perf. 

Fut. 


Active 

mon-ere, to advise 
monu-isse, to have advised 


monit-urus esse, 

to be about to 
to be going to 

Passive 


advise 


Pres, mon-eri, to be advised 
Perf. monit-us esse { t0 advised 71 
Fut. monit-um 


Gerunds 

Gen. mon-endi, of advising 
Dat. mon-endo, for advising 
Acc. mon-endum, the advising 
Abl. mon-endo, by advising 


Supines 

ACC. monit-Um, to advise 

Abl. mOnit-U, to advise, in the advising 


VERBAL ADJECTIVES 

Participles 

p. a. p. 

Pres, mon-ens, ens, ens, 

advising 

F. A. P. 

Fut. monit-urus, a, um, 

about to ' 
going to 

P. P. P. 

Perf. monit-us, a, um, 

advised, being advised, 
having been advised 

GERUNDIVE 

mon-endus, a, um, ‘^ffdLd 


' | advise 


Notes: 


moneo / ^ advise, am advising, do 
u \ advise, keep advising 

monebam 

I was advising, advised, 
did advise, kept ad- 
vising, used to advise 

*monitus, a 

i (like bonus), to 
, Um j agree with 
( the Subject. 


2d SYNOPSIS OF moneo, I advise SYNOPSIS OF exerceo, I train 

First Person Singular First Person Plural 


Active 

Passive 

Active 

Passive 


Indicative 


Indicative 

moneo 

moneor 

exercemus 

exercemur 

monebam 

monebar 

exercebamus 

exercebamur 

monebd 

monebor 

exercebimus 

exercebimur 

monul 

monitus sum 

exercuimus 

exercitl sumus 

monuera^n 

monitus eram 

exercueramus 

exercitl eramus 

monuero 

monitus ero 

exercuerimus 

exercitl erimus 


Subjunctive 


Subjunctive 

moneam 

monear 

exerceamus 

exerceamur 

monerem 

monerer 

exerceremus 

exerceremur 

monuerim 

monitus sim 

exercuerimus 

exercitl simus 

monuissem 

monitus essem 

exercuissemus 

exercitl essemus 


SYNOPSIS OF habed, I hold 

SYNOPSIS 

OF deleo, I destroy 

Second Person Singular 

Second Person Plural 


Indicative 


Indicative 

habes 

haberis 

deletis 

deleminl 

habebas 

habebaris 

delebatis 

delebamin! 

habebis 

habeberis 

delebitis 

delebimini 

habuisti 

habitus es 

delevistis 

deletl estis 

habueras 

habitus eras 

deleveratis 

deletl eratis 

habueris 

habitus eris 

deleveritis 

deletl eritis 


Subjunctive 


Subjunctive 

habeas 

habearis 

deleatis 

deleaminl 

haberes 

habereris 

deleretis 

deleremini 

habueris 

habitus sis 

deleveritis 

deletl sltis 

habuisses 

habitus esses 

delevissetis 

deletl essetis 


SYNOPSIS 

OF terreo, I frighten 

SYNOPSIS OF moveo, I move 

Third Person Singular 

Third Person Plural 


Indicative 


Indicative 

terret 

terretur 

movent 

moventur 

terrebat 

terrebatur 

movebant 

movebantur 

terrebit 

terrebitur 

movebunt 

movebuntur 

terruit 

territus est 

moverunt 

motl sunt 

terruerat 

territus erat 

moverant 

motl erant 

terruerit 

territus erit 

moverint 

m5tl erunt 


Subjunctive 


Subjunctive 

terreat 

terreatur 

moveant 

moveantur 

terreret 

terreretur 

moverent 

moverentur 

terruerit 

territus sit 

moverint 

ni5ti sint 

terruisset 

territus esset 

movissent 

m5ti essent 


152 


VERBS— THE SECOND CONJUGATION 


2d 


ui, itus 

moneo, ere, ui, itus, advise, warn 
admoneo, ere, ui, itus, remind, admonish 
habeo, ere, ui, itus, have, hold, keep 
debeo, ere, U1, itus, owe, (de-habed, keep from) 
praebeo, ere, U1, itus, offer, (prae-habed, hold in front of) 
prohibeo, ere, ui, itus, 1 . hold back 2. prohibit 
coerced, ere, ui, itus, restrain, (arx, a citadel) 
exerced, ere, ui, itus, keep busy, exercise , train 
mereo, ere, ui, itus, deserve , merit 
noceo, ere, ui, itus, harm, injure, (w. Dat.) 
placed, ere, ui, itus, please, be pleasing to, (w. Dat.) 
displiceo, ere, ui, (itus), displease, (w. Dat.) 
taceo, ere, ui, itus, be silent 
terreo, ere, ui, itus, frighten 
deterred, ere, ui, itus, (frighten away from), deter 


evi, etus 

deled, ere, evi, etus, blot out, destroy 
fled, ere, evi, etus, weep, weep for 
neo, ere, evi, etus, spin, weave 
compleo, ere, evi, etus, fill full, complete 
repleo, ere, evi, etus, fill again , replenish 
suppled, ere, evi, etus, fill up, supply 
aboleo, ere, evi (ui), itus, efface, abolish 

Perfect Stem-vowel Lengthened 

caved, ere, cavi, cautus, take heed 
faveo, ere, favi, — — , favor, befriend, (w. Dat.) 
foveo, ere, fovi, fotus, keep warm, cherish 
moved, ere, movi, motus, move 

paved, ere, pavi, , be afraid, quake with fear 

voveo, ere, vovi, votus, vow 
sedeo, ere, sedi, , sit 


A Exercises — Indicative Mood B 


2. Habemus. 

4. Habebamus. 

6. Habebimus. 

8. Praebuimus. 
10. Praebueramus. 
12. Praebueiimus. 


1. Habeor. 

3. Habebar. 

5. Habebor. 

7. Prohibitus sum. 
9. Prohibitus eram. 
11. Prohibitus ero. 


C 

2. Debetis. 

4. Debebatis. 

6. Debebitis. 

8. Placuistis. 

10. Placueratis. 

12. Placueritis. 

E 

2. They merit. 

4. They were meriting. 
6. They will destroy. 
8. They have vowed. 
10. They had deserved. 
12. They will have 
deserved. 


1. Terreris. 

3. Terrebaris. 

5. Terreberis. 

7. Deterritus es. 

9. Deterritus eras. 
11. Deterritus eris. 


2. Habemur. 

4. Habebamur. 

6. Habebimur. 

8. Prohibit! sumus. 
10. Prohibit! eramus. 
12. Prohibit! erimus. 

) 

2. Terremini. 

4. Terrebamini. 

6. Terrebimini. 

8. Deterriti estis. 

10. Deterriti eratis. 
12. Deterriti eritis. 


1. He is reminded. 

3. He was reminded. 
5. He will be held. 

7. He has been held. 
9. II " had been kept. 
11. He will have been 
admonished. 


2. They are reminded. 
4. They were warned. 
6. They will be held. 
8. They have been led. 
10. They had been kept. 
12. They will have been 
admonished. 


1. Habe5. 

3. Habebam. 

5. Habebo. 

7. Praebui. 

9. Praebueram. 

11. Praebuerd. 

1. Debes. 

3. Debebas. 

5. Debebis. 

7. Placuisti. 

9. Placueras. 

11. Placueris. 

1. He merits. 

3. He was meriting. 

5. He will destroy. 

7. He has destroyed. 

9. He had deserved. 

11. He will have de- 
served. 

G 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Ind. Pres. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Ind. Pres. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Ind. Pres. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Ind. Pres. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Ind. Pres. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Ind. Pres. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb displiceo 


H 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Ind. Imp. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Ind. Imp. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Ind. Imp. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Ind. Imp. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Ind. Imp. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Ind. Imp. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb suppled 

153 


I 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Ind. Fut. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Ind. Fut. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Ind. Fut. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Ind. Fut. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Ind. Fut. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Ind. Fut. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb faveo 


2d 


VERBS— THE SECOND CONJUGATION (Continued) 

Denominative Verbs, (= Verbs formed mostly from Noun-stems or Adjective-stems) 


caled, ere, ul, — , be warm , glow 

niteo, ere, ui, — , look bright , shine 

candeo, ere, ui, — , be brilliant, glitter 

splendeo, ere, (ui), — , glisten, gleam 

friged, ere, — , be cold, freeze, (opp. caieo) 

rigeo, ere, — , — , be stiff, stiffen 

stupeo, ere, ui, — , be dazed, be amazed 

horreo, ere, ui, — , 1. bristle up 2. quake with fright 

egeo, ere, ui, — , be poor, need, want 

floreo, ere, ui, — , bloom, blossom 

rubeo, ere, — , — , be red, blush 

palled, ere, ui, — , look pale 

langueo, ere, — , — , be faint, be weary 

valeo, ere, ui, — , be strong 


doled, ere, ui, — , be in pain, grieve 
jaceo, ere, ui, — , lie, be situated 
lateo, ere, ui, — , lie hid, lurk 
pateo, ere, ui, — , lie open 
pared, ere, ui, (itus), 1. appear 2. obey, (w. Dat.) 
sileo, ere, ui, — , be still, be quiet 
studeo, ere, ui, — , 1. be zealous 2. study 
timed, ere, ui, — , be afraid, fear 

Reduplicated or Greek Perfects 

mordeo, ere, momordi, morsus, bite 
pended, ere, pependi, — , hang 
spondeo, ere, spopondi, sponsus, pledge 
tondeo, ere, totondi, tonsus, shear, shave 


may 

1. Caleam. 

3. Valeam. 

5. Studeam. 

7. Caleamus. 
9. Valeamus. 
11. Studeamus. 


A Exercises- 

let 

2. Caleat. 

4. Valeat. 

6. Studeat. 

8. Caleant. 

10. Valeant. 

12. Studeant. 


Subjunctive Mood 

mayst 

1. Non egeas. 

3. Non langueas. 

5. Non doleas. 

7. Numquam egueris. 

9. Numquam timuerfs. 
11. Numquam dolueris. 


B 

may 

2. Non egeatis. 

4. Non langueatis. 

6. Non doleatis. 

8. Numquam egueritis. 

10. Numquam timueritis. 
12. Numquam dolueritis. 


should 

1. Semper timerem. 

3. Semper pare rein. 

5. Semper horrerem. 

7. Certe timeremus. 

9. Certe pareremus. 

11. Certe horreremus. 


would 

2. Semper timeret. 
4. Semper pareret. 
6. Semper horreret. 
8. Certe timerent. 
10. Certe parerent. 
12. Certe horrerent. 


wouldst 

1. Tu paene frigeres. 

3. Tu paene stuperes. 
5. Tu paene rigeres. 

7. Tu cito timuisses. 
9. Tu cito doluisses. 
11. Tu cito paruisses. 


would 

2. Vos paene frigeretis. 

4. Vos paene stuperetis, 

6. Vos paene rigeretis. 

8. Vos cito timuissetis. 

10. Vos cito doluissetis. 

12. Vos cito paruissetis. 


E 


F 


1. Let him have. 

3. I should exercise. 

5. He would dis- 
please. 


2. Let them have. 
4. We should exer- 
cise. 

6. They would dis- 
please. 


1. Let him be advised. 

3. I should be fright- 
ened.. 

5. He would be de- 
terred. 


2. Let them be advised. 

4. We should be fright- 
ened. 

6. They would be de- 
terred. 


G 


Give in English and Latin. 

1. Subjv. Pres. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Subjv. Pres. Pass. 2d Plur. 

3. Subjv. Pres. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Subjv. Pres. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Subjv. Pres. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Subjv. Pres. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb foveo 


H 


Give in English and Latin. 

1. Subjv. Imp. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Subjv. Imp. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Subjv. Imp. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Subjv. Imp. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Subjv. Imp. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Subjv. Imp. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb noceo 


I 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Subjv. Perf. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Subjv. Perf. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Subjv. Perf. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Subjv. Plup. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Subjv. Plup. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Subjv. Plup. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb admoneo 


154 


VERBS— VARIOUS CONJUGATIONS 


Verbs 2d and 3d. (Perf.) si 
ardeo, ere, arsi, (arsus, used by piiny), burn 
augeo, ere, auxi, auctus, increase 

indulges, ere, indulsi, (>*•){£?*,*., 

jubeo, ere, jussi, jussus, order 

permulceo, ere, permulsi, mulsus, stroke 

rideo, ere, risi, -risus, laugh 

suadeo, ere, suasi, suasus, persuade (w. Dat.) 

torqueo, ere, torsi, tortus, twist , twirl 

algeo, ere, alsi, — , be cold 

fulgeo, ere, fulsi, — , flash 

haereo, ere, haesi, (haesus), stick fast, cling 

luceo, ere, luxi, — , be light, shine 

lugeo, ere, luxi, — , mourn 

maned, ere, mansi, (mansus), remain, await 

urged, ere, ursi, — , urge, force 


2d 

Verbs 2d and 3d. (Perf.) ui (Five only) 

doceo, ere, ui, doctus, teach 
censed, ere, ui, census, assess, value, believe 
misceo, ere, ui, mixtus, mix, mingle 
teneo, ere, ui, tentus, hold (in hand) 
torreo, ere, ui, tostus, parch, scorch 

Verbs 1st and 2d 
domo, are, ui, itus, tame 
veto, are, ui, itus, forbid 
mico, are, ui, — , glitter 
sono, are, ui, — , sound 
tono, are, ui, — , thunder 

Verbs 1st, 2d, and 3d 
fried, are, ui, frictus, rub, rub down 
seed, are, ui, sectus, cut 


1. Mone. 

3. Habe. 

5. Prohibe. 

1. Monetd. 

3. Manetd. 

5. Indulgeto. 


Exercises — Imperative Mood 

A 

2. Monete. 


4. Habete. 

6. Prohibete. 

C 

2. Monento. 

4. Manetote. 
6. Indulgento. 


E 


Verbal Nouns ( Infinitives ) 


1. Monere. 
3. Nocere. 
5. Timere. 


1. Monuisse. 

3. Movisse. 

5. Deierruisse. 


2. Moneri. 
4. Nocerl. 
6. Timeri. 


2. Monitus esse. 

4. Motus esse. 

6. Deterritus esse. 


B 


1. Monere. 

3. Admonere. 
5. Coercere. 


1. Monetor. 
3. Urge tor. 
5. Jubetor. 


2. Monemini. 

4. Admoneminl. 
6. Coercemini. 

D 

2. Monentor. 

4. Urgentor. 

6. Jubentor. 

G 

Verbal Adjectives ( Participles ) 

p. A. P. P.P. p. 

1. Monens. 2. Monitus. 

3. Prohibens. 4. Prohibitus. 

5. Indulgens. 6. Auctus. 

H 

F. A. P. Gerundive 

1. Moniturus. 2. Monendus. 

3. Nociturus. 4. Timendus. 

5. Meriturus. 6. Admonendus. 


Give in English and Latin. 

1. Impv. Pres. Act. 2d Sing. 

2. Impv. Pres. Pass. 2d Plur. 

3. Impv. Fut. Act. 2d Sing. 

4. Impv. Fut. Pass. 3d Plur. 

5. Impv. Pres. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Impv. Fut. Pass. 2d Sing. 

Verb teneo 


Give in English and Latin. 

1. Inf. Pres. Act. 

2. Inf. Pres. Pass. 

3. Inf. Perf. Act. 

4. Inf. Perf. Pass. 

5. Inf. Fut. Act. 

6. Inf. Fut. Pass. 

Verb suadeo 

155 


Give in English and Latin. 

1. Gerundive Gen. Sing. Masc. 

2. Gerundive Dat. Plur. Neut. 


3. Acc. Sup. 

4. Acc. Ger. 

5. Abl. Sup. 

6. Abl. Ger. 

Verb doceo 


7. P. A. P. 

8. F. A. P. 

9. P. P. P. 


VOCABULARY— ROMAN VEHICLES 


vehlculum, l, N. a vehicle (veho - I carry) 

( carried by from 2-8 slaves. 

lectica, ae, F. a palanquin l S 

[ Asia. Largely used 

lecticarii, drum, M. the bearers 
asser, eris, M. a palanquin-pole 
anteambulones, um, M. the way-openers, footmen 

. I carried by 2 mules. 

basterna, ae, F. a palanquin] used after the Chris- 

r ^ [ tian era 

sella portatoria, a sedan, (seldom used) 

Birota 

cisium, il, N. a chaise, a cab, (open, drawn by mules) 

cisiarius, ii, M. a cab driver 

essedum, i, N. the British war-car, (adopted at Rome; 

open in front, closed behind, much used) 

essedarius, ii, M. the essedum-driver 
carpentum, i, N. a state carriage, (for women, 

drawn by mules, used daily and in festive processions) 

pilentum, i, N. a splendid cushioned carriage, 

(for women to games and in sacred processions) 
carrus, l, M. a cart, (two-wheeled. A Celtic vehicle) 

Quadrirota 

raeda, ae, F. the family -carriage 
raedarius, ii, M. the rheda-driver, (the coachman) 
petorritum, i, N. the slaves’ carriage (uncovered) 
plaustrum, i, N. a wagon (four or two wheels) 

plaustrarius, ii, M. a wagoner 


equus, i, M. a horse 

circus, i, M. a race-course 

cursus, us, M., curriculum, i, N. a race 

currus, us, M. a race-chariot , (o ? r e 0 ° Jj eh,nd ’ closed m 

curro = I run 

bigae, arum, F. PI. / I* a span (yoked up) 
bis-jugum \2. a two-horse race chariot 

quadrigae, arum, F. PI. / 1- a 4 abreast-team 

quattuor-jugum 1 2. a Jf-horse race chariot 

auriga, ae, C. a charioteer, (auris-ago) 

agaso, onis, M. a groom, a hostler 

mulus, i, M. a mule 

mulio, onis, M. a muleteer 

agitator, oris, M. a driver (of beasts of burden) 

aurea, ae, F. the bridle, (auris, an ear ) 

frenum, i, N. 1. the bit 2. the bridle 

lupata, 5rum, N, PI. a Curb, (w. iron teeth) (lupus, a wolf > 

lora, drum, N., habenae, arum, F. the reins, {i }*hoid> 

funis, is, M. a rope, a trace 

jugum, i, N. the yoke, (jungo ,i join) 

temo, onis, M. the tongue 

rota, ae, F. a wheel 

axis, is, M. the axletree 

radius, ii, M. a spoke 

flagrum, i, N., flagellum, i, N. the whip 

calcar, aris, N. a spur, (calx, the heel) 

ephippium, ii, N. Gr. a horse-cloth, (8 saddfe) a8 a 

stabulum, i, N. a stable, (sto, i stand ) 

tintinnabula, drum, N. the bells (on chariot horses) 


The above vocabulary gives a true picture of Roman Vehicles of locomotion. Their great love of 
comfort provided hackney, state, and travelling coaches in abundant variety, appropriating those most 
convenient and luxurious found among their conquered neighbors. 

Excavations at Pompeii have shown us Roman streets, ten feet or less between curbs, with two four- 
foot side-walks perhaps, and with from one to five oval stepping-stones a foot high or more at crossings to 
escape the rain-water so often flooding the wagon-way. 

Ancient streets of populous cities were mostly narrow, as space inside of high-walled towns was precious. 
Therefore all carts and carriages were restricted by law either to go only by night, in the early morning, on 
special streets, or not inside the city at all. Crowds all day blocked the way. 

Hence the Lectica came from the far East; often built of costly woods, with gold, silver, or ivory 
panels, with mattress, fancy coverlet, and gay feather-fringed pillows. The tallest, strongest, and hand- 
somest foreign slaves, clad in bright red liveries, were the bearers. In the Lectica the rider could sleep or 
read or write, raising one knee (a usual custom) for a writing-desk. 

All kinds of goods were carried into the cities on the backs of animals or men; and the very small 
number of stables and coach-houses found in Pompeii proves the small use of animals of burden. 

The Cisium served as a post-chaise for long journeys. Cicero called them Cisia volantia, flying chairs. 
He tells us six miles an hour had actually been covered by a public messenger, using the relief service for 
hire at the way-stations along the great road. But a family travelling to their country villa would form 
quite a procession, the Raeda for the women and children, the Petorritum for the slaves. The Essedum 
from Britain was popular with men, but it was upon the Currus, the racing chariot, that builder and painter 
lavished their highest skill. 

Harness was scarce; they had not even a sensible saddle ; horses, so far as we know, were quite unshod. 

As a rule at Rome the ox drew the plow and wagon; the mule, the coach and chaise; but the horse was 
reserved for the knight in war or the chariot in the race. 

156 


EXERCISES— ROMAN TRAVELLING 


A 

1. Comparat homines ad lecticam.-Ca/. 

he matches in pairs 

2. Facit somnum clausa lecticae suae fen- 

estra.- Juv. 

3. Lectica octophoro ferebatur.-Cic. 

he was carried 

4. Cui lectlca per urbem vehendl jus tribuit.- 

Suet. 

5. Lecticarii cum asseribus in auxilium ac- 

cucurrerunt.-$we/. 

6. In antlquls temporibus etiam Ausonias 

matres carpenta vexerunt. 

7. Pllentis et carpentis per urbem vein ma- 

tronis concessum est, quod, cum aurum 
non reperiretur, ex vdto, quod Camillus 
vdverat ApollinI Delphic5, contulerunt. 
-Fest. 

8. Pllentis ad sacra ludosque, carpentis festis 

profestisque diebus, nos per urbem ve- 
himur.-f Liv. 

9. Decern horls nocturnis et quinquaginta 

millia passuum cisiis pervolavit.-fC'ic. 

10. Vedius venit mihi obviam cum duobus 

essedis et raeda equis juncta et lectlca 

, p •— _ harnessed 

et tamilia magna. 

11. Nunc tota domus raeda componitur una. 

is stowed away 

12. Plena in raeda, omnes beat! copias trahit 

ruris. 

13. German! omnem aciem suam raedis et carris 

circumdederunt, ne qua spes in fuga 
relinqueretur -C aes . 

14. Pilenta vehicula matronarum, sicut peto- 

rita famularum sunt. 

15. Sicut stridet plaustrum onustum foeno.- 

Vulg. 

16. Agricola plaustrum vetus vendit. 

17. Boves plaustra per altds montes cervice 

trahunt.- V erg. 


B 

1. Romani ludos magnos in Circo Maximd 

spectaverunt. 

2. Athletae se in curricul5 exercent. 

3. Cervus cursu superat canem. 

4. Vitae brevis cursus, gloriae sempiternus 

est. 

5. Bigas primas junxit Phrygum natio, quad- 

rigas Erichthonius filius Vulcan!. 

6. Cybele in curru bijugos agitat leones.-Lwcr. 

7. Romani quadrigas bigasque et equos desul- 

torios spectant. 

8. Tu habes lora -Plant. 

9. Auriga loris ducit equos- Liv. 

10. Auriga lora equis dat.-Fergf. 

11. Auriga lora tendit.-Or. 

12. Auriga lora remisit.-Ov. 

13. Pedes aequat habenas.-Pror. 

14. Frenum mordet. -Pro?;. 

15. Aureas dicunt frena, quibus equorum aures 

religant. -Paw/. 

16. Iste Infantior quam meus est mulio.- 

Varr. 

17. Homines juga quibusdam bestiis impo- 

nunt.-fCic. 

18. Fortunae rotam pertimescit.-Ctc. 

19. Eques equum calcaribus stimulat. 

20. Cicero dicit u Ego ut agitator callidus, 

priusquam ad finem veniam, equos 
sustinebo. ,, 

21. Nunc sociis juga pauca bourn recipit.-tJw??. 

22. Visus est in somnis curru quadrigarum 

vehi.-Czc. 

23. Optat ephippia bos piger, optat arare 

caballus. -Por. 

24. Exiguum vitae curriculum natura circum- 

scripsit, immensum gloriae.-C^c. 


f Adapted. 


157 


CONJUGATION — Verbs in -ere ( e-stems ) 


f Pres. Ind. 

Principal Parts | reg6 


Pres. Inf. 
regere 


Perf. Ind. 

rexi 


Perf. Part, 
rectus 


Indicative Mood 


Active Voice 


Singular Number < 


Plural Number 


reg-O, I rule 

( thou rulest 
\ you rule 

l -it, he rules 

reg-imus, we rule 
-itis, you rule 
-Unt, they rule 


reg-ebam, I was ruling 

-Sbas{tt u r?}™»”» 

-ebat, he was ruling 
reg-ebamus, we were ruling 
-ebatis, you were ruling 
-ebant, they were ruling 


PRESENT TENSE Passive Voice 

reg-or, i am ruled 

-eris,' (or) Te{‘y™"‘}ruled 

-itur, he is ruled 
reg-imur, we are ruled 
• -lmini, you are ruled 

-UntUr, they are ruled 

IMPERFECT 

reg-ebar, i was ruled 

-ebaris, (or) re ( thou wast ) ruled 

V/krUllJ.0, i V, | y QU were j 

-ebatur, he was ruled 
reg-ebamur, we were ruled 
-ebamini, you were ruled 
-ebantur, they were ruled 


reg -am, I shall rule 

-et, he will rule 
reg-emus, we shall rule 
-etis, you will rule 
-ent, they will rule 


FUTURE 

reg-ar, I Shall be ruled 

-eris, (or) re {‘^Zf}be ruled 
-etur, he will be ruled 
reg-emur, we shall be r uled 
-emini, you will be ruled 
-entur, they will be ruled 


rex-l, I have ruled, I ruled 

-it, he has ruled 
rex-imus, we have ruled 
-istis, you have ruled 
-emnt, (or) ere, they have ruled 


rex-eram, i had ruled 

-eras { ‘you hai " 1 ) ru,ed 
-erat, he had ruled 
rex-eramus, we had ruled 
-eratis, you had ruled 
-erant, they had ruled 


reX-erO, I shall have ruled 

-ent, he will have ruled 
reX-eiimUS, we shall have ruled 
-entis, you will have ruled 
-ennt, they will have ruled 


PERFECT 

*rect-us sum, I have been ruled, I was ruled 

es l thou hast 1 , ru i e( i 
1 you have j oeen rmea 

est, he has been ruled 

rect-i sumus, we have been ruled 

eStiS, you have been ruled 

SUnt, they have been ruled 

PLUPERFECT 

r§ct-us eram, i had been ruled 
eras { } '>«>* 

erat, he had been ruled 
rect“i eramUS, we had been ruled 
eratis, you had been ruled 
erant, they had been ruled 

FUTURE PERFECT 

rect-us ero, / shall have been ruled 

eris { l youwiii } have been ruled 

ent, he will have been ruled 
rect-i erimus, we shall hare been ruled 
eritis, you will have been ruled 
erunt, they will have been ruled 


j 


158 


Subjunctive Mood 

Active Voice PRESENT TENSE Passive Voice 


VERBAL NOUNS 



reg-am, may I rule reg-ar, may I be ruled 

-as -arts, (or) r e{"T}* "** 
-at, let him rule -atur, let him be ruled 

reg-amus, may we rule reg-amur, may we be r uled 

-atis, may you rule -aiXlilll, may you be ruled 

-ant, let them rule -antur, let them be ruled 


IMPERFECT 


reg-erem, i should rule 

.prnc ! thou w ouldst l ru i p 
ereS [you would J rule 

-eret, he would rule 

reg-eremus, we should rule 

-eretis, you would rule 

-erent, they would rule 


rex- e rim, i may have ruled 
pn«i / thou ma y st \ h ave 

•eriS | y 0U ma y j ruled 

-erit, he may have ruled 

rex-erimus'^S'*'™ 

-eritis, you may have ruled 
-erint, they may have ruled 


reg-erer, / should be ruled 

-ereris ) (or)re{“rr u , |“)^ 

-eretur, he would be ruled 
reg-eremur, we should be ruled 
-eremini, you would be ruled 
-erentur, they would be ruled 

PERFECT 

*rect-us sim, i may have been ruled 
- f thou mayst 1 have been 
SIS j y OU ma y J ruled 

Sit, he may have been ruled 

rect-i sima.s{ we r ’3 h ” ebeen 

sitis, you may have been ruled 
Sint, they may have been ruled 


PLUPERFECT 


rex-issem, I should have ruled 

icc pc i / thou wouldst )have 
-IS 5 you would J ruled 

-isset, he would have ruled 

rex-issemus{* M 4S W '““ 

-issetis { y ™ t %d ad 
-issent [ , 'Zud M 


rect-us essem, I should have been ruled 



thou wouldst 
you would 


1 have been 
j ruled 


esset, he would have been ruled 

rect-i essemus { we ?M d haw been 
essetis{ 2/014 wou ^ ^ lave ^ een 

naack-nt I they would have been 

essent ^ ruled 


Infinitives 

Active 

Pres, reg-ere, to rule 
Perf. rex-isse, to have ruled 
Fut. rect-urus esse, 

to be about to \ . 

to be going to j u t 

Passive 

Pres. reg-I, to be ruled 

Perf. rect-us esse, to have been ruled 

Fut. rect-um iri, to be about to be ruled 

Gerunds 

Gen. reg-endi, of ruling 
Dot. reg-endo, for ruling 
Acc. reg-endum, the ruling 
Abl. reg-endo, by ruling 

Supines 

Acc. rect-um, to rule 

Abl. rect-u, to rule, in the ruling 


VERBAL ADJECTIVES 

Participles 

p. A. p. 

Pres, reg-ens, ens, ens, ruling 


Imperative Mood 

PRESENT TENSE Passive Voice 

1. 

2. reg-ere, be thou ruled 

3 . 


Sing. Active Voice 

1 . 

2. reg-e, rule thou 

3 . 

Plur. 

1. 

2. reg-ite, rule ye 

3 . 

Sing. 

1. 

2. reg-it5, thou shalt rule 

3 . reg-itO, he shall rule 

Plur. 

1 . 

2. reg-itote, ye shall rule 

3 . reg-unto, they shall rule 


1. 

2. reg-imiiu, be ye ruled 

3 . 

FUTURE 

1. 

2 . reg-itOr, thou shalt be ruled 

3 . reg-itor, he shall be ruled 

1. 

2 . 

3 . reg-untor, they shall be ruled 

159 


F. A. P. 

Fut. rect-urus, a, um{“^!“}ruie 

P. P. P. 

Perf. rect-us, a, um, ruled, being 

ruled, having been ruled 


GERUNDIVE 

reg-endus, a, um , to be ruled 

must be ruled 


Note: 



rule, am ruling, do rule, 
keep ruling 


regebam 


// 

\ 


was ruling, ruled, did rule, 
kept ruling, used to rule 


*rectus, a, um { 


(like bonus), to agree 
with the Subject. 


3d 

SYNOPSIS OF regd, I rule 

SYNOPSIS OF duco, I lead 

First Person Singular 

First Person Plural 

Active 

Passive 

Active 

Passive 


Indicative 


Indicative 

rego 

regor 

ducimus 

ducimur 

regebam 

regebar 

ducebamus 

ducebamur 

regam 

regar 

ducemus 

ducemur 

rexi 

rectus sum 

duximus 

ducti sumu.« 

rexeram 

rectus eram 

duxeramus 

ducti eramus 

rexerd 

rectus ero 

duxerimus 

ducti erimus 


Subjunctive 


Subjunctive 

regam 

regar 

ducamus 

ducamur 

regerem 

regerer 

duceremus 

duceremur 

rexerim 

rectus sim 

duxerimus 

ducti simus 

rexissem 

rectus essem 

duxissemus 

ducti essemus 


SYNOPSIS OF tego, I cover 

SYNOPSIS 

OF traho, / draw , drag 

Second Person Singular 

Second Person Plural 


Indicative 


Indicative 

tegis 

tegeris 

trahitis 

trahimini 

tegebas 

tegebaris 

trahebatis 

trahebamini 

teges 

tegeris 

trahetis 

trahemini 

texisti 

tectus es 

traxistis 

tracti sumus 

texeras 

tectus eras 

traxeratis 

tracti eratis 

texeris 

tectus eris 

traxeritis 

tracti eritis 


Subjunctive 


Subjunctive 

tegas 

tegaris 

trahatis 

trahamini 

tegeres 

tegereris 

traheretis 

traheremini 

texeris 

tectus sis 

traxeritis 

tracti simus 

texisses 

tectus esses 

traxissetis 

tracti essemus 


SYNOPSIS 

OF dico, I say, tell 

SYNOPSIS OF tango, I touch 

Third Person Singular 

Third Person Plural 


Indicative 


Indicative 

dicit 

dlcitur 

tangunt 

tanguntur 

dlcebat 

dicebatur 

tangebant 

tangebantur 

dlcet 

dicetur 

tangent 

tangentur 

dixit 

dictus est 

tetigerunt 

tacti sunt 

dixerat 

dictus erat 

tetigerant 

tacti erant 

dixerit 

dictus erit 

tetigerint 

tacti erunt 


Subjunctive 


Subjunctive 

dicat 

dicatur 

tangant 

tangantur 

diceret 

diceretur 

tangerent 

tangerentur 

dixerit 

dictus sit 

tetigerint 

tacti sint 

dixisset 

dictus esset 

tetigissent 

tacti essent 


160 


VERBS— THE THIRD CONJUGATION 


xl, ctus 

rego, ere, rexi, rectus, rule 

tego, ere, texi, tectus, cover, protect 

dico, ere, dixi, dictus, say, tell 

duco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead, draw 

coquo, ere, coxi, coctus, cook 

traho, ere, traxi, tractus, draw, drag, haul 

struo, ere, struxi, structus, build up 

veho, ere, vexi, vectus, carry, convey (by m£”Vsh?p) 

viv5, ere, vixl, — , live 

intellego, ere, exl, ctus, comprehend, understand 
neglego, ere, glexl, glectus, disregard, neglect 
diligo, ere, dilexi, dilectus, esteem, love (deeply) 

<opp. neglego) 

deligo, ere, delegi, delectus, choose out, select 


3d 

nxi, ctus 

cingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus, encircle, surround, gird 
fingo, ere, finxi, fictus, shape, mould 
jung5, ere, junxi, junctus, join 
pingo, ere, pinxi, pictus, paint, stain 
stringo, ere, strinxi, strictus, bind, tie tight 
tingo, ere, tinxi, tinctus, dip in dye, tinge 
unguo, ere, unxi, unctus, anoint 

Perf. Stem-vowel Lengthened 

ago, ere, egi, actus, Gr. drive, lead, do, act 
frango, ere, fregi, fractus, break 
lego, ere, legi, lectus, gather, choose, read 
relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus, leave behind, leave 
vinco, ere, vici, victus, conquer 


Note. — Vowels in verbs of the 3d Conj. marked long, outside the rules, have “Hidden Quantity. 


Exercises — Indicative Mood 


1. Dico. 

3. Ego dice bam. 

5. Ego ducam. 

7. Id ducit. 

9. Ea intellegebat. 
11. Is negleget. 

1. Tu frangis. 

3. Tu jungebas. 

5. Tu cinges. 

7. Tu fregistl. 

9. Tu junxeras. 

11. Tu cinxeris. 

1. She reads. 

3. She was reading. 

5. She will read. 

7. She has carried. 

9. She had broken. 
11. She will have read 
aloud. 


A 

2. Dlcimus. 

4. Nos dicebamus. 

6. Nos ducemus. 

8. Ea ducunt. 

10. Eae intellegebant. 
12. Ii neglegent. 

C 

2. V5s frangitis. 

4. Vos jungebatis. 

6. Vos cingetis. 

8. V5s fregistis. 

10. V5s junxeratis. 

12. Vos clnxeritis. 

E 

2. They read. 

4. They were reading. 

6. They will read. 

8. They have carried. 

10. They had broken. 
12. They will have 
read aloud. 


1. Dlcor. 

3. Ego dlcebar. 

5. Ego ducar. 

7. Id dicitur. 

9. Ea ducitur. 

11. Is neglegetur. 

1. Tu regeris. 

3. Tu agebaris. 

5. Tu traheris. 

7. Id structum est. 

9. Id vectum erat. 

11. Id coctum erit. 

1. She is led. 

3. She was led. 

5. She will be led. 

7. She has been left. 

9. She had been left. 

11. She will have beer 
left. 


2. Dlcimur. 

4. Nos dlcebamur. 

6. Nos ducemur. 

8. Ea dlcuntur. 

10. Eae ducuntur. 

12. Ii neglegentur. 

2. V5s regimini. 

4. Vos agebaminl. 

6. V5s trahemini. 

8. Ea structa sunt. 

10. Ea vecta erant. 

12. Ea cocta erunt. 

? 

2. They are left. 

4. They were left. 

6. They will be left. 

8. They have been led. 

10. They had been led. 

12. They will have 
been led. 


G 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Ind. Pres. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Ind. Pres. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Ind. Pres. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Ind. Pres. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Ind. Pres. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Ind. Pres. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb neglego 


H 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Ind. Imp. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Ind. Imp. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Ind. Imp. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Ind. Imp. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Ind. Imp. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Ind. Imp. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb jungo 

161 


Give in English and Latin. 

1. Ind. Fut. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Ind. Fut. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Ind. Fut. Act. 3d Sing. 

3. Ind. Fut. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Ind. Fut. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Ind. Fut. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb vinco 


3d 


VERBS— THE THIRD CONJUGATION (Continued) 


si, sus 

cedo, ere, cessi, cessus, go, yield 

claudo, ere, clausi, clausus, shut 

ludo, ere, lusi, lusus, play 

mergo, ere, mersi, mersus, dip, plunge, sink in 

mitto, ere, misi, missus, send, let go 

plaudo, ere, plausi, plausus, clap, applaud 

premo, ere, press!, pressus, press 

spargo, ere, spars!, sparsus, scatter, sprinkle 

rado, ere, rasi, rasus, scrape, shave 

rddo, ere, rosi, rosus, gnaw 

trudo, ere, trusi, trusus, thrust, shove 

figo, ere, fix!, fixus, fix, fasten, pin 

fluo, ere, Aim, (fluxus ),flow 

(adjective) 


psi, ptus 

carpo, ere, carps!, carptus, pluck 

contemno, ere, contempsi, ptus, despise 

nubo, ere, nupsi, nuptus, veil, marry (a man) 

promo, ere, prompsi, promptus, bring to light 

repo, ere, reps!, — , creep 

scalpo, ere, scalps!, scalptus, etch, engrave 

sculpo, ere, sculps!, sculptus, carve 

scribo, ere, scrips!, scriptus, write 

serpo, ere, serpsi, — , crawl 

sumo, ere, sumps!, sumptus, take 

Perf. Stem-vowel Lengthened 

emo, ere, emi, emptus, buy 
rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus, burst 


let 

1. Scrlbam. 

3. Cedam. 

5. Ludam. 

7. Scribamus. 
9. Cedamus. 
11. Ludamus. 


A 


Exercises — Subjunctive Mood 


may 

2. Scribat. 
4. Cedat. 

6. Ludat. 

8. Scribant. 
10. Cedant. 
12. Ludant. 


mayst 

1. Tut 5 mittas. 

3. Tuto sumas. 

5. Tuto emas. 

7. Recte miseris. 

9. Recte sumpseris. 
11. Recte emeris. 


may 

2. Tuto mittatis. 

4. Tuto sumatis. 

6. Tuto ematis. 

8. Recte miseritis. 

10. Recte sumpseritis. 
12. Recte emeritis. 


C 

should 

1. Saepe scrlberem. 

3. Saepe scalperem. 

5. Saepe sculperem. 

7. Breviter scriberemus. 
9. Facile scalperemus. 
11. Certe sculperemus. 


would 

2. Saepe scrlberet. 
4. Saepe scalperet. 
6. Saepe sculperet. 
8. Plane scriberent. 
10. Facile scalperent. 
12. Certe sculperent. 


wouldst 

1. Tu recte regeres. 

3. Tu recte duceres. 

5. Tu recte diceres. 

7. Vos vix vicissetis. 

9. Vos vix egissetis. 

11. Vds vix texissetis. 


would 

2. Tu recte regereris. 

4. Tu recte ducereris, 

6. Tu recte dicereris. 

8. Vos vix vict! essetis. 

10. Vos vix act! essetis. 

12. Vos vix tect! essetis. 


E 

1. Let me take. 2. Let us take. 

3. I should send. 4. We should send. 

5. She would despise. 6. They would des- 
pise. 

G 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Sub jv. Pres. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Subjv. Pres. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Subjv. Pres. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Subjv. Pres. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Subjv. Pres. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Subjv. Pres. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb deligo 


F 

1. Let him be taken. 2. Let them be taken. 

3. I should be sent. 4. We should be sent. 
5. He would be des- 6. They would be des- 
pised. pised. 

I 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Subjv. Perf. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Subjv. Perf. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Subjv. Perf. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Subjv. Plup. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Subjv. Plup. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Subjv. Plup. Pass. 3d Plur. 
Verb intellego 


H 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Subjv. Imp. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Subjv. Imp. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Subjv. Imp. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Subjv. Imp. Pass 1st Plur. 

5. Subjv. Imp. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Subjv. Imp. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb plaudo 

162 


VERBS— THE THIRD CONJUGATION (Concluded) 

Perf. Stem-vowel Lengthened 


edd, edere (esse), edi, esus, eat 

fundo, ere, fudi, fusus, pour 

cerno, ere, crevi ( = decreed ), -cretus, perceive , discern 

cresco, ere, crevl, cretus, grow, increase. 

nosco, ere, novi, (notus), come to know 

(syn. scio) ( (become thoroughly 

acquainted with) 

cognosco, ere, cdgnovi, cognitus | understand , 

( learn 

pasco, ere, pavi, pastus, 1 . feed, nourish 2. graze 
sero, ere, sevi, satus, sow 
sino, ere, sivi, situs, permit , allow 
sperno, ere, sprevi, spretus, scorn , spurn 
sterno, ere, stravi, stratus, strew 

uro, ere, ussi, ustus, burn 

gero, ere, gessi, gestus, bear , carry, wear 


3d 

Reduplicated or Greek Perfects 

cado, ere, cecidi, -casus, fall, (fail down) 
caedo, ere, cecidi, caesus, fell, (make to faii=) kill 

cano, ere, cecini, , make music, sing, play 

curro, ere, cucurri, cursum, run 

disco, ere, didici, , learn 

fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus, deceive 

parco, ere, peperci, , spare 

pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus, push, drive 
pendo, ere, pependi, pensus, 1 . weigh 2. pay 

posco, ere, poposci, , demand 

pungo, ere, pupugi, punctus, punch 
tango, ere, tetigi, tactus, touch 
tendo, ere, tetendi, tentus, stretch 
tundo, ere, tutudi, tunsus, beat, pound 


1. Rege. 

3. Sperne. 
5. Disce. 

1. Rsgito. 
3. Cernitd. 
5. Crescitd. 


Exercises — Imperative Mood 


A 

2. Regite. 

4. Spernite. 
6. Discite. 

C 

2. Reguntd. 
4. Cernuntd. 
6. Crescunto. 


1. Regere. 

3. Spernere. 

5. Diligere. 

1. Regitor. 

3. Cognoscitor. 
5. Pascitor. 


B 

2. Regimini. 

4. SperniminI 
6. Deligimini. 

D 

2. Reguntor. 

4. Cognoscuntor. 
6. Pascuntor. 


E 

Verbal Nouns ( Infinitives ) 

1. Regere. 2. Regi. 

3. Sternere. 4. Sternl. 

5. Tendere. 6. Tend!. 


G 

Verbal Adjectives ( Participles ) 


p. A. P. 

1. Regens. 
3. Gerens. 
5. Tangens. 


p. p. p 

2. Recta. 
4. Gesta. 
6. Tacta. 


1. Rexisse. 

3. Pepulisse. 

5. Cecidisse. 

I 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Impv. Pres. Act. 2d Sing. 

2. Impv. Pres. Pass. 2d Plur. 

3. Impv. Fut. Act. 2d Sing. 

4. Impv. Fut. Pass. 3d Plur. 

5. Impv. Pres. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Impv. Fut. Pass. 2d Sing. 

Verb cognosco 


F. A. p. 

1. Rectura. 
3. Tactura. 
5. Casura. 

J 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Inf. Pres. Act. 

2. Inf. Pres. Pass. 

3. Inf. Perf. Act. 

4. Inf. Perf. Pass. 

5. Inf. Fut. Act. 

6. Inf. Fut. Pass. 

Verb pello 

163 


H 

Gerundive 

2. Regenda. 

4. Tangenda. 

6. Caedenda. 

K 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Gerundive Gen. Plur. Fern. 

2. Gerundive Dat. Plur. Fern. 

3. Acc. Sup. 7. P. A. P. 

4. Acc. Ger. 8. F. A. P. 

5. Abl. Sup. 9. P. P. P. 

6. Abl. Ger. 

Verb tendo 


F 

2. Recta esse. 
4. Pulsa esse. 
6. Caesa esse. 


VOCABULARY— MEDICINE 


medicina, ae, F. medicine , (the healing art) 
medicus, i, M. a physician, a surgeon 
Archiatrus, I, M. Gr. the Court Physician 

medicamentum, i, N.(° am , edici “ 

( a plaster, a salve 

medicinus, a, um, medical 
medicinalis, e, medicinal 
medeor, eri, — , cure, heal, (w. Dat.) 

(Sanscrit) (Syn. euro, sand) 

remedium, ii, N. a remedy 
philtrum, I, N. Gr. a love potion 
medicina officina, the doctor’s shop 

. • _ [ the next to the little finger, whence 

digitus medicinalis { a nerve went straight to the 
[ heart 

THE DISEASES 

morbus, i, M. a disease 

pestilentia, ae, F. a plague, (a contagious disease) 
morbus regius, jaundice 

morbus comitialis, epilepsy { a ^io'o! befo^a^ad om^ ^ 

apoplexia, ae, F. Gr. apoplexy 

paralysis, is, F. Gr. palsy, paralysis 

erysipelas, atis, N. Gr. St. Anthony’s fire 

i ebris, is, F. a fever 

insania, ae, F. insanity, (in-sanus) 

syncope, es, F. Gr. a swoon 

lepra, ae, F. leprosy 

podagra, ae, F. gout (in the feet) 

phthisis, is, F. Gr. consumption, (wasting away) 

cruditas, atis, F. dyspepsia 

hydrophobia, ae, F. Gr. dread of wader 

vomica, ae, F. a boil, an ulcer 

A 

1. Quia medic! et chirurgi Romae erant servi, 

propterea medicina et chlrurgia illib- 
erales artes erant. 

2. Graecus medicus Athenls Romam medicinae 

exercendae causa proficiscitur. 

3. Medicus ait se obligasse crus fractum 

Aesculapib, ApollinI autem bracchium.- 
Plaut. 

4. Jesus ait ad illos, “Medice, eura teipsum.” 

5. Medicina sanitatem aegrls promittit.-Ce/s. 

6. Habeo dolorem dentium, cui mederi volo. 

Habeo etiam in collo vomicam, cui 
medicus emplastro fiedrum medebitur. 

7. Hostes sagittas toxico illinunt. 

8. Medici artes quinque capita habuerunt. 

Caput primum est Physiologia et Ana- 
tomia: secundum Pathologia, de causis 
morborum: tertium Hygieia, de sanitate 
corporis: quartum Diagnostica, de signis 
morborum: quintum Therapeutica, de 
arte sanationis. 


chirurgia, ae, F. Gr. surgery 

chirurgus, i, M. Gr. a surgeon 

vulnus, eris, N. a wound 

cicatrix, icis, F. a scar 

fractura, ae, F. a fracture 

luxum, i, N. a dislocation 

terebra, ae, F. a trepan, a trephine, (an auger) 

emplastrum, i, N. Gr. a plaster 

emetica, ae, F. Gr. an emetic 

toxicum, i, N. Gr. a poison (intowWch arrows were 

venenum, i, N. a potion (made to kill) 

virus, 1, N. venom (of plant or animal) 

THE MEDICINES 

acetum, I, N. vinegar, (= sour wine) 

allium, ii, N. garlic, (for ear-ache) 

aloe, es, F. Gr. the bitter aloe, (also a perfume) 

mandragoras, ae, M. Gr. the mandrake, (making patients silly) 

menta, ae, F. mint, (used in simples) 

nardus, i, M. Gr. nard, (= a fragrant plant) 

unguentum, i, N. an ointment 

sal, salis, N. salt, (to harden the muscles) 

/ an antidote against the bites of snakes, 
tneriaca, ae, h. Gr. | (450 to 600 ingredients) 

lana, ae, F. wool, (used in 35 nostrums) 
ovum, i, N. an egg, (used in 22 nostrums) 
card vxperarum, flesh of vipers, (for muscular decay) 
fel capri, the gall of the goat, (for sore eyes) 
sanguis canum, blood of dogs, (for poppy poisons) 
ednus pin! et mel, medicine for phthisis 

B 

1. Chirurgia est ars, quae manu curat. ^ -Cels. 

2. Graeci ab Aegyptils artem chirurgiae ac- 

ceperunt. 

3. Homerus ait: Aesculapius, filius Apollinis, 

erat deus medicinae et chirurgiae. Hie 
solus vulnera heroum Tr5jae curavit. 

4. Templum Aesculapil in ltico in Arcadia 

statuam auri et eboris cum serpente et 
cane habuit. 

5. Hie primus vulnus obligavisse dicitur. 

6. Pestilentia gravis incidit in urbem.-Lm 

7. Romani oraculum cbnsulunt. 111! anguem 

magnum in navi adferunt. Templum 
Aesculapil extra urbem in Tiberis In- 
sula aedificant. 

8. Hippocrates a tabulls votlvls inmurlstempll 

Aesculapil libr5s suos medicinae scrlpsit. 

9. Celsus octo libros praestantissimos in 

Latina posterius scrlpsit. 

10. Galenus postremo tres et octoginta libros 
scrlpsit. 


t Adapted. 


164 


THE ART OF MEDICINE AT ROME 


Julian the Apostate made a law wherein he says that the “Art of Physic came down from 
Heaven.” Egypt and Babylon from earliest times had taught the same. Homer sang that 
iEsculapius, the God of Medicine, was a son of Apollo. Sick people, therefore, resorted to the 
temples and appealed much to the gods with vows, and prayers, and sacrifices. He who got 
well immediately nailed up in the temple a votive tablet stating his particular method of sacri- 
fice, and the medicine prescribed by the gods which he thought had cured him, so that all pos- 
terity might read and be cured likewise. 

The first Schools of Medicine were, therefore, the Temples of the gods; the first medical 
text-books, the tablets on the temple walls; but Nature also, Pliny tells us, taught valuable 
lessons. The Dog ate grass. The Hippopotamus bled himself. Sheep and Cattle in distress 
sought those springs of waters with salt and iron in strong solution. 

Among the early Greeks the secrets of the Medical art were carefully kept, and the char- 
acter and conduct of the Medical student strictly examined. He must take the “Oath of Hip- 
pocrates,” swearing to observe or to avoid twenty different things. Medicine was a difficult 
art; diseases were not easy to cure. The god yEsculapius carried a huge staff, the “Staff of 
Life,” full of big hard knots, typifying these difficulties. Patients, too, must be obedient and 
faithful. A law in Locris punished with death the patient disobeying the orders of his 
physician. 

Many failures drove the Romans in despair finally to accept the god ^Esculapius. In 219 
B. C. they imported a physician from Greece. They presented him with citizenship, and also 
with a doctor’s shop, but his operations of cutting and burning were so cruel that, we read, 
they stoned him to death. Brave successors flocked to Rome, but Cato the Censor hated the 
Greeks and all their learning; so, rumor says, the Greek physicians and philosophers were all 
banished together. 

A comparison of the host of frightful diseases, with the long array of quack medicines, 
nostrums and simples, reminds us that for 600 years at Rome the sufferings of the sick with 
so little relief must have been most terrible. Even a minor affliction was treated absurdly. 
For instance, a person having Hiccoughs, in order to be cured, must touch his lips to the nose of 
a mule. 

Careful fathers of families always kept a recipe-book and a faithful slave, a medicus, 
in their own homes. Later the City of Rome welcomed the Greek physicians and paid them 
handsomely to supervise the public health. The Archiatrus was said to receive a salary of 
$ 20 , 000 . 

The surgeon especially was a very late accession from Greece. A box of instruments, rude 
but well preserved, was found at Pompeii. No Chloroform or Ether soothed the sufferer. 
Celsus thus describes the able surgeon: He must be young and ambidextrous; he must have 
an unshaking hand, an unflinching nerve, eye-sight keen; he must be always pitying, yet 
without hurry calmly proceeding regardless of the screams of his patient. 

Medicine at Rome was one of the Illiberales Artes, arts of slaves ; hence the Doctor of 
Medicine seldom rose in public esteem above the social level of barbers and shoe- 
makers. 


165 


4th 


CONJUGATION — Verbs in -ire (I -stems) 


„ . . , ^ ( Pres. Ind. 

Principal Parts audi6 


Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 

audire audivi 


Perf. Part, 
auditus 


Active Voice 


Singular Number 


Plural Number 


| aud-io, I hear 

r— / thou hearest 
i { you hear 

[ -it, he hears 

aud-imus, we hear 
-ltiS, you hear 
-iunt, they hear 


Indicative Mood 

PRESENT TENSE Passive Voice 

aud-ior, i am heard 
-iris, (or) r 
-itur, he is heard 
aud-imur, we are heard 
-iminl, you are heard 
-iuntur, they are heard 


aud-iebam, I was hearing 

-iebas {Z u Ze}^ 

-iebat, he was hearing 
aud-iebamus, we were hearing 
-iebatis, you were hearing 
-iebant, they were hearing 


aud -iam, I shall hear 

-let, he will hear 
aud-iemus, we shall hear 
-ieti , you will hear 
-ient, they will hear 


audiv-i , I have heard, I heard 

-it, he has heard 

audiv-imus, we have heard 
-istis, you have heard 
-emnt, (or) ere, they have heard 

audiv-eram, I had heard 

.prac / thou hadst \ heard 

-eras \y 0u had ) neara 

-erat, he had heard 

audiv-eramus, we had heard 
-eratis, you had heard 
-erant, they had heard 


aUdlV-erO, I shall have heard 

-eris{"W" 

-erit, he will have heard 
audiv-erimus, we shall have heard 
-eritis, you will have heard 
-dint, they will have heard 


IMPERFECT 

aud-iebar, i was heard 

-iebaris, (or) re { ““f} heard 
-iebatur, he was heard 
aud-iebamur, we were heard 
-iebamini, you were heard 
-iebantur, they were heard 

FUTURE 

aud-iar, / shall be heard 

-ieris, (or) re { youma / be heard 

-ietur, he will be heard 
aud-iemur, we shall be heard 
-iemini, you will be heard 
-ientur, they will be heard 

PERFECT 

*audit-us sum, / have been heard, I was heard 

est, he has been heard 
audit-i sumus, we have been heard 
estis, you have been heard 
SUnt, they have been heard 

PLUPERFECT 

audit-us eram, i had been heard 

eras { fouhaf } been heard 

erat, he had been heard 

audit-! eramUS, we had been heard 
eratis, you had been heard 
erant, they had been heard 

FUTURE PERFECT 

audit-us ero, I shall have been heard 

eris { ( y oil will } have been heard 
ent, he will have been heard 
audit-i erimUS, we shall have been heard 
entlS, you will have been heard 
erunt, they will hare been heard 


166 


Subjunctive Mood 


Active Voice 
aud-iam, may I hear 

-i 

-iat, let him hear 

aud-iamus, let us hear 
-iatis, may you hear 
-iant, let them hear 


aud-Irem, I should hear 

/ thou wouldst \ , 
lieS \you would j near 
-iret, he would hear 

aud-iremus, we should hear 
-iretis, you would hear 
“Irent, they would hear 


audiv-erim, / may have heard 

_ p / thou mayst ) have 
-CIT5 | y OU ma y I heard 

-ent, he may have heard 

audiv-erimus { 

-entis[*°te7f ha ’ e 

I they may have 


PRESENT TENSE Passive Voice 


aud-iar, may I be heard 
-iaris, (or) r 
-iatur, let him be heard 
aud-iamur, may we be heard 
-iamini, may you be heard 
-lantur, let them be heard 


IMPERFECT 


aud-irer, I should be heard 

-ireris (or) ve{Z™Z a uT‘tar d 

-iretUF, he would be heard 
aud-iremur, we should be heard 
-lremini, you would be heard 
-Irentur, they would be heard 

PERFECT 

*audit-us sim, i may have been heard 
f thou mayst 1 have been 
\ you may [ heard 
sit, he may have been heard 
we may have been 
heard 


audit-! simus { 


-ennt , heard 


sitis 

sint 


/ you may have been 
\ heard 

I they may have been 


{ heard 


audiv-issem { 1 


should have 
heard 


PLUPERFECT 

audit-us 


wouldst \have 
-155 \y 0 u would jheard 
• _ -.x J he would have 

-issex ^ heard 

' we should have 
heard 

-issetis { v °t™f ihaK 

-issent{ w, Xrj‘ w '“ < " e 


Ann Am / I should have been 

essem^ heard 

eSSeS^° U wou *d s t\have been 


esset( 


\you would jheard 


he would have been 


audiv-issemus { 


audit-i 


oeaSmnc / we should have 

essemus ^ been heard 

you would have 
been heard 
would have 

essenx been heard 


essetis( 


Sing. Active Voice 

1. 


Imperative Mood 

PRESENT TENSE Passive Voice 

1. 


2. aud-i t hear thou 

3. 

Plur. 

1. 


2. aud-ire, be thou heard 

3. 


1. 


2. aud-ite, hear ye 

3. 

Sing. 

1. 


2. aud-imim, be ye heard 

3. 

FUTURE 

1. 


2. aud-ito, thou shalt hear 

3. -ito, he shall hear 

Plur. 

1. 

2. aud-itote, ye Shall hear 

3. -iuntd, they shall hear 


2. aud-itor, thou shalt be heard 

3. -itor, he shall be heard 


1. 

2 . 


3. aud-iuntor, they shall be heard 

167 


VERBAL NOUNS 
Infinitives 


4th 


Active 

Pres, aud-ire, to hear 
PERF. audiv-isse, to have heard 

Fut. audit-urus esse, 

to be about to 
to be going to 


jftear 


Passive 

Pres, aud-iri, to be heard 

PERF. audit-US esse, to have been heard 

F ut. audit-um iri { t0 b h e e ard Ut t0 be 

Gerunds 

Gen. aud-iendi, of hearing 
Dat. aud-iendo, j for hearing 
Ace. aud-iendum, the hearing 
Abl. aud-iendo, by hearing 

Supines 

Acc. audit-um, to hear 

Abl. audit-u, to hear, in the hearing 


VERBAL ADJECTIVES 

Participles 

p. A. p. 

Pres, aud-iens, ens, ens, hearing 

F. A. p. 

Fut. audit-urus, a, um, 

about <o\ i „ 
going to) hear 

P. P. P. 

Perf. audit-us, a, um, heard, being 

heard, having been heard 

GERUNDIVE 

aud-iendus, a, um , to be bea r d , 

must be heard 


Note: 

„„ hear, am hearing, do hear, 
aUQ10 \ keep hearing. 


I was hearing, heard, did 
hear, kept hearing, used 
to hear. 


audiebam 

a 11TT1 / (like bonus), to agree 
auaitus, a, um j with the Su bject. 


4th SYNOPSIS 

OF audio, I hear 

SYNOPSIS OF capio, I take 

First Person Singular 

First Person Plural 

Active 

Passive 

Active 

Passive 

Indicative 



Indicative 

audio 

audior 

capimus 

capimur 

audiebam 

audiebar 

capiebamus 

capiebamur 

audiam 

audiar 

capiemus 

capiemur 

audivi 

audltus sum 

cepimus 

capti sumus 

audlveram 

auditus eram 

ceperamus 

capti eramus 

audivero 

audltus ero 

ceperimus 

capti erimus 

Subjunctive 



Subjunctive 

audiam 

audiar 

capiamus 

capiamur 

audirem 

audirer 

caperemus 

caperemur 

audiverim 

audltus sim 

ceperimus 

capti simus 

audivissem 

auditus essem 

cepissemus 

capti essemus. 


SYNOPSIS 

OF custodio, / guard 

SYNOPSIS 

OF arguo, / accuse 

Second Person Singular 

Second Person Plural 


Indicative 


Indicative 

custodis 

custodiris 

arguitis 

arguiminl 

custodiebas 

custodiebaris 

arguebatis 

arguebamini 

custodies 

custodieris 

arguetis 

arguemini 

custodivisti 

custoditus es 

arguistis 

arguti estis 

custodiveras 

custoditus eras 

argueratis 

arguti eratis 

custodlveris 

custoditus eris 

argueritis 

arguti eritis 


Subjunctive 


Subjunctive 

custodias 

custddiaris 

arguatis 

arguamini 

custddires 

custddireris 

argueretis 

argueremini 

custodlveris 

custoditus sis 

argueritis 

arguti sitis 

custodivisses 

custoditus esses 

arguissetis 

arguti essetis 


SYNOPSIS 

OF vestio, / clothe 

SYNOPSIS 

OF sentio, I perceive 

Third Person Singular 

Third Person Plural 


Indicative 


Indicative 

vestit 

vestitur 

sentiunt 

sentiuntur 

vestiebat 

vestiebatur 

sentiebant 

sentiebantur 

vestiet 

vestietur 

sentient 

sentientur 

vestivit 

vestitus est 

senserunt 

sens! sunt 

vestiverat 

vestitus erat 

senserant 

sens! erant 

vestiverit 

vestitus erit 

senserint 

sens! erunt 


Subjunctive 


Subjunctive 

vestiat 

vestiatur 

sentiant 

sentiantur 

vestiret 

vestiretur 

sentirent 

sentirentur 

vestiverit 

vestitus sit 

senserint 

sens! sint 

vestivisset 

vestitus esset 

sensissent 

sens! essent 


168 


VERBS— THE FOURTH CONJUGATION 


4th 


audio, Ire, ivi, Itus, hear 
custddio, ire, Ivi, itus, guard 

dormio, ire, ivi, , sleep 

erudio, ire, ivi, itus, instruct 
finio, ire, ivi, itus, 1 . bound 2. finish 
lenio, ire, ivi, itus, soothe 


, . _ . f (entangle the feet) 

impedio, ^-^fiinder, impede 

, . _ . f (free the feet from a snare) 

expedio, / 005e> set f ree 


mollid, ire, ivi, itus, soften 
munio, ire, ivi, itus, fortify 
nutrio, 4. nourish 
partio, 4. share , (divide up) 
polio, 4. polish, refine 
punio, 4. punish 
scio, 4. know 
servio, 4. serve (as a slave) 
stabilio, 4. establish 


vestid, 4. clothe 
garrio, 4. chatter 
ebullio, 4. bubble up 
grunnio, 4. grunt 
hinnio, 4. neigh 
gannio, 4. growl (as a dog) 
mugio, 4. bellow 
tinnio, 4. tinkle 
tussio, 4. cough 


Note. — The Perfect Tenses were often contracted, viz.: custodivi, to custodii; custodiveram, to custo- 
dieram, etc. 


Exercises — Indicative Mood 


A 

1. Dormio. 

3. Ego erudiebam. 

5. Ego custodiam. 

7. Is polit. 

9. Ea leniebat. 

11. Id molliet. 


2. Dormimus. 

4. Nos erudiebamus. 
6. Nos custodiemus. 
8. Ii poliunt. 

10. Eae leniebant. 

12. Ea mollient. 


B 

1. Nu trior. 

3. Ego erudiebar. 

5. Ego custodiar. 

7. Id flnltur. 

9. Ea plaudebatur. 

11. Is punietur. 


2. Nutrimur. 

4. Nos erudiebamur. 

6. Nos custodiemur. 

8. Ea finiuntur. 

10. Eae plaudebantur. 
12. Ii punientur. 


1. Tu dormis. 

3. Tu cupiebas. 

5. Tu scies. 

7. Tu servisti. 

9. Tu partieras. 

11. Tu mollieris. 


2. Vos dormitis. 

4. Vos cupiebatis. 

6. Vds scietis. 

8. Vds servlstis. 

10. Vds partieratis. 

12. Vds mollieritis. 


D 

1. Tu nutriris. 

3. Tu erudiebaris. 

5. Tu vestieris. 

7. Id partitum est. 

9. Id stabilltum erat. 

11. Id munitum erit. 


2. Vds nutrimim. 

4. Vds erudiebaminl. 
6. Vds vestiemini. 

8. Ea partita sunt. 
10. Ea stabilita erant. 
12. Ea munita erunt. 


E 


1. It soothes. 

3. It was hindering. 

5. It will soothe. 

7. It has softened. 

9. It had nour- 
ished. 

11. It will have soft- 
ened. 


2. They soothe. 

4. They were hinder- 
ing. 

6. They will soothe. 

8. They have soft- 
ened. 

10. They had nour- 
ished. 

12. They will have 
softened. 


F 

1. It is known. 

3. It was bounded. 

5. It will be known. 

7. It has been estab- 
lished. 

9. It had been forti- 
fied. 

11. It will have been 
established. 


2. They are known. 

4. They were finished. 

6. They will be known. 

8. They have been 
established. 

10. They had been 
fortified. 

12. They will have been 
established. 


G 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Ind. Pres. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Ind. Pres. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Ind. Pres. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Ind. Pres. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Ind. Pres. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Ind. Pres. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb munio 


H 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Ind. Imp. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Ind. Imp. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Ind. Imp. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Ind. Imp. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Ind. Imp. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Ind. Imp. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb custodio 

169 


I 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Ind. Fut. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Ind. Fut. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Ind. Fut. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Ind. Fut. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Ind. Fut. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Ind. Fut. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb erudio 


4th 


VERBS— VARIOUS CONJUGATIONS 


Verbs in io 


capio, ere, cepi, captus, take, seize (with the hand) 

ac-cipio, ere, accepi, acceptus, (taketo=) receive 
in-cipid, ere, incepi, inceptus, (take in hand=) begin 
facio, ere, feci, factus, make, do 


ef-ficio, ere, effeci, effectus, 

as-picid, ere, aspexi, aspectus, look at 

fodio, ere, fodi, fossus, dig 

jacio, ere, jeci, j actus, throw 

re-jicio, ere, rejeci, rejectus, throw back, reject 

- \ snatch away , 

rapio, ere, rapui, raptus • , „ 

* ' ’ * ’ v \ seize and carry off 

di-ripio, ere, diripui, direptus, (tear to pieces), ravage 
cupid, ere, ivi, itus, desire 
fugio, ere, fugi, (f ugiturus) , flee 


solvo, ere, soivi, solutus, loose 
volvo, ere, volvi, volutus, roll 


Verbs in uo 

acuo, ere, ui, utus, sharpen 
arguo, ere, ui, utus, accuse, censure, blame 
imbuo, ere, ui, utus, moisten, imbue 
tribuo, ere, ui, utus, assign, ascribe 
minuo, ere, ui, utus, lessen 

ruo, ere, ui, utu 

congruo, ere, ui, 

luo, ere, lui, , 1. (1 °dlbt)? m 2. pay, atone for 

ab-luo, ere, ablui, ablutus. wash away, cleanse 
polluo, ere, pollui, pollutus, soil 
di-luo, ere, dilui, dilutus, (wash to pieces^) dissolve 
statuo, ere, ui, utus, set up (as a flag), decide, decree 
con-stituo, ere, ui, utus, establish, determine 
suo, ere, sui, sutus, sew 


1. fall to ruin, tumble down 

2. rush, hurry 

{agree with, 


(rush together =) 


1 coincide 


Exercises 


Subjunctive of Pure Purpose 


1. Magister pueros laudat, ut litteras ament. 

2. Agricola agros arat, ut triticum seminet. 

3. Servus e conspectu fugit, ut vltam servet. 

4. Puella faciem la vat, ut recreetur. 

5. Nautae funes rapiunt, ut vela pandant. 

6. Puer lapidem jacit, ut malum edat. 

7. Pedes portam custodit, ut dux dormiat. 

8. Janitor januam claudit, ut domus caleat. 

9. Mater pueros ita educat, ut boni elves sint. 

10. Patres pueros erudiunt, ut scientia crescat. 

11. Miles castra munit, ut tuto noctu dormiat. 

12. Judex justus sapienter judicat, ut pacem 

mentis habeat. 

C 

1. I have come that I may hear and know. 

2. I exercise diligently that I may be strong. 

3. I laugh heartily that I may gladden my 

friends, alacriter 

E 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Subjv. Pres. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Subjv. Pres. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Subjv. Pres. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Subjv. Pres. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Subjv. Pres. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Subjv. Pres. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb rejicio 


Addressing or referring to an Indefinite person or thing 
B Subjv. Indie. 

1 . Si diligenter attendamus, intellegemus.-Cic. 

2. Si quisquam hoc dicat, hie errabit. 

3. Si quisquam injuriam faciat, hie punietur. 

4. Nisi earn exerceas, memoria minuitur.-Cic. 

5. Si aliquis lapides jaciat, poenam luit. ■ 

6. Si urbs n5n muniatur, hostis expugnabitur. 

7. Si liberi non educentur, civitas ruetur. 

8. Si Tribuni vetent, Senatus semper cedet. 

9. Si mare saevum sit, nautae nauseabunt. 

10. Si rotae rotent, vehiculum se movebit. 

11. Si discipuli studeant, praemium habebunt. 

12. Si gubernator haesitet, navis bona in 

scopulos frangitur. 

D 

1. If anybody does not hear, he hesitates. 

2. If the oxen bellow, the cows will come home. 

3. If the pupils obey, they will always grow 

in knowledge. 

G 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Subjv. Perf. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Subjv. Perf. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Subjv. Perf. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Subjv. Plup. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Subjv. Plup. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Subjv. Plup. Pass. 3d Plur. 
Verb constituo 


F 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Subjv. Imp. Act. 1st Sing. 

2. Subjv. Imp. Pass. 2d Sing. 

3. Subjv. Imp. Act. 3d Sing. 

4. Subjv. Imp. Pass. 1st Plur. 

5. Subjv. Imp. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Subjv. Imp. Pass. 3d Plur. 

Verb arguo 

170 


VERBS— VARIOUS CONJUGATIONS (Concluded) 


FIRST AND THIRD 

do, dare, dedi, datus, give , put 

st5, stare, stetl, -status (-stitus), stand 

THIRD AND SECOND 

alo, ere, ul, altus (alitus), nourish 

fremd, ere, ui, — , roar, howl 

gemo, ere, ui, — , groan, sigh 

gigno, ere, genui, genitus, bring forth 

molo, ere, ul, itus, grind 

pono, ere, posui, positus, put, place, set, lay 

st rep 6, ere, ui, — , make noise, rattle 

colo, ere, ui, cultus, till, dwell 

THIRD AND FOURTH 

arcesso, ere, ivi, itus, summon 

cupio, ere, ivi, itus, desire 

tero, ere, trivi, trltus, rub 

peto, ere, ivi, itus, 1 . go at, attack 2. beg, entreat 

quaero, ere, quaesivi, situs, search for, inquire 


4th 

FOURTH AND THIRD 

venio, ire, veni, -ventus, come 

ad-venio, ire, adveni, adventus, (come to), arrive at 

._ _ _ _ , f (come together), 

con-vemo, ire, convem, ventus < ass^j,^ 

in-venio, ire, inveni, inventus, (come upon), invent 

haurio, ire, hausi, haustus, drain 

vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus, bind 

sancio, ire, sanxi, (sanctus), hallow, consecrate 

sentio, ire, sensi, sensus, feel, perceive 

comperio, ire, comperi, compertus 
reperio, ire, repperi, repertus, find, discover 

FOURTH, SECOND, AND THIRD 

operio, ire, ui, opertus, cover up, hide 
aperio, ire, ui, apertus, uncover, open 
salio, ire, salui, (saltus), leap, jump 


1. Audi. 

3. Veni. 

5. Fini. 

1. Audito. 
3. Cuplto. 
5. Sentito. 


Exercises — Imperative Mood 


A 

2. Audite. 

4. Venite. 

6. Finite. 

C 

2. Audiuntd. 

4. Cupiunto. 
6. Sentiunto. 


1. Audire. 

3. Sancire. 

5. Arcessere. 

1. Auditor. 
#3. Vincitor. 

5. Punitor. 


B 

2. Audimini. 

4. Sancimini. 

6. Arcessimim. 

D 

2. Audiuntor. 
4. Vinciuntor. 

6. Puniuntor. 


E 

Verbal Nouns ( Infinitives ) 


I. Audire. 

3. Advenire. 
5. Comperire. 


2. Audiri. 

4. Conveniri. 
6. Reperiri. 

F 


1. Audivisse. 
3. Venisse. 

5. Posuisse. 


2. Auditum esse. 

4. Compertum esse. 
6. Haustum esse. 


Verbal Adjectives ( Participles ) 


p. A. P 

1. Audiens. 

3. Inveniens. 

5. Aperiens. 

F. A. p. 

1. Auditurum. 

3. Quaesiturum. 
5. Positurum. 


p. p. p. 

2. Auditum. 

4. Inventum. 

6. Opertum. 

H 

Gerundive 

2. Audiendum. 
4. Quaerendum. 
G. Ponendum. 


Give in English and Latin. 

1. Impv. Pres. Act. 2d Sing. 

2. Impv. Pres. Pass. 2d Plur. 

3. Impv. Pres. Act. 2d Sing. 

4. Impv. Fut. Pass. 3d Plur. 

5. Impv. Pres. Act. 2d Plur. 

6. Impv. Fut. Pass. 2d Sing. 

Verb pono 


J 

Give in English and Latin. 

1. Inf. Pres. Act. 

2. Inf. Pres. Pass. 

3. Inf. Perf. Act. 

4. Inf. Perf. Pass. 

5. Inf. Fut. Act. 

6. Inf. Fut. Pass. 

Verb quaero 

171 


K 


Give in English and Latin. 


1. Gerundive Gen. Sing. Masc. 

2. Gerundive Dat. Plur. Masc. 


3. Acc. Sup. 7. P. A. P. 

4. Acc. Ger. 8. F. A. P. 

5. Abl. Sup. 9. P. P. P. 

6. Abl. Ger. 

Verb comperio 


VERBS IN 10— THIRD CONJUGATION — (i-stems) 



Principal Parts, capio, capere, cepi, captus, take 


Active Voice Indicative Mood Passive Voice 


Pres. 

capio, is, it, I take 

capimus, itis, iunt 

( eris 1 . . 

capior | ere j«ur 

capiebar 

f ieris ^ . - 

caplar |iere ) letur 

capimur, imini, iuntur 

Imp. 

capiebam 

capiebamus 

capiebamur 


Fut. 

capiam, ies, iet 

capiemus, ietis, ient 

capiemur, iemini, 

ientur 

Perf. 

- - / I have taken 
CeV1 \ltook 

cepimus 

captus sum 

captl sumus 


Plup. 

ceperam 

ceperamus 

captus eram 

capti eramus 


Ft. Pf. cepero 

ceperimus 

captus ero 

capti erimus 




Subjunctive 



Pres. 

capiam, ias, iat 

capiamus, iatis, iant 

capiarjj^Jiatnr 

capiamur, iamini, 

iantur 

Imp. 

caperem 

caperemus 

caperer 

caperemur 


Perf. 

ceperim 

ceperimus 

captus sim 

capti simus 


Plup. 

cepissem 

cepissemus 

captus essem 

capti essemus 



Pres, cape, take! 
Fut. capito 
capito 


capite 

capitote 

capiunto 


Imperative 

capere, be thou taken! capimini 

capitor 

capitor capiuntor 


Pres, capere, to take 
Perf. cepisse 
Fut. capturus esse 


Verbal Nouns ( Infinitives ) 

GERUNDS 
capiendi, 5, um, 5 

SUPINES 
captum, u 


Pres, capi, to be taken 
Perf. captus esse 
Fut. captum iri 


Verbal Adjectives ( Participles ) 

Pres, capiens, ens, ens, taking Perf. captus, a, um, taken 

Fut. capturus, a, um Gerundive capiendus, a, um 


172 


COMPOUNDS OF 


capio, I take 

accipio, ere, accepi, ceptus, {take to one's seif) 


/ receive 
\accept 


. - - . { (take it in), araSV 

concipio, ere, concepi, ceptus [ understa ^ d v 

decipio, ere, decepl, ceptus, (catch in a trap), deceive 

excipio, ere, excepi, ceptus, (take out), except 
incipio, ere, incepi, ceptus, ( take in hand), begin 

. . . . _ _ , f (take away between), 

intercipio, ere, mtercepi, ceptus j intercept , cutoff 


percipio, ere, percept, ceptus, civ), perceive 

. _ _ , ( (take beforehand), 

praecipio, ere, praecepi, ceptus j Struct 


recipio, ere, recepi, ceptus 


betake ( ..«> 

(take to one’s self), receive 


suscipio, ere, suscepl, ceptus, (take up) 


I support 
\ undertake 


A ac(=ad), to 

1. Luna lucem solis accipit.-Cic. 

2. Accepi Roma sine epistola tua fasciculum 

litterarum.-Cic. 


con, (intensive) 

3. Haec tanta oculls bona concipi d -Plant. 

4. Principia rerum omnium concipi humana 

mente non possunt.-fCic. 

de, down 

5. Roscius novem homines honestos decepit. 

ex, out 

6. Dens manu, forcipe, excipitur .-Cels. 

7. Cum Graecos Italia pellerent, exceperunt 

medicds.-PZin. 


in, in 

8. Cum rosam viderat, turn incipere ver ar- 

bitrable tur. -Cic. 

inter, between 

9. Apes saepe morbis intercipiuntur.-CW. 

per, thoroughly 

10. Gaudium, quod neque oculls, neque auribus, 

neque ull5 sensu percipl potest.-Cic. 

prae, beforehand 

11. Labienus, ut erat el praeceptum a Caesare, 

proelio abstinebat.-fCae^. 

re, back again 

12. Centuriones suds omnes incolumes recep- 

erunt ex oppido in castra. -Coes. 

sus ( = sub), up 

13. Sol aeternam suscepit lampada mundl.- 

Lucr. 


f Adapted. 


capio AND facio IO 

facio, I make , I do 
adficio, ere, affecl, fectus, affect 
conficio, ere, confeci, fectus, ("do it up”), complete 
deflcio, ere, de£eci, fectus be wanting 


efficio, ere, effecl, fectus 


{ (do out to the end), effect , 

produce , accomplish 


Inficio, ere, Inf eel, fectus, (dip into the dye), stain 
officio, ere, offeci, fectus, (do in the way of), oppose 

_ __ _ » f (do thro’ and thro’), 

Perficio, ere, perfeci, fectus ^ oc jii eve ^ perfect 
praeficio, ere, praefecl, fectus, put at the head of 
proficio, ere, profecl, fectus, (be useful), progress 
reficio, ere, ref eel, fectus, (make again), restore 

j (make enough), supply 


sufficio, ere, suffeci, fectus 


\ suffice, satisfy 


B af(=ad), to 

1. Sollicitudd de te duplex nos adficit -Cic. 

2. Aestus, labor, fames, sitisque corpora aflfic- 

iunt.-Xm 

con, (completely) 

3. Extremum vitae diem morte cdnfecit.-Cic. 

de, wanting 

4. Mulier abundat audacia, consilid et ratione 

deficitur -Cic. 

ef (=ex), out 

5. Quae res et vires alit et immanl corporum 

magnitudine homines efficit.-Cae^. 

in, in, into 

6. Omnes se BritannI vitro Inficiunt quod 

caeruleum efficit colorem, atque hoc hor- 
ridiores sunt in pugna aspectu.-Cae^. 

of ( =ob), in the way of 

7. Ipsa umbra terrae soli officiens noctem 

efficit -Cic. 

per, throughout 

8. Demosthenes orator perfectus in dicendi 

arte fuit. 

prae, in command of 

9. Caesar tribus legionibus tres legatos prae- 

ficit.-f Caes. 

pro, for the good of 

10. Pirorum lignl cinis contra fungos efficacius 

proficit.-P/m. 

re, again 

11. Demosthenes curator murls reficiendls fuit, 

eosque refecit pecunia sua.-Cic. 

suf (=sub), up, enough 

12. Haec exempli gratia sufficient. -Qwml. 


173 


DEPONENT VERBS 

(De-pono -ent, lay -ing aside most of the Active forms) 


Dep. 


Deponent Verbs have the inflections of the Passive Voice with the meanings of the Active* 
Five* Active forms remain. Twof Passive forms retain Passive meanings. 


Deponent Verbs — The First Conjugation 
Pres. Pres. Perf. 

Ind. Inf. Part. 

Principal Parts, miror, admire mirari miratus 


The Second, Third, and Fourth Conjugations 
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Part, 

f 2. vereor, fear vereri veritus 

<j 3. sequor, follow sequi secutus 

[4. partior, share partiri partitus 


Indicative Mood 

Pres. miror, miraris, (or) re, i admire vereor, eris 

Imperf. mirabar, mirabaris, (or) re, i was admiring verebar 

Fut. mirabor, miraberis, (or) re, i shall admire verebor 

Perf. miratus sum, i have admired veritus sum 

Plup. miratus eram, i had admired veritus eram 


Fut. Perf. miratus ero, I shall have admired 


veritus ero 


sequor, ens 
sequebar 
sequar, eris 
secutus sum 
secutus eram 
secutus ero 


partior, iris 
partiebar 
partiar, ieris 
partitus sum 
partitus eram 
partitus ero 


Subjunctive 

Pres. mirer, mireris (or) re, may i admire verear sequar, aria partiar 

Imperf. mirarer, mirareris (or) re, i should admire vererer sequerer partirer 

Perf. miratus sim, i may have admired veritus sim secutus sim partitus sim 

Plup. miratus essem, i should have admired veritus essem secutus essem partitus essem 


Singular 


admire 


Pres. 2. mirare, thou 

Fut. 2. mirator, 

3. mirator, *•££, 


Imperative 

Plural 

2. miramini, ad ™ ire verere 

2. veretor 

3. mirantor . 


sequere 

sequitor 


partire 

partitor 


Pres, mirari, to admire 
Perf. miratus esse, to have admired 
*FuT. miraturUS esse, to be about to admire 

♦GERUNDS 

mirandi, 6, um, 6 

♦SUPINES 

miratum, to admire 

- - / to admire 

miratu j t - n a d m { r { n g 


Verbal Nouns ( Infinitives ) 

Pres, vereri 
Perf. veritus esse 


sequi 

secutus esse 


partiri 
partitus esse 


*Fut. veriturus esse secuturus esse partiturus esse 


Acc. 

Abl. 


Acc. 

Abl. 


verendi, 6, um, 6 


veritum 

veritu 


♦GERUNDS 

sequendi, 6, um, 6 

♦SUPINES 

secutum 

secutu 


partiendi, 6, um, 5 


partitum 

partitu 


Verbal Adjectives (. Participles ) 


*Pres. mirans, admiring 

*FUT. miraturUS, about to admire 

mirntUQ / Act- signif. having admired 
I JT hKi . Illii cUUb | Pass, signif. admired, being admired, 

fGERUND. miiandUS, to be admired, worthy to be admired 


*Pres. verens 
*Fut. veriturus 

fPERF. veritus 

fGERUND. verendus 


sequens 

secuturus 

secutus 

sequendus 


partiens 

partiturus 

partitus 

partiendus 


174 


DEPONENT VERBS 


I 

miror, arl, atus, wonder at, admire 
arbitror, arl, atus, consider, think 
hortor, arl, atus, urge, exhort 
cohortor, arl, atus, encourage 
gloribr, ari, atus, boast 
meditor, ari, atus, think upon 
moror, ari, atus, delay, linger 
populor, ari, atus, lay waste 

III 

sequor, i, secutus, follow 
gradior, i, gressus, step, walk 
irascor, i, iratus, be angry, (w. Dat.) 
labor, i, lapsus, slide, slip, glide 
loquor, i, locutus, speak, talk 
morior, i, mortuus, die 
nascor, i, natus, be born 
patior, i, passus, suffer 
proficiscor, i, profectus, set out 


Dep. 

II 

vereor, eri, Itus, fear, reverence 
mereor, eri, itus, deserve , merit 
intueor, eri, itus, gaze upon 
polliceor, eri, itus, promise 
profiteor, eri, fessus, profess, avow 
confiteor, eri, fessus, confess 
reor, reri, ratus, think 
im 

partior, iri, itus, share 
assentior, iri, sus, assent to 
blandior, iri, itus, flatter, coax, (w. Dat.) 
experior, iri, expertus, try out, test 
largior, iri, itus, lavish upon, bestow 
metior, iri, mensus, measure 
mentior, iri, itus, tell lies 
orior, iri, ortus, rise, spring from 
sortior, iri, itus, draw lots 


I Exercises 

1. Quis cantus lusciniae admlrarl non potest? 1. 

2. Senex in cullna clamat; hortatur coquos. 

3. Homines ad virtutis studium cohortemur. 2. 

4. In virtute recte glbriamur.-Cic. 

5. 111! arva omnia ferr5 populantur et ignl. 3. 

6. Tardior stilus cogitatibnem moratur.-Qmn. 4. 

7. Falsum arbitror radices arborum vetustate 5. 

minui -Plin. 


II 

Hodie pueri omnia sciunt, neminem 
verentur, imitantur neminem. 

N5n solum confiteor, verum etiam profit- 
eor. ^ -Cic. 

Ora omnium atque oculos intueor. -Cic. 

Jusjurandum pollicitus est d&re.-Caes. 

Jucundum erat nautae mare et caelum ex 
navi intueri. 


8. We shall admire the singing of the birds 

in the spring. 

9. Let us encourage men in the pursuit of 

knowledge. 

Ill 

1. Aestatem autumnus sequitur, post acris 

hiems fi t-Enn. (adv>) 

2. Sclpio mihi sane bene et loqui videtur et 

dicere.-Ctc. 

3. Xenophon a philosophic profectus histo- 

riam scripsi t.-Cic. 

4. Jam verb alia animalia gradiendo, alia 

serpendb ad pastum accedunt, alia 
volando, alia nando.-Cic. 

5. The consul rising at night used to step into 

his garden. 

6. The inhabitants died from hunger and 

thirst. 


6. The consuls promised rewards to the lead- 

ers of the Commons. 

7. The Romans did not fear the Gauls. 

IIII 

1. Sol, quern metiri non possunt! quid potest 

esse sble majus?-6h’c. 

2. Aetatem nostram non spatio senectutis, sed 

tempore adulescentiae metimur.-Qmn. 

3. Frons, oculi, vultus persaepe mentiuntur, 

oratio verb saepissime.-Cic. 

4. CervI cornua ad arbores subinde experi- 

untur - ]Plin. now and then 

5. Video quam suaviter voluptas sensibus 

nostris blandiatur.-Cic. 


6. Let not pleasure flatter your senses. 

7. Careful fathers will share their goods with 

all their children. 


+ Adapted. 


175 


Per 


PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION 


(nepi- cppaGig, roundabout-speaking ) 

Periphrastic Conjugations are formed, 

in the Active Voice by combining any Future Active Participle with the Verb sum, 
in the Passive Voice by combining any Gerundive with the Verb sum. 


Active Periphrastic Conjugation 

. [ I am about to love 

Action imminent am going to 

l am on the point of loving 


Passive Periphrastic Conjugation 

I I am to be loved 
am worthy to be 
deserve to be 
ought to be 
must be 


Indicative Mood 


Pres. amaturus (-a, -um) sum, i am about to love 

Imp. amaturus eram, i was about to love 

FuT. amaturus ero, I shall be about to love 

Perf. amaturus fui 

Plup. amaturus fueram, i had been about to love 

FuT. Perf. amaturus fuero, / shall have been about to love 


amandus (-a, -um) 
amandus eram, i was to beloved 

amanduS ero, I Shall deserve to be loved 
amandus fui, I was to be loved 
amandus fueram, I had deserved to be loved 
itt.oandus fuero, I shall have deserved to be loved 


Pres. 

Imp. 

Perf. 

Plup. 


Subjunctive 

amaturus Sim, may I be about to love 
amaturus essem, I should be about to love 
amaturus fuerim, i may have been about to love 
amaturUS fuissem, I should have been about to love 


amandus sim, may I deserve to be loved 
amandus essem, i should deserve to be loved 
amandus fuerim, i may have deserved to be loved 
amandus fuissem, I should have deserved to be lovea 


Verbal Nouns ( Infinitives ) 

Pres. amaturus esse, to be about to love amandus esse, to deserve to be loved 

Perf. amaturus fuisse, to have been about to love amandus fuisse, to have deserved to be loved 


A 

1. Moniturus est. 

2. Monitura erat. 

3. Monitor! sunt. 

4. Moniturae erant. 

5. Deletura erunt. 

6. Recturus fuit. 

7. Rectura fuerat. 

8. Rectur! fuerunt. 

9. Recturae fuerant. 

10. Tectura fuerint. 

D 

1. He is about to hear. 

2. She was going to hear. 

3. We shall be going to hear. 

4. You were about to hear. 


Exercises 

B 

1. Monendus est. 

2. Monenda erit. 

3. Monend! sunt. 

4. Monendae eritis. 

5. Delenda erant. 

6. Regendus fuit. 

7. Regenda fuerat. 

8. Regend! fueramus. 

9. Regendae fueritis. 

10. Tegenda fuerunt. 

E 

1. He must be heard. 

2. She was to be heard. 

3. We ought to be instructed. 

4. You ought to be guarded. 


C 

1. Moniturus sit. 

2. Monitura fuerit. 

3. Rectur! essemus. 

4. Recturae fuissetis. 

5. Deletura sint. 

6. Regendus sit. 

7. Regenda esset. 

8. Regend! essemus. 

9. Regendae fueritis. 

10. Tegenda fuissent. 

F 

1. To be about to hear. 

2. To deserve to be advised. 

3. To have been about to rule. 

4. To have deserved to be 

destroyed. 


176 


THE IRREGULAR VERBS 

Do, I give (occasionally I put something somewhere) The short a Verb 

Principal Parts, do, dare, dedi, datus 
Indicative Mood 


Irr 


Active Voice 


Passive Voice 


Pres. 

do, das, dat 


damus, datis, dant 

— , daris (or) re, datur 

damur, d&mini, dantur 

Imp. 

dabam, bas, bat 


dabamus, batis, bant 

dabar, baris (or) re, batur 

dabamur, bamini, bantur 

Fut. 

dabd, bis, bit 


dabimus, bitis, bunt 

dab or, beris (or) re, bitur 

dabimur, biminl, buntur 

Perf. 

dedi, disti, dit 


dedimus, distis, derunt 

datus sum 

dati sumus 

Plup. 

dederam, deras, derat 

dederamus, deratis, derant 

datus eram 

dati eramus 

Ft. Pf. 

dederd, deris, derit 

dederimus, deritis, derint 

datus ero 

dati erimus 




Subjunctive 


Pres. 

dem, des, det 


demus, detis, dent 

— , deris (or) re, detur 

— , demini, dentur 

Imp. 

darem 


daremus 

darer, reris (or) re, retur 

daremur, remini, rentur 

Perf. 

dederim 


dederimus 

datus sim 

dati simus 

Plup. 

dedissem 


dedissemus 

datus essem 

dati essemus 




Imperative 


Pres. 

da 


date 

dare 

damini 

Fut. 

dato 


datote 

dator 



dato 


dant5 

dator 

dantor 


Verbal Nouns 

Verbal Adjectives Verbal Nouns 

Verbal Adjectives 

(. Infinitives ) 

gerunds (. Participles ) 

(. Infinitives ) 

(. Participles ) 

Pres. 

dare 

dandi. 

6, urn, 0 p RES> d ans 

Pres, dari 


Perf. 

dedisse 

SUPINES 

Perf. datus esse Perf. datus 

Fut. 

daturus esse 

datum, data Fut. daturus 

Fut. datum Iri 

Ger. dandus 

A s. 

1. 0. 0. 

Vb. 

B 

S. Adj. Att. 1. 

O. Vb. 


1. Puer puellae rosas dat. 

2. Num reglna nautis pecuniam dabit? 

3. Dedistlne bobus mala? 

4. Nonne apes nobis mel dant? 

5. Galllnae tibi tria ova alba dederunt. 

6. Quis liberls prandium dabat? 

7. Auriga equo frumentum dedit. 

8. Agricola gregl aquam dederat. 

9. Vaccae vitulls lac dabunt. 

10. Sol nobis lucem et caldrem dat. 

11. Da equo sal! Da vaccae frumentum! 

12. Date els praemia et laudes! 

13. Da el duodecim bonds libros! 

14. Da mihi bona pira pauca! 

15. Gaius Tiberio litteras ad Galbam dedit. 

16. Claudius poenas dedit. -Sail. 

17. Patriam dil ndbls communem secum de- 

derunt.-Cic. 

f Adapted. 


1. ServI in vincula magistro dantur. 

2. Hoc mihi llbertas dedit.-Ov. 

3. Servd llbertas data es t-Cic. 

4. Pecuniae et llbertates servls datae erunt.- 

f Tac. 

5. Llbertatem servd dare est laudabile. 

6. Lex cavet ut llbertates servls testamento 

nominatim dentur.-C7p. 

7. Non verbo danda llbertas es t.-Cic. 

8. Vela ventls nautis dabuntur. 

9. Advena verba in ventos dederat: id est 

advena fidem amlco datam fefellerat. 

10. Dantur opes null! nunc nisi dlvitibus.-Pror. 

11. Turn genu ad terram dab d -Plant. 

12. Hanc mihi in manum dat -Ter. 

13. Caesar celeriter hostes in fugam dat.-CW. 
14- Socrates, quam se cumque in partem dedis- 

set, omnium fuit facile prlnceps -Cic. 


177 


1 rr 


THE IRREGULAR VERB fero, bear, carry, bring 


Principal Parts, fero, ferre, tuli, 


latus 


Active Voice Indicative Mood Passive Voice 

Pres. fero, fers,fert ferimus, fertis, ferunt feror, ferris (re),fertur ferimur, ferimini, feruntur 

Imp. ferebam ferebamus ferebar ferebamur 

FUT. feram, es, et feremus, feretis, ferent ferar, fereris (re), feretur feremur, feremini, ferentut 

PERF. tub, tulisti, tulit tulimUS, tulistis, tulerunt (or) re latUS SUm latl SUmUS 

Plup. tuleram tuleramus latus eram latl eramus 

Ft. Pf. tulero tulerimus latus ero latl erimus 


Subjunctive 

PRES. feram, feras, ferat f eramUS, feratis, ferant ferar, feraris (re), feratur 

Imp. ferrem ferremus ferrer 

Perf. tulerim tulerimus latus sim 

Plup. tulissem tulissemus latus essem 


f eramur, feramini, ferantur 

ferremur 
lati simus 
latl essemus 


Pres, fer 


ferte 


Imperative 

ferre 


ferimini 


Fut. 

ferto 

fertote 


fertor — 



ferto 

ferunto 


fertor feruntor 


Verbal Nouns 

Verbal Adjectives Verbal Nouns 

Verbal Adjectives 

{Infinitives) 

GERUNDS 

(. Participles ) 

( Infinitives ) 

(. Participles ) 

Pres. 

ferre 

ferendi, 6, um, 6 

Pres, ferens 

Pres, ferri 


Perf. 

tulisse 

SUPINES 


Perf. latus esse 

Perf. latus 

Fut. 

laturus esse 

latum latu 

Fut. laturus 

Fut. latum iri 

Ger. ferendus 


Note. — When the Aboriginal Man began to bear food from the wild woods, to carry wood, and to bring 
water for his home, then he invented this root-Verb. It is, therefore, one of the very oldest of Verbs. It 
has a very wide-spread root, which appears in Anglo-Saxon, Gothic, Greek, Latin, and in all their many 
kindred tongues. 

Compounds of fero were largely used in the best Latin, so that the Latin Verb fero now displays a 
double family of derivatives in our English Language, one from its Present, and one from its Participial Stem. 


Present Stem 

confer, to bring opinions together 

deter, to bring apart from the present 

difter, to bring one’s self apart 

inter, to bring in an idea 

o/fer, to bring in the way of another 

prefer, to carry ahead of other things 

proffer, to bring forward for another 

refer, to carry back to another 

sufter, to bear up under hardships 

transtex , to carry across from one to another 

ferry, to carry over water 

tertile, bearing fruit easily 


Perf. Pass. Participial Stem 

co/late, to bring together for comparison 
dilate, to carry widely apart 
elate, carried up in spirit by success 
oblation, something brought in the way of a 
deity 

prelate, one carried ahead in church 
relate, to carry the hearer again over an occur- 
rence 

translate, to carry over from one language to 
another 

delay, to carry aside from the present 
superlative, carried above others 




COMPOUNDS OF ferS, bear, carry, bring | 1 * 1 * 

auferd, 

auferre, 

abstuli, 

ablatus, {carry away), remove 

adfero, 

adferre, 

attuli, 

allatus, {bring to), bring hither 

c5nfero, 

cSnferre, 

contuli, 

collatus, {carry together), collect, compare 

differo, 

differre, 

distuli, 

dilatus, {carry apart), 1 . disperse 2. differ 

effero, 

efferre, 

extuli, 

elatus, {bring forth, bear aloft), 1 . publish, proclaim 2. raise, exalt 

infero, 

inferre, 

intuli, 

illatus, {bring into or against), attack 

offero, 

offerre, 

obtuli, 

oblatus, (bring in the way of), offer, present 

perfero, 

perferre, 

pertuli, 

perlatus, {bear to the end), endure 

praefero, 

praeferre, 

praetuli, 

praelatus, {carry to the front), 1 . prefer 2. show 

profero, 

prSferre, 

prStuli, 

prSlatUS, {bring forward or forth), 1. advance 2. publish 

refero, 

referre, 

rettuli, 

relatus, {carry one’s seif back), 1 . return, retreat 2. repeat 

suffers, 

sufferre, 

sustuli, 

sublatus, {bear up under), undergo , suffer, support 

tolls, 

tollere, 

sustuli, 

sublatus, lift up, raise up, elevate 


A au (= ab), off, away 

1. Auferte ista hinc -Vulg. 

2. Bubo volat numquam qu5 libuit, sed trans- 

versus aufertur.-PJm. 

3. Abstulit clarum cita mors Achillem.-Por. 

ad, hither, here 

4. Pacem ad nos stdiero -Plant. 

5. Tandem bruma nives adfert. -Lwcr. 

6. Adfer manum tuam - Vulg. 

con, together 

7. Tributa quotannis ex censu collata sunt.- 

Cic. 

8. Conferte nostras leges cum illis LycurgI 

et Draconis et SolSnis.-fCic. 

dis, apart 

9. Non multum differt inter summos et 

mediocres viros.-Cic. 

10. Naturls differunt, voluntate autem similes 

sunt -Cic. 

ef (= ex), out and up 

11. Corvus e conspectu elatus est -Liv. 

12. Argentum jubeo jam intus efferri foras.- 

Plaut. 

in, in, into, against 

13. Lucus erat, quo se Numa sine arbitris 

Inferebat.-Lm 

14. Tectls et templls ignes Inferre conati sunt. 

-Cic. 

ob, in the way of 

15. Juvenes solemne sacrificium Apollini offer- 

ebant. 

16. Opportune te obtulistl mihi obviam - Ter. 

17. Ne offeramus nos perlculls sine causa -Cic. 

18. Di tibi semper omnia optata offerant -Ter. 

t Adapted. 


B per, through 

1. Aeneas tulit patrem per ignes Trojae, et in 

altos montes abstulit.-fSm. 

2. Perfer, si me amas.-Cic. 

3. Id quod suscepi, quoad potero, perferam. 

4. Leve est miserias l'erre, perferre est grave. 

-Sen. 

prae, in front 

5. Suam vitam, ut legem, praefert exemplar 

suis legibus.-fCic. 

6. Aures in equis animi indicia praeferunt.- 

Plin. 

7. 111! pecuniam amlcitiae praetulerunt.-fCic. 

pro, Jorth 

8. Gradum proferam, progredi properabo.- 

Plaut. 

9. Quid est ejus orationis proferendae arbit- 

rium tuum? 

re, back, again 

10. Fertque refertque pedes. -Ov. 

11. In epistulis Cicero Brut! refert verba.- 

Quint. 

12. Romam se rettulit.-Cic. 

13. Causam Clean thes offert, cur se sol re- 

ferat.-Cic. 

14. FecistI ut tibi numquam referre gratiam 

possim -Plant. 

suf (= sub), up under, up 

15. Hie labdrem, s5lem, sitim suffert.-PZaw*. 

16. Rogat, an axis mundum sustineat, an ipse 

se potius vl propria sufferat. 

17. Aquila in sublime sustulit testudinem. 

18. Solem e mund5 tollere videntur, qui ami- 

citiam e vita tollunt.-Cic. 


179 




Irr. 


THE IRREGULAR VERB eo, go 

Principal Parts, eo, ire, ii, ltum 

✓ 

Indicative Mood 


PRESENT TENSE 

eo, I go imus, we go 

is itis 

it eunt 

IMPERFECT 

ibam, I was goiny ibamus, we were going 

ibas ibatis 

ibat ibant 

FUTURE 


ibo, I shall go 

ibis 
ibit 


ibimus, we shall go 
ibitis 
ibunt 


Note. — The full paradigm of the Verb eo, 
as given, is Classical Latin of the Golden Age; 
while the forms with v were used by the 
Poets when suiting their verse. The forms 
with v are found also in Early and Late 
Latin prose writings: that is, in the few 
earlier writers before the Golden Age, and in 
the many prolific writers throughout the Sil- 
ver Age. 

Cicero was the great authority of the Gol- 
den age. He always used the best Latin. 
About 70 of his books have come down to us. 
Ciceronian Latin became the standard for 
the era of Augustus. 


ii, I have gone . (or) I went 

PERFECT 

iimus, we have gone, (or) we went 

ivi 

ivimus 

isti 

istis 

ivisti 

ivistis 

iit, it 

ierunt, -re 

ivit 

iverunt, -re 

ieram, I had gone 

PLUPERFECT 

ieramus, we had gone 

iveram 

iveramus 

ieras 

ieratis 

iveras 

iveratis 

ierat 

ierant 

iverat 

iverant 

iero, I shall have gone 

FUTURE PERFECT 

ierimus, we shall have gone 

ivero 

iverimus 

ieris 

ieritis 

iveris 

iveritis 

ierit 

ierint 

iverit 

iverint 


Subjunctive Mood 


PRESENT TENSE 


earn, may I go 

eas 

eat 

irem, I should go 

ires 

iret 


eamus, may we go 

eatis 

eant 

IMPERFECT 

iremus, we should go 

iretis 

irent 


PERFECT 




VERBAL ADJEC- 

VERBAL NOUNS 

TIVES 

Infinitives 

Gerunds 

Participles 

Ire, to go 

eundi, of going 

iens \ • 

eundo 

euntis / going 

Isse, 1 to have 

eundum 

iturus, a, um 

ivisse J gone 

eundo 

Gerundive 

iturus esse 

Supines 

itum 

itu 

eundum 


ierim, I may have gone 

ieris 

ierit 

issem, I should have gone 

isses 

isset 

Pres, i, go! 

Fut. it5 
ito 


ierimus, we may have gone 

ieritis 


ierint 


Issetis 

issent 


iverimus 

iveritis 

iverint 


ivenm 
iveris 
iverit 

PLUPERFECT 

issemus, we should have gone ivissem, iissem ivissemus, iissemus 

ivisses 
ivisset 


ivissetis 

ivissent 


lte, go ye! 

itote 

eunto 


Imperative Mood 


Compounds aded, approach, ined, enter, and a few others, 
are Transitive, and have a complete Passive Voice. The 
Third Person Singular Passive is often used Impersonally. 


180 


COMPOUNDS OF eo, I go 


Irr. 


ab-eo, ire, ii, itus, go away or from (a place), depart 
ad-eo, Ire, ii, itus, go to (a person or thing), approach 
comes, itis, C. a companion (cum.eo) 
ex-eo, Ire, ii, ltus, go out or forth, withdraw 
in-eo, Ire, ii, itus, go into, enter into, on, upon 

ob-eo, ire, ii, itus ( 90 °/ come t in the wa9 * 

[go to meet 

per*eo, Ire, ii, — , go through (existence) 


prae-eo, Ire, ii, itus, go ahead of, precede, (w. Dat.) 

praeter-eo, Ire, ii, itus, go past , pass by 
pro-d-eo, Ire, ii, itus, go or come forward or forth 
re-d-eo, Ire, ii, itus, go or come back, return 


sub-eo, Ire, ii, itus 


f go or come up to or under 
\ undergo, submit to 


trans*eo, Ire, ii, itus, go over or across, pass over 


A 

1. Sol abit .-Plaut. Abiit ille annus.-Czc. 

2. Haec tota abiit hora; dies, mensis, annus 

abibit. 

3. Illuc, unde abil, redeo -Hor. 

4. Praetor de sella surrexit atque abiit.-Cic. 

5. Ablne e conspectu meo ?-Plaut. 

6. Romani semper victores certamine ablre 

conantur. 

7. Per epistulam, aut per nuntium, quasi 

regem, adirl eum aiun t. -Plaut. 

8. Mortis comes est glbria.-Cic. 

9. Comes meus fuit, et omnium itinerum 

meorum socius -Cic. 

10. Ibimus, O socil comitesque \-Hor. 

11. Per septem portus in maris exit aquas 

Nllus -Ov. 

12. Orgetorlx clvitatl persuasit, ut de f Ini- 

bus suls cum omnibus copils exlrent.- 
Caes. 

13. Ipse ego paulisper pro te tua munera 

imho -V erg. 

14. Nemus nullis illud inltur equIs.-Or. 

15. Bellum cum rege Philippo initum est -Liv. 

16. Ea mortem obiit, ea abiit e vita. 

17. In undis Sol fit ut! videatur obire et con- 

dere lumen. -Jyucr. 

18. Nullus perit otio dies -Plin. 

19. Pereunt victae sole tepente nives.-Or. 

20. Postremd pereunt imbres, ubi e5s pater 

aether in gremium matris terrae prae- 
cipitavit -Lucr. 

21. N5n intellegb, quamobrem, si vlvere hon- 

este non possunt, perlre turpiter velint ; 
aut cur minore dolore perituros se cum 
multls, quam si soli pereant, arbit- 
rentur.-Cw;. 


B 

1. Duodecim lictores cbnsull praeierunt.-fCi’c. 

2. In re mllitarl praetor dictus est, qul prae- 

Iret exercitul. -Farr. 

3. Ripas flumina praetereunt.^ -Hor. 

4. Caesar praeterita se Dlvitiaco fratrl con- 

donare dlcit -Caes. 

5. Nec praeteritum tempus unquam reverti- 

tur. Praeterita mutare non possumus. 
-Cic. 

6. Amen quippe died vobls, dbnec praetereat 

caelum et terra, jota unum, aut unus 
apex non praeterlbit a lege, donee 
omnia flant -Matt. 

7. ProdI atque ostium aperl -Plaut. 

8. Ea seges serius prodit. -Farr. 

9. Vere calor redit ossibus.-Fergr. 

10. Flumen in eandem partem, ex qua ven- 

erat, redit.-Cae^. 

11. Et mens et rediit verus in 5ra color. -Or. 

12. Redit agricolls labor actus in orbem -Verg. 

13. Serus in caelum redeas -Hor. 

14. Ejus morte ea ad me lege redierunt bona.- 

Ter. 

15. Asellus gravius dorso subiit onus -Hor. 

16. Luna deficit cum aut terram sublret aut 

sole premeretur .-Curt. 

17. Omnes terrbres perlculaque omnia succur- 

ram atque sublb5-0ic. 

18. Omnes sententiae verbaque omnia sub 

acumen still subeant et succedant 
necesse est -Cic. 

19. Rhodanus nonnullls locls vad5 transitur.- 

Caes. 

20. Flumen, Tamesis, un5 omnlnb loco pedi- 

bus, atque hoc aegre, translrl potest. - 
Caes. 


t Adapted. 


181 


Irr 


THE IRREGULAR VERBS Volo, nol5, malo 


( vol5, velle, 

Principal Parts j nolo, nolle, 

[malo, malle, 


volul, wish , he willing , wish for, want 
ndlui, he unwilling, (non- void) 
malui, would rather, prefer, (magis-voio) 


Pres. 

volo 

Indicative Mood 
nolo 

malo 


vis 

non vis 

mavis 


vult 

non vult 

mavult 


volumus 

nolumus 

malumus 


vultis 

non vultis 

mavultis 


volunt 

nolunt 

malunt 

Imp. 

volebam 

nolebam 

malebam 

Fut. 

volam, es, et 

nolam, es, et 

malam, es, et 

Perf. 

volui 

nolui 

malui 

Plup. 

volueram 

ndlueram 

malueram 

Fut. Perf. 

voluero 

noluero 

maluero 

Pres. 

velim, is, it 

Subjunctive 
nolim, is, it 

malim, is, it 

Imp. 

vellem, -es, -et 

nollem 

maliem 

Perf. 

voluerim 

noluerim 

maluerim 

Plup. 

voluissem 

noluissem 

maluissem 

Pres. 


Imperative 
noli, nolite 


Fut. 


nolito, nolitote 
nolito, nolunto 



Verbal Nouns ( Infinitives ) 


Pres. 

velle 

nolle 

malle 

Perf. 

voluisse 

noluisse 

maluisse 

Pres. 

volens 

Verbal Adjectives ( Participles ) 
nolens 



A 

1. Ego quoque volo esse liber -Plaut. 

2. Bonus volo jam ex h5c die ess o -Plaut. 

3. Volo me patris mei similem -Plaut. 

4. Solus te solum void.- Plaut 

5. Judicem me esse, non doctorem vol d.-Cic. 

6. Velit, n5lit, scire difficile est -Cie. 

7. Vide5 te alte spectare et velle in caelum 

migrare.-Cic. 

8. Maxima voce clamat populus, neque se 

uni, nec paucls, velle parere.-Cic. 

9. Quin tu uno verb5 die quid est quod me 

velis.- Ter. 

182 


B 

1. Nolo volo, volo nolo rursum - Ter. 

2. Propterea te vocari ad cenam volo -Plaut. 

3. Maxime vellem semper tecum fuisse.-C7c. 

4. Velim eum tibi placere quam maxime.-Cic. 

5. Tris eos libros maxime nunc vellem: apti 

essent ad id quod cogitS.-Cic. 

6. Vis tu mari, vis terra, vis acie, vis urbibus 

expugnandis experiri virtu tem.-Zm 

7. Novi ingenium mulierum : nolunt, ubi veils: 

ubi nolis, cupiunt ultro .-Ter. 

8. Esse quam videri bonus malebat.-Sa/Z. 

9. Principem se esse mavult quam videri.-Cic. 



THE IRREGULAR VERB fio, become , (uaed as the Passive of) facio, make , do 



Active Voice 


Passive Voice 


facio, facere, feci, factus 


fio, fieri, factus sum 



Indicative Mood 



Pres. 

facio, is, it 

facimus, itis, iunt 

Pres. 

fio, fis, fit 

— , — , fiunt 

Imp. 

faciebam 

faciebamus 

Imp. 

fiebam 

fiebamus 

Fut. 

faciam, ies, iet 

faciemus, ietis, ient 

Fut. 

fiam, fies, fiet 

fiemus, fietis, fient 

Perf. 

feci 

fecimus 

Perf. 

factus sum 

fact! sumus 

Plup. 

feceram 

feceramus 

Plup. 

factus eram 

facti eramus 

Ft. Pf. 

fecero, faxo 

fecerimus 

Ft. Pf. 

factus er5 

facti erimus 



Subjunctive 



Pres. 

faciam, ias, iat 

faciamus, iatis, iant 

Pres. 

fiam, fias, fiat 

fiamus, f iatis, fiant 

Imp. 

facerem 

faceremus 

Imp. 

fierem 

fieremus 

Perf. 

fecerim, faxim 

fecerimus 

Perf. 

factus sim 

facti simus 

Plup. 

fecissem 

fecissemus 

Plup. 

factus essem 

facti essemus 



Imperative 



Pres. 

fac, do! 

facite 

Pres. 

fi 

fite 

Fut. 

facito 

facitote 

Fut. 

fito 

— 


Verbal Nouns ( Infinitives ) 


Pres. 

facere, to do 

GERUNDS 

Pres. 

fieri, to become 

Perf. 

fecisse 

faciendi, 5, um, 5 

Perf. 

factus esse 

Fut. 

facturus esse 

SUPINES 
factum, factu 

Fut. 

factum iri 

Pres. 

Fut. 

faciens 

facturus 

Verbal Adjectives ( Participles ) 

Perf. factus, a, um, done 

Gerundive faciendus, a, um 


A 

1. Ego plus, quam feci, facere non possum.- 

Cic. 

2. Galba impetum in hostem fecerat. 

3. Facio me causa specie! alias res agere.-Cic. 

4. Orgetorlx, M. Messala et M. Pisone con- 

sulibus, regnl cupiditate inductus con- 
jura tionem nobilitatis iecit.-Caes. 

5. Faber, cum quid aedificaturus est, non ipse 

facit materiam, sed ea utitur, quae sit 
parata. Materia a de5 est facta, terra 
et aqua et aer et ignis a de5 facta est- 
f Cic. 


B 

1. Poeta poem a facit, orator oratidnem. 

2. Orator fit, poeta nascitur -Prov. 

3. Coquus ignem ex lignis viridibus faciebat. 

4. Fit clamor. Hi consules factl sunt -Cic. 

5. Leve fit quod bene fertur onus. 

6. Quid Tulliola mea flet? De fratre quid 

flet? Quid me? -Cic. 

7. Qui facit per alium, facit per s e.-Prov. 

through for 

8. Fac, quaesd, qu! ego sum, esse te-Cic. 

suppose, prithee 

9. Dictum et factum.-P?m 


t Adapted. 


183 


IMPERSONAL VERBS 


Imp. 

Impersonal Verbs have no 'personal subject expressed. In English such Verbs are common, 
taking the Pronoun it, neuter gender, as their subject. 


The Weather Impersonate 

pluit, 3. it rains 
ningit, 3. it snows 
grandinat, 1 . it hails 
tonat, 1 . it thunders 

fulget, 2. | 

fulgurat, 1. \it lightens 
fulminat, l.J 


vesperascit 


it, 3. | 1 ' 


dark 


The Ten Real Impersonate 

decet, 2. it is becoming 
licet, 2. it is lawful 

*■{$ 

libet, 2. it is pleasing 
liquet, 2. it is evident 

miseret 2 / * Causes 
miseret, *-\ itdistresses 

. 0 ( it causes regret 
»* emtet ’ 2 - {it saddens 
piget, 2. it grieves 
pudet, 2. it shames 
taedet, 2. it disgusts 


Occasional Impersonate 
accidit, 3. it happens (by surprise) 
contingit, 3. it happens (by good luck) 
evenit, 4. it happens, it comes to pass. 

apparet, 2. { " plain ’ (opp ' vidstur> 
[it appears 

patet, 2. it is evident 

placet, 2. it is pleasing 

delectat, 1. it delights 

dolet, 2. it grieves, it pains, (w. Dat.> 


refert, (res-ferd), it concerns 
interest, (inter-sum), it interests 


A The Weather Impersonate 

1. Pluet credo hercle hodi e\- Plant. 

2. Quoties pluit \-Juv. 

3. Ningunt rosarum floribus.-Lwcr. 

4. Quare hieme ningat, n5n grandinet?-Sg/i. 

5. Sagittls, plumbs et saxls grandinat.-Pac. 

6. Ut valide tomiitl- Plaut. 

7. Ex omnibus partibus caell noctu magis 

quam interdiu sine tonitribus fulgurat. 
-Plin. 

8. Et jam lucescebat.-Zm 

9. Ubi jam vesperaverat.-(M. 

C The Five Impersonate of Distress 

1. Fratris me pudet pigetque.-7er. 

(Translate, My brother shames and grieves me) 

2. Miseret te aliorum, tui te nec miseret nec 

pudet .-Plant. 

3. “Miseret me” eadem forma dicitur, qua 

“ piget,” “ paenitet,” “ taedet.” -Paul. 

4. Sunt homines, quos Infamiae suae neque 

pudeat neque taedeat.-Cic. 

5. Dolet pudetque Grai(5r)um me et vero 

piget -Enn. 

Rule.— The Five Impersonals of Distress take a 
Genitive of the exciting cause, with an Accusative of 
the Object whereon the distress falls. 


B The Real Impersonate 

1. OratSrem IrascI minime dec et.-Cic. 

2. Licet neminl contra patriam ducere exer- 

citum .-Cic. 

3. Hanc scire oportet (tibi), fllia tua ubi sit.— 

Plaut. 

4. Num igitur, si ad centesimum annum vix- 

isset, senecttitis suae eum paeniteret?— 
Cic. 

D The Occasional Impersonate 

1. Contingunt bona: accidunt mala: eveniunt 

utraqae.-Isid. 

2. Me magis de DionysiS delectat.-Cic. 

3. Mihi dolebit, non tibi, si quid ego stulte 

fecerS. 

4. Postea mihi placuit, ut summorum oratorum 

Graecas oratiSnes explicarem.-Cic. 

5. Senatus edixit, mulieres ante horam quin tarn 

venire in theatrum non placer e.-Suet. 

D Refert and Interest 

1. Neque refert cujusquam.- Tac. 

2. Nihil interest reipublicae. 

3. Non tarn (mei) interest, quo animo scriba- 

tur, quam qu5 accipiatur.-C?c. 

Rule. — Refert and Interest take a Genitive of the 
Object upon which the concern falls. 


Note. — This Genitive of Exciting Cause, in the English translation, becomes the Subject of the 
Impersonal Verb. 


184 


Def 


DEFECTIVE VERBS 


Three Verbs lacking the Present System, yet retaining mostly Present Meanings 


Indicative Mood 


PERF. coepi, I began COeptUS SUH1 { \ l™n e ° Un 
Plup. coeperam, coeptus eram, i began 
F. P. coepero, coeptus ero, ishaii begin 


memini, I remember 
memineram, I remembered 
meminerO, I shall remember 


Perf. coeperim, coeptus sim 
Plup. coepissem, coeptus essem 

Fut. 


Subjunctive 

meminerim 

meminissem 

Imperative 

memento, remember! 

mementote 


Verbal Nouns ( Infinitives ) 

Perf. coepisse, coeptus esse {Zt™in beoun meminisse 

Verbal Adjectives (. Participles ) 

Pres. (meminens, mindful ) 

Fut. coepturus, a, um 

Perf. coeptus, a, um, begun 


odi, OSUS sum, I hate 
oderam, i hated 
odero, I Shall hate 

oderim 

odissem 


odisse, to hate 


osurus, a, um 
OSUS, a, um, haled 


Three Verbs lacking mostly the Perfect System 


Pres, aio, i say ais, ait 
aiunt, 

they say 

Imp. aiebam aiebas aiebat 
aiebamus aiebatis aiebant 

Fut. 

Perf. ait, 

he said 

Plup. 

Pres. aias aiat 

aiant 

Pres, (al, say!) 

Fut. 


Indicative Mood 
inquam, sayi, inquis inquit, 

quoth I quoth he 

inquimus (inquitis) inquiunt 

inquiebat 

inquiebant 

inquies inquiet 

inquii inquisti inquit, 

quoth he 

inquistis 

Subjunctive 


Imperative 

inque 

inquito 


fatur, he 

speaks 

fantur 


fabor fabitur 

fatus sum fatusest, 

he spoke 

fatl sunt 

fatus eram fatus erat 

farer 


fare, speak! 


Verbal Nouns ( Infinitives ) 

Pres. ^ 

Gerund 

Supine 

Verbal Adjectives ( Participles ) 

Pres. aiens, saying {yes!) 

Perf. 

Gerundive 


far!, to speak 

fandl, 6, — , 6 
— , fatu 


fans, speaking 
fatus, having spoken 
f q n H n g fit to be spoken of 

ianaus, (= right) 


185 







POMPEIUS MAGNUS 




136 





THE SYNTAX OF THE NOUN 


.( 


I 


187 


\ 


SYNTAX 


Syntax, from the Greek word Gvv e ta%ig, arrangement (of soldiers in array for battle), in English 
signifies the arrangement of words in sentences for expression. 

587 The Sentence 

A sentence, (Latin sententia, a thought), is a thought portrayed in words. 

Sentences are of three kinds, viz. : 

I. Declarative, making a statement or assertion. Freemen strive energetically. 

II. Interrogative, asking a question. Do slaves toil industriously f 

III. Imperative, expressing a command or entreaty. * 

Each of these three kinds of Sentences may be used in an Exclamatory way to express strong 
feeling or surprise, or merely as an emotional cry. 

I. Exclamatory Declarative, Oh! hut the storm is fierce! 

II. Exclamatory Interrogative, Indeed! is our home in danger ? 

III. Exclamatory Imperative, Ho there! stop! do not go out yet! 


Go to work ! 

Pardon our infirmities! 


588 The Subject and the Predicate 

Every Sentence must contain a Subject and a Predicate. 

The Subject is the person or thing spoken of or written about. 

The Predicate is that which is predicated , that is asserted, about the Subject. 

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres 
The Simple Subject is always the bare Subject Noun itself, as Gallia. 

The Complete Subject is the Subject Noun with all its Qualifiers, as Gallia omnis. 

The Simple Predicate is always the Verb alone, as divisa est. 

The Complete Predicate is the Verb with all its Modifiers, as divisa est in partes tres. 

( being a Noun or Pronoun, 

The Simple Subject of a Sentence is often called a Substantive \ or some word, phrase, or 

(clause used as a Noun. 

The Simple Predicate, that is the Verb, the assertive word, predicates or asserts something 
in one of three ways, viz. : 

I. As a Verb Transitive, that is, a Verb having an Object. 

II. As a Verb Intransitive, that is, a Verb complete in itself without an Object. 

III. As a Copula, that is, a Connective, as sum, I am, and a few other Copulative Verbs. 


589 


The 


[ Predicate Noun, or 

The Copula is followed by a <! Predicate Pronoun, or 

(Predicate Adjective 

[ sum, fio, nascor, 

chief copulatives were J videor, exsisto, evado, 
c couplers ) | sono, maneo, habeor, 

! appellor, and other Passives 


f completing the assertion, and 
<| agreeing with the Subject Noun 
(in case. 

( he, become, he horn, 

I seem, appear, go forth, 

] sound, remain, he thought, 

( he named. 


Rule of Syntax . — The Predicate Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective takes the case of the Subject Noun. 

188 


THE CASES 


590 In Latin there are six Cases. 

The Nominative, (nomino, I name), is the naming Case. 

The Subject Noun or Simple Subject, in the Nominative Case, usually begins a Sentence. 
Its Appositives, Predicate Nouns, and Adjectives are then also in the Nominative Case by 
agreement. 

The Subject Noun may be an Infinitive Phrase, a Prepositional Phrase, a Participial Phrase, 
or a Verbal Clause, each one used Substantively. 

Rule of Syntax. — The Subject of a Finite Verb is in the Nominative Case. 

591 The Genitive, (Lat. genetivus), expressing birth, origin, source, 'possession, is used 
Adjectively. 

The Dative, (do, datus, I give), is the Case of the Indirect Object to or for which something 
is given or done. 

The Ablative, (ab, away, latus, carried), expressing separation, instrument or means, location 
as to place and time, is used Adverbially. 

The Accusative, (Greek ainaTLxrj, an accusing at law), is the Case of the Direct Object 
affected or effected. 

Rule of Syntax. — The Direct Object of a Transitive Verb is in the Accusative Case. 

592 The Vocative, (voco, I call), is the Case of Address, or Salutation. 

For emphasis in animated address the Interjection O preceded it. 

The Nominative was sometimes used in place of the Vocative, and the Appositive of a 
Vocative was usually a Nominative. 

Rule of Syntax.— The Vocative is the Case of Direct Address. 

593 The Locative, (loco, I place), a 7th Case, was almost obsolete in Cicero’s time. Like 
remnants of language, a few traces appear in certain names of towns and small Mediterranean 
islands. 

The Locative Case always denotes place where, even occasionally as to time. 

Care should be taken to distinguish the Locative Case Proper, that is the antique, from the 
Ablative Locative, the regular Ablative of Place. 

Rule of Syntax. — Place where is expressed by the Locative Ablative, with the Preposition in. 

Rule of Syntax. — With names of towns, small Mediterranean islands, domus and rus, place at is ex- 
pressed by the ancient Locative Case. 

594 The Three Qualifiers 

There are three ways in which a Qualifier may belong to the Subject Noun or Pronoun, 
or to any Noun : 

1st As an Attributive, expressing quality through an Adjective, a Genitive, or an Ablative; 
2d As an Appositive, defining, or further explaining its Noun, while identical in meaning; 
3d As a Predicate, completing some copulative Verb. 

595 The Three Modifiers 

There are three ways in which a Modifier may influence the Predicate Verb: 

1st As an Adverb directly; 

2d As an Adverbial | | in the Ablative, (about 17 uses); 

3d Adverbially, through the medium of the Accusative, (about 5 uses). 

189 


THE SENTENCE— GRAMMATICAL OR NORMAL ORDER 


596 


WITH COPULA 


Subject 

Copula 


Puer 

parvus 

erit 

saepe 

Cato 

bonus 

erat 

bis 

Vir 

ignavus 

fiet 

nunquam 

Canis 

; vetus 

manebit 

semper 

Oratio 

secunda 

est 

non 


Predicate 

Complement 

industrius 

cdnsul 

doctus juris civilis (= Complem. Obj. Gen.) 
fidelis magistro (Dative Complem. w. Adj.) 

Ciceronis 


597 


VERB INTRANSITIVE 


Vir | validus alacriter ambulabat 

The strong man was walking briskly 


598 

Orgetorix | ambitiosus 

Orgetorix {being) ambitious 


VERB TRANSITIVE 

in eo itinere | Dumnorigi | auxilium | sponte | prdmisit 

on that journey voluntarily promised aid to Dumnorix 


599 

Subject The Subject 
Noun Qualifiers 

are 

| Adjective 

| Appositive 

Genitive 
of Possession 
of Material 
of Quality 

(a phrase) 

Partitive Gen. 
Gen. 

Appositional 

Ablative of 
Characteristic 

(a phrase) 

Adj. w. Com* 
plem. Gen. 
Adj. w. Acc. 
of Specific. 


COMPLETE 


The Predicate 
Modifiers 

are 

Abl. of Separation 
Abl. of Source 
Abl. of Agent 
Abl. of Comparison 


aui Means, or 
AbUo f [instrument 
Abl. of Cause 
Abl. of Manner 
Abl. of Accompa- 
niment 

Abl. of Degree of 
Difference 
Abl. of Price 
Abl. of Specifica- 
tion 


Abl. of Place 
<( The Locative” 
Abl. of Time 
Ablative Absolute 


Indirect Object 


is a 

Dative 


Dat. w. Vbs. 
Compounded 

w. Preps. 

Dat. 

Complementary 
w. Verbs 


Dat. of Pos- 
sessor 

Dat. of Agent 
Double Dative 
Dat. of Purpose 
Dat. of Refer- 
ence 

Ethical Dative 


(The Indirect Object 
has also Qualifiers 
the same as the 
Subject Noun) 


Direct Object Adverb 


is an 

Accusative : Adverbial 

Accusative 


Cognate 

Accusative 

Double 

Accusatives 


Infinitive Phrase 
Infinitive Clause 


Terminal 

Accus. 

Extent of 
Space 

\ 

i Duration 
of Time 


Genitive w. Vbs. 
of Memory 
of Reminding 
Judicial Verbs 
Verbs of Feeling 


Ablative w. the 
five Deponents 


(The Direct Object 
has also all Qualifiers 
the same as the 
I Subject Noun) 


Predicate 

Verb 


190 


THE NOMINATIVE — (14 uses) 

In Declarative Sentences 


600 As Subject (a Noun) 

1. Labor omnia vincit -V erg. 

2. Felicitas multos habet amicos. 

602 AS Subject (expressed) 

1. Hannibal ad portas est .-Prov. 

2. Caesar litteras nuntiosque misit.-Caes. 

604 As Predicate Adjective 

1. Apud Helve tios longe nobilissimus fuit et 

ditissimus Orgetorix.-CWs. 

2. Suevorum gens est longe maxima et belli- 

cosissima Germandrum omnium.-Caes. 

606 As an Appositive of the Nominative 

1. Cato senex scrlbere historiam instituit.-Swd. 

2. Cicero consul conjuratidnem Catilinae op- 

pressit. 

608 As Subject of a Historical Infinitive 

1. Interim cotldie Caesar Aeduos frumentum, 

quod essent publice polliciti, flagitare. 

2. Interea Catillna cum expeditis in prlma acie 

versari, laborantibus succurrere, omnia 
providere, multum ipse pugnare, saepe 
hostem ferire.-j\SaZZ. 

610 In Exclamations 

1. En Priamus! Sunt hie etiam sua praemia 

laudl l-V erg. 

2. Quis venit? Ecce Palaemon! 

612 As Subject (an Infinitive Phrase) 

1. Modice et modeste melius est vitam vivere. 

2. Pulchrum est bene facere reipublicae, etiam 

bene dicere haud absurdum est -Sail. 


Norn. 

601 As Subject (a Pronoun) 

1. Nos morituri te saliitamus. 

2. Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur in illis. 

603 AS Subject (in the Verb) 

1. Eum locum vallo fossaque munivit.-Caes. 

2. Vincit, qui se vincit.-Prov. 

605 As Predicate Noun 

1. Consuetudo est secunda natura -Prov. 

2. Loci natura erat haec, quern locum nostri 

castris del egerant. -Cues. 

607 As an Appositive of the Vocative 

1. Nate, meae vires, mea magna potentia solus 

nate, ad te confugio.-Ferg. 

2. Audi tu, populus Albanus.-Zm 

609 With opus, need (for a Predicate) 

1. Ariovistus respondit: Si quid ipsi a Caesare 

opus esset, sese ad eum venttirum fuisse. 

2. Dux nobis et auctor opus est.-Cic. 

3. Multi opus sunt bo ves.- Farr. 

61 1 As Subject (a Substantive Clause) 

1. Quamobrem placuit ei, ut ad Ariovistum 

legatos mitteret.-Caes. 

2. Est lex amicitiae, ut idem amici velint. 

613 As Predicate (an Infinitive Phrase) 

1. In diem vivere est secum vivere. 

2. Virtus est vitium fuger e.-Hor. 

3. Laborare est orare. 


In Interrogative Sentences 

614 Regular Direct Sentence-questions in Latin were of Five kinds: 

- , -p, , • vne -xl [ Nonne sonitum audis? 

1st Expecting the answer YES, with nonne yfm nof h(m fke ^ 

oj XT' x- ^ _ / Num sonitum audis? 

2d Expecting the answer NO, with num j Ygu ^ iy ^ (doyou)? 


3d Asking information, with -ne Enclitic (Audisne sonitum? 

leaning upon | Do yOU hear the noise , (or not)? 

4th Having the question in the Verb, with no introductory inter- / Vis domum ire? 
rogative word, as \ Do you wish to go home f 

5th Introduced by the Interrogative f Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris? 
Pronoun Quis, Quis, Quid, or by some] What hast thou done last night, what the night before, 
other Interrogative Pronoun or Adverb [ where hast thou been f 


t Adapted. 


191 


THE GENITIVE — Use with Nouns 


Gen. 


Subject 

Noun 


Subject Qualifiers 

Predicate 

Indirect 

Direct 

Adverb 

Predicate 

Gen. 

of Possession 
of Material 
Appositional 
Partitive Gen. 

Of Quality (a phrase) 

Modifiers 

Object 

with 

Qualifiers 

(as Subject) 

Object 

with 

Qualifiers 

(as Subject) 


Verb 


Predicate 

Noun 

= Pred. Gen. 


with 
Qualifii 

(as Su 


ers 

ubject) 


615 Genitive of Possession 

1. Villa Cicer5nis. Exercitus Ariovistl. 

2. Romani Graecorum librls delectabantur. 

3. Xenophontis et Platonis praeceptor Socrates 

fuit. 

4. Aristoteles discipulus Platonis erat. 

5. Aristoteles erat praeceptor Alexandr! Magnl. 

6. Archias poeta praeceptor Ciceronis fuit. 

7. Tres libri perfectl sunt de Nattira Deorum. 

-Cic. 

616 Used Subjectively 

The Genitive controls the Nominative 

1. Amor matris tuae est supremus. 

2. Ira saevae Junonis erat memor.-f Verg. 

3. Caritas clvium bonorum est admirabilis. 

4. Sermo hominum est non semper nobis gratus. 

5. Socrates erat parens et fons et caput philo- 

sophiae.-fCic. 


619 Genitive Appositional (rare) 

1. Sit igitur, jtidices, sanctum apud vos, hu- 
manissimos homines, hoc poetae nomen! 
-Cic. 

620 Partitive Genitive 

1. Quis omnium Romanbrum sapientissimus 

fuit? 

2. Tria millia militum ex hlbernls evocat. 

3. Horum omnium fortissiml sunt Belgae.— 

Caes. 

4. Omnes omnium ordinum homines Romae 

non semper consenserunt. 

5. Bona pars terrae est fertilis. 

6. Major pars popull est fidelis. 

7. Maxima pars hominum est verax. 

8. Duo talenta satis sunt pecuniae. 

Rule.— The PARTITIVE GENITIVE denotes the 
whole, of which some part is taken. 


017 Used Objectively 

The Nominative apparently controls the Genitive 

1. Timor Del est initium sapientiae.-Prou. 

2. Nonne communis est metus deorum? 

3. Num amor patriae communis omnibus est? 

4. Amor virtutis et odium vitil sunt ornamenta 

et decora vera clvis nobilis. 

5. Amor pecuniae est orlgo et fons mall. 

6. Benevolentia est amlcitiae fons. 

Rule.— The GENITIVE OF POSSESSION denotes 
ownership or control on the part of the Limiting Noun. 

618 Genitive of Material 

1. Miles argentl pondera qulnque habuit. 

2. Argentarius aeris magnum pondus habuit. 

3. In Italia antiqua talentum aurl centum 

librae fuit. 

4. Parthenon, Minervae templum Athenls, deae 

simulacrum aurl eborisque habuit. 

Rule.— The GENITIVE OF MATERIAL denotes 
the substance whereof a thing consists. 


621 Predicate Genitive 

1. Una Tusculana villa erat Ciceronis. 

2. Omnia quae mulieris fuerunt virl flunt.-Cfc. 

3. Caesar dixit, neque se' judicare Galliam 

potius esse Ariovistl quam popull Ro- 
msim.-Caes. 

622 Genitive of Quality 

1. Horatius Codes fuit maximl animl homo. 

2. Ille clvis summae humanitatis erat. 

3. Ilia virgo summae modes tiae est. 

4. Cato erat judex maximae auctoritatis. 

5. Praetor summae spel adolescens fuerat. 

6. Orator togam magnl pretil gestat. 

7. Nonne mltis ingenii juvenis est?-f Liv. 

8. Tempestas magnae severitatis cooritur. 

9. Turris ingens magnae altitudinis urbl im- 

minebat. 

Rule.— When the Limiting Noun denotes a property, 
character, or quality, and has an Adjective agreeing 
with it, it may be either in the Genitive or Ablative. 
It is called GENITIVE OF QUALITY or ABLATIVE 
OF CHARACTERISTIC. No Preposition. 


t Adapted. 


192 


THE GENITIVE — English to Latin Exercises 


623 Genitive of Possession (= ownership) 

Aristoteles discipulus Platonis erat. 

1. Cicero’s books were admired by the Romans. 

2. The farmer’s fields are not always very 

fertile. 

3. Caesar’s letters pleased the Senate. 

4. The streets of Rome were crowded with 

restless citizens. 

5. The hut of Romulus was preserved on Mt. 

Palatine. 

624 Genitive Subjective 

The Genitive being the Subject or Source of the Action 

Sermd sapientium civium saepe est maxime 
eloquens. 

1. A mother’s love is ever lovely. 

2. A father’s care is always memorable. 

3. The victories of Pompev were most welcome 

to the Romans. 

4. The justice of the judge was admirable. 

5. The fears of that enemy were amusing. 

625 Genitive Objective 

The Genitive being the Object affected by the Action 

Belli magni timor impendet.-OiC. 

1. The love of one’s own mother is a great joy. 

2. Hatred of vice is proper and praiseworthy. 

3. The pursuit of virtue is commendable and 

beautiful. 

4. Desire of leisure is natural to man. 

5. The dread of that enemy was appalling. 

626 Genitive of Material 

Si quis Hispanorum aut Gallorum aut Thra- 
cum mille aut duo millia occidisset, eum 
imperatdrem appellaret senatus?-Cic. 

1. The banker has many talents of gold. 

2. Little ants will carry away a big pile of 

grain. 

3. A pound of gold in hand is worth many in 

the mine. 

4. Rivers of water cannot raise the level of 

the sea. 

627 Genitive Appositional (rarely used) 

Quis genus Aeneadum, quis Trojae nesciat 
urbem^-V erg. 

1. The city of Rome was in the province of 
Latium. 


Gen. 

2. The town of Antioch was in the country of 

Syria. 

3. The name of king was hateful to the lovers 

of freedom. 

628 Partitive Genitive 

Horum omnium fortissiml sunt Belgae.- 
Caes. 

Una ex parte a Suebls circiter millia passuum 
sexcenta agri vacare dlcuntur.-CWa. 

1. A large part of life is consumed in sleep. 

2. Pirates consume much of their time in 

idleness. 

3. A part of the foot-soldiers were surrounded 

by the enemy. 

4. Who ever had enough money? 

5. Of money and of glory the pauper has 

nothing. 

6. Cicero was the elder of two brothers. 

7. Tiberius was the elder of the brothers 

Gracchi. 

8. A hundred horsemen were seen in the 

valley. 

9. The stranger walked a hundred miles. 

629 Predicate Genitive (used with sum, fio, etc.) 

Omnia hostium erant -Liv. 

1. The house is the king’s, not the poet’s. 

2. The palace on the Palatine was Caesar’s. 

3. The black dog was not my brother’s. 

4. The oration for the poet Archias was 

Cicero’s. 

630 Genitive of Quality or Ablative of 

Characteristic 

Gallus fuit homo maxim! corporis terri- 
bilique facie. 

L. Catilina fuit magna v! et anim! et cor- 
poris, sed ingenid malo pravoque.- 
Sall. 

1. Horatius was a man of remarkable valor. 

2. That boy has always been a pupil of un- 

tiring diligence. 

3. Trees of huge size impede our view. 

4. The consul should be a man of surpassing 

wisdom. 

5. Cato was a man of singular industry. 

6. Stones of great weight make a wall of 

great strength. 


193 


Gen. 


THE GENITIVE — Use Complementary with Adjectives 


Subject 

Noun 


Subject Qualifiers 
Adj. with Compl. Gen. 


Predicate 

Adverb 

Predicate 

Modifiers 


Verb 

word, 



phrase, 



clause 




Predicate Noun w. Adj. and Compl. Gen. 


or 

Predicate Adj. and Compl. Gen. 


About 30 Adjectives often requiring a 
avidus, a, um, desirous of 
cupidus, a, um, eager for 
fastidiosus, a, um, disdainful of 
peritus, a, um, skilled in 
imperitus, a, um, unacquainted with 
prudens, entis, experienced in 
imprudens, entis, unaware of 
insuetus, a, um, unaccustomed to 
studiosus, a, um, studious of 
cdnscius, a, um, cognizant of 
ignarus, a, um, ignorant of 
certior f actus, (= made more certain), informed of 
memor, oris, mindful of 
immemor, oris, unmindful of 
oblitus, a, um, forgetful of 
plenus, a, um, full of (also with Abu 

631 1. AvidI laudis fuistis.-fOic. 

2. Dumnorix cupidus novarum rerum fuit.- 

Caes. 

3. Vaccae fastidiosae herbae fiunt.-f Varr. 

4. Agricolam laudat juris legumque peritus.- 

Hor. 

5. Morin! erant homines barbar! et nostrae 

consuetudinis imperiti.-Caes. 

6. Nonne urbanus umquam erat prudens 

rerum rusticarum? 

7. Vir! maris cupid! sunt saepe insuet! navi- 

gandi. 

8. 111! avid! gloriae erant saepe studios! 

eloquentiae. 

9. Amici Catilinae omnes erant conscii con- 

jurationis. 

10. Mens sibi conscia recti est ignara culpae. 

Rule.— Certain Adjectives take a GENITIVE OF 
THE OBJECT required to complete their meaning: 
chiefly Adjectives denoting desire , knowledge , 
memory, fulness, participation, innocence, 
power, and their opposites. 

t Adapted. 


Complementary Objective Genitive 

inops, opis, destitute of 

particeps, cipis, participant of 

expers, tis, (ex-pars), devoid of 

fertilis, e, fruitful of 

insons, ntis, innocent of 

integer, gra, grum, (= whole), unimpaired in 

capax, acis, capable of (holding) 

tenax, acis, steadfast of 

Participial Adjectives, (in -ns) 

amans, antis, fond of 
appetens, entis, hungry for 
fugiens, entis, shirking 
patiens, entis, patient of 
impatiens, entis, impatient of 
potens, entis, powerful over 
impotens, entis, powerless over 

632 1. Gallia est plena civium Romand- 
rum.-Cic. 

2. Plenum pueris gymnasium evat -Quint. 

3. Mentis inops gelida formidine lora remisit. 

-Ov. 

4. Fac participes nos tuae sapientiae \- Plant. 

5. Vis consilii expers mole ruit sua -Hor. 

6. Fertilis hominum frugumque Gallia est.- 

Liv. 

7. Circus in Romana urbe erat capax populi. 

8. Integer vitae scelerisque purus -Hor. 

9. Civis amans patriae fuit Regulus consul. 

10. Semper appetentes gloriae praeter ceteras 

gentes fuistis. 

11. Nem5 erat adeo tardus aut fugiens laboris.- 

Caes. 

12. Tiberis erat amnis patiens navium. 

13. Tenacissimi propositi sumus natura.-f Quint. 

14. Rerum omnium potens est Juppiter pater.- 

Tac. 

Rule.— Participles in -NS, (P. A. P.), used as Ad- 
jectives, take the OBJECTIVE GENITIVE. 


194 


THE GENITIVE — Used Objectively with Verbs 


Gen. 


Subject 

Subject 1 

Predicate 

Indirect 

Direct Object 

Adverb 

Predicate 

Noun 

Qualifiers 

Modifiers 

Object 

Gen. with Verbs 
of Memory, Judicial Verbs, 

of Reminding, Verbs of Feeling 


Verb 


Verbs of Memory 

• - • „ [ 1. I remember (w. Acc.) 

memim, isse 0 , . 7. 1 * 

{ Z. be mindful of (w. Gen.) 

obliviscor, cl, oblitus ( i* { or ?^ A ® c ) 

1 2. fee forgetful of (w. Gen.) 

-/ 1. caZZ to mind (w. Acc.) 

remimscor, ci \ n 1 ' ix 1 x 

(2. be mindful of (w. Gen.) 

recordor, ari, atus, recollect , recall (w. Acc.) 


Judicial Verbs 

accuso, are, avi, atus, accuse , arraign, indict 
arguo, ere, ui, utus, charge with 
convinco, ere, vici, victus, convict 
condemno, are, avi, atus, sentence, condemn 
insimulo, are, avi, atus, charge falsely 
multo, are, avi, atus, punish (judicially) 
absolvo, ere, vi, solutus, acquit (= declare innocent) 


Verbs of Reminding 

moned, ere, ui, itus, advise, warn 
admoneo, ere, ui, itus, remind 
commoneo, ere, ui, itus, remind forcibly 
commonefacio, ere, feci, factus, admonish 


Verbs of Feeling 

miseret, 2. it distresses pudet, 2. it shames 
paenitet, 2. it saddens taedet, 2. it disgusts 
piget, 2. it grieves 

misereor, eri, itus, I pity 
miseresco, ere, 1 feel pity for 


633 Verbs of Memory 

1. Forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit.- 

V erg. 

2. Animus meminit praeterit5rum.-C?c. 

3. Suum quisque honorem meminit.-P/aw^. 

4. Memento me, non de mea, sed de oratoris 

facultate dixisse.-Cic. 

5. Obliviscitur nomen suum. Oblitus sum mei. 

6. Si veteris contumeliae obllviscl vellet.-Cae5. 

7. Nec umquam obliviscar illius noctis.-(7ic. 

8. Caesar reminiscebatur pristinae virtutis 

Helvetiorum.-fCoe^. 

9. Potest mens mea pueritiae memoriam 

recordarl ultimam.-fCic. 

Rule.— MEMINI, OBLIVISCOR, REMINISCOR, 

I remember , 1 forget , take The Accusative, 1 
am mindful or forgetful of, take The Objective 
Genitive. 

634 Verbs of Reminding 

1. Caecina jnllites temporis ac necessitatis 

monet.- Tac. 

2. Catilina admonebat alium egestatis, alium 

cupiditatis suae.-$a/Z. 

3. Mearum me absens miseriarum commones. 

4. Cum ipse te veteris amicitiae commone- 

faceret. 

Rule.— VERBS OF REMINDING take The Accusa- 
tive of the person and the Genitive of the thing . 

t Adapted. 


635 Judicial Verbs 

1. Eum tu accusas avaritiae?-(7tc. 

2. Viros mortuos summi sceleris arguent?-Cic. 

3. Qui cum esset judex, pecuniam accipiebat ab 

accusatore ut reum condemnaret.-f Cic. 

4. Judex lege reum capitis condemnat.-fCzc. 

5. Consul crimine condemnatus majestatis est. 

6. Levitatis et infirmitatis plerosque con- 

vincunt -Cic. 

Aliquem impudentiae accusant.-Cic. 

7. Vitia hominum atque fraudes damnis, 

ignominiis, vinculis, verberibus, exsiliis, 
morte multantur.-Cic. 

Rule.— Verbs of ACCUSING, CONVICTING, CON- 
DEMNING, ACQUITTING, take an Accusative of the 
person and a Genitive of the crime , charge, or 
penalty ; but penalty is mostly in the Ablative. 

636 Verbs of Feeling 

1. Nonne me miseret tul? 

(Translate, Am I not sorry for thee?) 

2. Qu5s non miseret neminis -Enn. 

3. Mea mater, tui me miseret, me! piget.-Fnn. 

4. Me clvitatis mdrum piget taedetque.-SaZZ. 

5. Intemerata fides, orb, miserere laborum Tan- 

torum : miserere animi n5n digna ferentis. 
Rule.— The FIVE IMPERSONALS OF DISTRESS 
take a Genitive of the cause of the feeling with an Ac- 
cusative of the Object whereon the distress falls. 


195 


THE DATIVE — Meaning of Verb not Complete in Itself 


Dat. 


Subject 

Noun 


Subject 

Predicate Modifiers 

Indirect Object 

Direct Object 

Adverb 

Qualifiers 

word, 

Vbs. Comp, with Preps. 




phrase, 

Dat. Compl. with Vbs. 




clause 





Predicate Verb 


637 Indirect Object 

Verbs Active 

1. Ei filiam suam in matrimonium dat.-Caes. 

2. Nonne tibi pecuniam dabo? 

3. Hodie mane mihi librum dedit. 

4. Nullas iis praeterquam ad te et ad Brutum 

dedl litteras.-CVc. 

5. Donavl el, quae voluit, quae postulavit: 

te quoque el dono dedl -Plaut. 

6. Decima legio el gratias egit -Caes. 

7. Commendo tibi ejus omnia negotia.-Ci’c. 

8. Is obiet mortem, qui mihi id aurum credi- 

dit -Plaut. 

9. Cum aliis alii subsidium ferren t.-Caes. 

10. Pueris olim dant crustula blandl doctores.- 

Hor °f tt ^ mes Zi’ttie cakes 

11. Mihi avus hujus concredidit thesaurum 

auri -Plant. 

638 Verbs Passive 

1. Litterae ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad 

suam gentem sibi datae sunt.-fCic. 

2. Hominibus animus datus est ex illls sem- 

pi terms ignibus.-Cic. 

Rule.— The INDIRECT OBJECT is in the Dative. 

639 Verbs Compounded with Prepositions 

ad, at, near 

1. Miles fortis omnibus periculis non adest. 

2. Socium quaerit, quern adjungat sibi -Plaut. 

3. Adsum praesens praesenti tibi -Plant. 

assist 

ante, before 

4. Amor omnibus rebus antevenit -Plant. 

5. Amicitiam omnibus rebus humanis ante- 

p5no.-Cic. 

6. Brassica, quae omnibus oleribus antestat.- 

Cato. 

con (cum), with 

7. Parva magnis conferuntur.-Cfo. 

8. Cedant arma togae, concedat laurea vic- 

tSriae linguae fori.-fCic. 

9. Medulla spinae commissa est cerebro.-Ce/s. 

t Adapted. 


in, on, over 

10. Catilina bellum populS Romano suo no- 

mine indixit.-Cic. 

11. Ponto nox incubat atra - Verg. 

12. Mors nos in aeternum exsilium impositura 

est cymbae.-f Hor. 

inter, between, in the midst of 

13. Nox proelio intervenit.-Lm 

14. Omnibus negStiis n5n interfuit solum sed 

praefuit.-Cic. 

15. Tempestas aditum Romanis, iter inimicis 

intercludit.-f Plaut. 

ob, against 

16. Iis opposuit sese Socrates.-Cn?. 

17. Opponit se periculis pro republica.-Cic. 

18. Homines hominibus et prosunt et obsunt. 

post, after, behind 

19. Qui libertati plebis suas opes postferunt? 

20. Omnes posthabui mihi res - Ter. 

21. Hie miser pecuniam amicitiae praefert.— Cic. 

22. Caesar hibernis Labienum praeposuit. 

23. Agricola quendam servum pecori praefecit. 

pro (rare), for 

24. Hi viri sunt, qui nec sibi nec alteri prosunt. 

25. Nihil tibi litterae meae proderunt.-Cic. 

sub, under 

26. In Italia violis succedit rosa -Plin. 

27. Bona civium voci praeconis subjecta sunt. 

28. Cum sol Oceano subest -Ilor. 

29. Saepe solent auro multa subesse mala.- Tib. 

super, above, over 

30. Neque deesse neque superesse rei publicae 

vol5.-Cic. 

circum, round 

31. Aer omnibus est rebus circumdatus -Lucr. 

32. Circumjecta multitudo hominum totis 

moenibus est.f-Ca^. 

Rule. — Many verbs compounded with the Preposi- 
tions, 

AD ANTE CON IN INTER 

OB POST PRAE PRO SUB SUPER 

(rarely) CIRCUM take the Dative. 


196 


THE DATIVE — Meaning of Verb Complete in Itself 


Dat. 


Subject 

Noun 


Subject 

Predicate Modifiers 


Direct 

Adverb 

Qualifiers 

word , 

phrase, 

clause 

Dat. of Possessor Dat. of Purpose 
Dat. of Agent Dat. of Reference 

Double Dative Ethical Dative 

Object 



Predicate 

Verb 


640 Dative of Possessor 

In English translation the Possessor becomes the Subject Noun 

1. Est mihi doml pater. Caesar amicus est 

mihi. 

(Translate, I have a father at home) 

2. Innocentiae plus pericull quam honoris est. 

- Sail . 

3. Quot digit! sunt tibi in manu ‘l- Plant. 

4. Sclpionl, cui Africano fuit cognomen -Liv. 

Rule.— The DATIVE with the Verb SUM denotes 
the POSSESSOR, the thing possessed being the 
subject of the Verb. 

641 Dative of Agent (a person) 

1. Itaque haec vobls provincia, Quirites, est 

defendenda.-Cic. 

2. Nobis, cum semel occidit brevis lux, nox est 

perpetua una dormienda.-CW. 

3. Suum cuique incommodum ferendum est.- 

Cic. 

4. Hoc mihi consilium captum jam diu est -Cic. 

5. Hoc mihi faciendum est; hae orationes 

puellls et puerls legendae sunt. 

Rule.— The DATIVE with the GERUNDIVE, often 
with Perfect Tenses of the Passive Voice, denotes the 
Agent by whom the action must be or has been 
performed. 

642 The Double Dative (with sum, fio, do) 

1. Quae res magno usul nostrls fuit.-CWs. 

2. Est mihi magnae curae.-Cic. 

3. Matrl puellam d5n5 dedit- Ter. 

4. Id tibi honor! habetur. Idque e5 mihi 

magis est cordl -Cic. 

5. Nunc auxilio mihi flunt. 

6. DedistI earn dono mihi -Plant. 

Rule— TWO DATIVES, the one denoting the person 
or object to which , the other the purpose or end for 
which (the latter translating as a predicate), are used 
mostly with the Verbs SUM, Flo, DO, and a few 
others. 

t Adapted. 


643 Dative of Purpose (Verbs of Intention) 

1. Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostri 

castrls delegerant. -Caes. 

2. Instant ardentes Tyril, Pars optare locum 

tecto et concludere scXco.-Verg. 

3. Non scholae sed vitae discimus.-Scw. 

4. Caesar signum receptul canl jussit.-fCacs. 

5. Bis in die bucinator receptul bucinam 

cecinit. 

6. Centum boves mllitibus dono dedit. 

7. Crassus tertiam aciem laborantibus nostrls 

subsidio mlsit.-CWs. 

8. Nam equitatul, quem auxilio Caesarl Aedul 

mlserant, Dumnorlx praeerat.-CWs. 

Rule.— The DATIVE of PURPOSE denotes the end 
or intention for which something is done. 

644 Dative of Reference (A va V n a tag a eT ° r Dlsad * 

1. Erit ille mihi semper deus - V erg. 

2. Est urbe egressls tumulus.- V erg. 

3. Se in conspectum nautls dedit. -Cic. 

4. Tuas res tibi habeto -Plant. ^dh^Jrce^ 86 m 

5. Res omnis mihi tecum erit, Hortensl!-Cic. 

6. Mea domus tibi patet, mihi clausa est.-Cic. 
Rule.— The DATIVE of REFERENCE points out 

the person especially interested. 

645 Ethical Dative 

1. Ecce tibi Ausoniae tellus: hanc arripe veils. 

-Verg. 

2. Quid vult sibi haec oratid? 

3. Ignorans su5 sibi servit patrl -Plant. 

4. Quid mihi Celsus agit?-Hor. 

5. At tibi repente venit ad me Canlnius mane. 

-Cic. 

Rule. — The Personal Pronoun, often used in a 
lively familiar way to express emotion , sur- 
prise, or irony , is called The ETHICAL DATIVE. 


197 


Dat 


DATIVE COMPLEMENTARY— with about Twenty Verbs 

Meaning of Verb not Complete in Itself 


faveo, ere, favi, fautus, favor 
indulged, ere, si, — , be indulgent to 
studeo, ere, ui, — , be eager for 
placed, ere, ui, itus, please, be pleasing to 
confidd, ere, fisus, trust in, rely upon 
credo, ere, didi, ditus, trust to, believe in 

adjUVO, are, juVl, jutUS, assist (mostly governs Accus.) 

subvenio, ire, veni, ventus, relieve (l1 difficulty) m 
auxilior, ari, atus, aid, help (in sickness, in weakness) 
impero, are, avi, atus, command, rule over 

pareo, ere, ui, (itus) / 1- appear <“^T‘ ore " iTe 

(late Latin) 1 2. obey 


, 1 1. listen to 

oboedio, ire, m, ltusj^ ohey 

servio, ire, ivi or il, — , serve (orig. as a slave) 
cedo, ere, cessi, cessus, yield to, give up to 
resisto, ere, stiti, — , resist 
invideo, ere, vidi, visus, envy, be jealous of 

(glance at w. evil eye) 

repugno, are, avi, atus, oppose 

minitor, ari, atus, threaten 

igndsco, ere, novi, notus, pardon, overlook 

pared, ere, peperci (parsi, oid Latin), — , spare 

persuaded, ere, si, sus, persuade, (“talk sweet to”) 

irascor, ci, iratus, be angry at 


646 

1. Non multo plus patriae faveo quam tuae 

gloriae.-C'ic. 

2. Romanis Juno coepit placata faver e.-Enn. 

3. Aedudrum civitati Caesar praecipue in- 

dulserat.-Caes. 

4. Indulgent consules legionum ardori.-Zir. 

5. Galli novis plerumque rebus student. 

6. Quod vobis placet, displicet mihi.-f Plant. 

7. Mihi credel-Plaut. Crede igitur mihi.-Cic. 

8. Huic legioni Caesar et indulserat praecipue 

et propter virtu tern confidebat max- 
im e.-Caes. 

9. Apollo, quaero, subveni mihi, atque ad- 

juva! -Plant. 

10. Ferulam quibusdam morbis auxiliarl 

dicunt medic! -Plant. 

11. Fortes fortuna adjuvat.-7er. 

12. Ecce Apollo mihi ex oraculo imperat!- 

Plaut. 

13. Videmur omnibus gentibus ac nationibus 

terra marique imperare.-fCic. 


646 

14. Nihil est in dicendo majus quam ut faveat 

orator! auditor.-Cic. 

15. Hie parebit et oboediet praecepto ill! veteri. 

—Cic. 

16. Justum est, tuus tibi servus tuo arbitrate 

servisit.-Plaut. 

17. Amiantus veneficiis resistit omnibus.— Plin. 

earth-flax magic potions 

18. Diversae legiones aliae alia in parte hostibus 

resistebant.-CWs. 

19. His omnibus rebus unum repugnabat.- 

Caes. 

20. Probus invidet nemini.-Cie. 

21. Invident homines maxime paribus aut in- 

ferioribus.-Cic. 

22. Huic urbi ferro ignique minitantur.-Cic. 

23. Non pepercisti filio tuo -Vulg. 

24. Qui parcit virgae odit filium.-Fw/^. 

25. Ego non tibi irascor. Miror, cur tu huic 

irascere.-Cic. 

26. Quis Romanis primus persuasit navem 

conscendere ?-Sm. 



The Rule in Rhyme 


Verbs signifying to favor , 

please , 

trust , 

assist , 

command , 

obey , 

serve , 

resist, 

envy , 

threaten , 

pardon , 

spare, 

believe , 

persuade , 

be angry at, 

with others, kindred and op- 
posite, usually require the 
Dative to complete their 

t Adapted. 



meaning. 


198 


DATIVE COMPLEMENTARY — with about Twenty Adjectives 

Meaning of Adjective not Complete in Itself 


Dat. 


Subject 

Noun 


Subject 

Predicate Modifiers 

Adverb 

Predicate Verb 

Qualifiers 

word, 




phrase, 




clause 




Predicate Adjective 
with Complementary Dative 


facilis, e, easy for 

amicus, a, um, friendly to 

utilis, e, useful to 

carus, a, um, dear to 

aequalis, e, equal to , uniform with 

par, pans, equal to, match for 

accommodates, a, um a( ^ a P te( ^ 

( appropriate to 

commodus, a, um, proper, convenient for 
necessarius, a, um, needful, necessary for 

vicinus, a, um 
propinquus, a, um 


near to, neighboring 


sacer, sacra, sacrum, sacred to 

grates, a, um, 1 . pleasing to 2. thankful to or for 

acceptus, a, um, acceptable to 

fidelis, e, faithful to 

aptus, a, um, fit for, suited to 

idoneus, a, um, fit for, suitable for 

Similis, e, like (with Gen. also) 

notes, a, um, known to 
finitimus, a, um, bordering upon 
salutaris, e, healthful for 


647 

1. Cui censemus cursum ad deos facilidrem 

fuisse quam Scipioni?-Cic. 

2. Mihi nemo est amicior Attico.-Cic. 

3. For tuna nunc mihi, nunc alii benigna est.- 

Hor. 

4. Scis quam id mihi sit facile atque Utile.— 

f Ter. 

5. Patria mihi vita mea multo est carior.-Cic. 

6. German! sese unis Suebis concedunt, quibus 

ne dei quidem immortales pares esse 
possent.-tCoes. 

7. Pars pedis est aequalis alter! parti -Cic. 

8. Nil aequale homini fuit ill! - Hor. 

9. Nulla lex satis commoda omnibus est -Liv. 

10. Senator! necessarium est, nosse rempub- 

licam.-Czc. 


647 

11. Vicina virtutibus vitia sunt -Quint. 

12. Jam mensis erat, qui sacer est imis mani- 

bus.-f Ov. 

13. Mihi grata acceptaque hujus est benig- 

nitas -Plant. 

14. Illi fuisti quam mihi fidelior.-P/awf. 

15. Apta dies sacrificid (erat ).-Liv. 

16. Castris idoneum locum deligit.-CWs. 

17. Filius est suo similis patti -Cat. 

18. Plures Romuli quam Numae similes reges 

erant.-fP^. 

19. Nulli nota est domus sua -Juv. 

20. Poeta ora tori finitimus est. -f Cic. 

21. Hominum generi uni verso cultura agrorum 

est salutaris.-Cic. 


Certain Adjectives, signifying easy , 
equal , 
sacred, 
like, 


The Rule in Rhyme 
friendly, useful, dear , 

proper, needful, near, 

pleasing, faithful, fit, 

known, and healthful, 

frequently require a Dative to complete their meaning. 


fAdapted. 


199 


THE DATIVE — English to Latin Exercises 


Dat. 


648 Indirect Object 

Caesar praedam mllitibus donat -Caes. 

1. Who will write me a letter tomorrow? 

2. Will they commend him to the care of Galba? 

3. Will they not entrust their gems to the slave? 

4. Will they never send us any good news? 

5. Who announced the message to the Senate? 

6. Who provides the people corn this year? 

7. Who presents games to the Romans today? 

8. My friends brought me a guest yesterday. 

649 Dative of Possessor 

Est mihi domi pulcherrimus liber. 

1. Cicero had a beautiful villa in Latium. 

2. The horse-soldiers had excellent horses. 

3. Horses have solid hoofs. Men have hands. 

4. Orators often have great wit and eloquence. 

5. Have not children much real joy in life? 

6. Kings do not always have delightful dreams. 

7. Romulus had a cozy hut on Palatine Hill. 

650 The Dative of the Agent with a 

Gerundive 

Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda. 

1. Corn must be provided by them for the 

winter. 

2. The work must be done by the men in the 

best manner. 

3. The house ought to be finished by the builder 

this year. 

4. Money ought to be saved by us all for our 

old age. 

651 Double Dative 

Mihi maximae est curae.-Czc. 

1. One thing was for great use to our men. 

2. She gave the gem to my mother for a gift. 

3. They presented an ox to the farmer for his 

plow. 

4. Horses were of great aid to men in war. 

652 Dative of Purpose 

Exempld est formica.- Hor. 

1. Caesar names a suitable place for the con- 

ference. 

2. We had not one bright sunny day for our 

journey. 


653 Dative Complementary 

with about 20 Verbs 

Pater nihil pretio parsit, filio dum parceret. 
-Plant. 

Malim mihi inimicos invidere quam inimlcis 
me mels -Plant. 

1. A true mother always favors her boy. 

2. A sensible father is often indulgent to his 

sons. 

3. The tired soldier is eager for peace. 

4. The flowers of spring are pleasing to all. 

5. Trust not in strangers too easily. 

6. Who entrusted this gold to me? 

7. Believe in me. I will assist you. 

8. We had relieved them in difficulty. 

9. Did we not aid them in poverty? 

10. I shall command you. You will obey me. 

11. Favor the good! Resist the evil! 

12. Slaves serve you. Thieves threaten you. 

13. Will not a noble man pardon his enemy? 

14. Will the farmers wisely spare the trees? 

15. Will the diligent never spare themselves? 

16. I have almost persuaded my mother-in-law. 

654 Dative Complementary 

with about 20 Adjectives 

Est finitimus oratorl poeta ac paene par.- 

Cic. 

1. Difficult works are often easy for skilful 

men. 

2. Who is more friendly to you than Piso? 

3. What is more useful to us than books? 

4. His little daughter was very dear to her 

kind father. 

5. The soldier was equal to his leader in 

valor. 

6. The conversation was adapted to the occa- 

sion. 

7. Heavy plows were not convenient for 

use. 

8. Air and water are necessary to life. 

9. Mt. Vesuvius is near the city Naples. 

10. Fat hens are more pleasing to foxes than 

ripe grapes. 

11. Rewards are very acceptable to honest 

men. 

12. What slave is more faithful to his master 

than the old horse? 


200 



EQUI ET CURRUS 


201 


Acc. 


THE ACCUSATIVE — The Case of the Direct Object 


Subject 

Noun 


Subject 

Predicate 

Indirect 

Direct Object 

Adverb 

Predicate 

Qualifiers 

Modifiers 

Object 

f Predicate Acc. 


Verb 




Double Acc A Obj. of Prep. Comp. 






[Secondary Obj. 






Cognate Acc. 



655 The Direct Object 

Object Effected 

1. Panem ex hoc genere radicis efficiebant.- 

t Caes. 

2. Orgetorix conjurationem nobilitatis fecit. 

3. Deus caelum et terram creavit.-Fw^. 

4. Cicero librum de rebus rusticis scripsit.- 

t Cic. 

Object Affected 

5. Aconltum cor adficit. 

6. Is terror milites hostesque in diversum 

adfecit.- Tac. 

7. Mons Jura fines Sequanorum ab Helve tils 

dividit.-tCaes. 

8. Helvetii legatos ad Caesarem mittunt. 

9. Postero die ex e5 loco castra movent.-Caes. 

Intrans. Vbs. of Motion comp. w. preps, become Trans. 

10. Transiluit fiammas.-O®. 

11. Quis primus hoc cognomen invenit?-Cic. 

12. Ripas flumina praetereunt Hor. 

13. Campos pedibus transire videmur. -Zwcr. 

Rule.— The DIRECT OBJECT of a TRANSITIVE 
VERB is in the ACCUSATIVE Case. 

656 The Cognate Accusative 

1. Modice et modeste melius est vitam vivere. 

2. Tamne tibi diu videor vitam viver e?- Plant. 

3. Tertiam enim aetatem hominum vivebat. 

4. Mirum atque inscitum somniavi somnium.- 

Plaut. 

5. Fortuna, saev5 laeta negdtio et ludum in- 

solentem ludere pertinax, ipsa Fortuna 
caeca est.-f Hor. 

6. Atridae duo fratres dicuntur fecisse facinus 

maximum- Plant. 

7. Servus, ut antiqui dixerunt, servitutem ser- 

vit -Quint. 

Rule. — Verbs, even those usually Intransitive, may 
have in familiar emphasis an ACCUSATIVE of 
KINDRED SIGNIFICATION to their own. This is 
called a Cognate Accusative. 

t Adapted. 


657 The Double Accusative 

Direct Object and Predicate Accusative 

1. Romani populi Ciceronem consulem creave- 

runt.-Cic. 

2. Fortuna homines saepe efficit caecos -Cic. 

3. Pericles turn habuit collegam in praetura 

Sophoclem.-fC'ic. 

4. Summum consilium orbis terrae appellave- 

runt senatum.-fCic. 

5. Victorem appellat Acesten.-Fergr. 

6. Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit. 
Rule. — Verbs signifying to make , choose , create , 

name , call , or nominate , etc., may have TWO 
ACCUSATIVES of the same person or thing. 

658 The Double Accusative 

Direct Object and Object of Preposition 

1. Caesar flumen Axonam exercitum traducere 

maturavit.-C'aes. 

2. Novum exercitum traducite Iberum.-Zm 

3. Caesar Germanos flumen trajicit.^ -Caes. 

4. Caesar exercitum semel Rhenum transpor- 

ta vit. 

Rule. — Certain Verbs, compounds of TRANS, some- 
times have TWO ACCUSATIVES: the Object of the 
Verb, and the Object of the Preposition. 

659 The Double Accusatives 

Direct Object and Secondary Object 

1. Postea Racilius me sententiam rogavit.-Cic. 

2. Multa de5s orans. Posce deos veniam.- 

Verg. 

3. Interim cotldie Caesar Haeduos frumentum 

flagitat.-Caes. 

4. Magister pueros elementa docuit.-f Cic. 

5. Philosophia nos res omnes docuit.-Cic. 

6. N5n te celavi sermonem Titi Ampii.-Cic. 

7. Fur iter omnes celat.-f Nep. 

Rule. — Certain Verbs signifying to ask , demand , 
teach , and conceal , may have TWO ACCUSA- 
TIVES, THE ONE of the PERSON, and THE OTHER 
of the THING. 


202 


THE ACCUSATIVE — Idiomatic Usage 


Acc. 


Subject 

Noun 


Subject 

Predicate 

Indirect 

Direct 

Adverb 

Qualifiers 

Modifiers 

Object 

Object 

Adverbial Acc. 

Adj. w. Acc. 

Acc. of 


Adj. w. Acc. 

Terminal Acc. 

of Specif. 

Exclamation 


of Specif. 

Extent of Space 
Duration of Time 


Predicate 

Verb 


660 Adverbial Accusative 

1. Eloquere, quid venisti? 

(Translate, Speak out, why hast thou come?) 

2. Jam id gaudeo!- Ter. (Now I'm glad of it.) 

3. A te bis terve summum litteras accepi -Cic. 

4. Gaudeo, etsl nil scio quod gaudeam \-Plaut. 

5. Nil pictis timidus nauta puppibus fidit -Hor. 

6. Suebi maximam partem lacte et pecore 

vivunt.-Caes. 

Rule. — The ACCUSATIVE is frequently used as an 
ADVERB OF MANNER; especially the Neut. Sing. 
Acc. of a few pronouns. 

661 Accusative of Specification 

(Translate as to, in respect to, ~ly) 

1. Restitit Aeneas, Os humerosque deo similis. 

2. Venatrix dederat comam diffundere ventis, 

nuda genu, nodoque sinus collecta 
fluentes.-Fer^. 

3. Faciem mtitatus et ora Cupido pro dulci 

Ascanio vemt.-V erg. 

Rule.— The ACCUSATIVE of SPECIFICATION, 
or Greek Accusative, occurs chiefly in Latin Poetry, 
denoting th e part affected. 

662 Accusative of Exclamation 

1. Heu me miserum! Heu me infelicem!-7er. 

2. O me miserum! Me miserum! 

3. O fortunatam rempublicand-Czc. 

Rule. — The ACCUSATIVE was often used in 
EXCLAMATIONS. 

663 Terminal Accusative 

1. Hannibal exercitum in Italiam duxit. 

2. Ex Asia in Macedoniam navigat.-Czc. 

3. Quidam nocte ad Nervios pervenerunt. 

4. Proficiscor Romam. Redi Delon. 

5. Rus ivi. Inde domum redii. 

6. Ego rus ibo, atque ibi manebo.- Ter. 

Rule.— The place WHERE MOTION ENDS, the 

Limit of Motion , is expressed by the ACCUSA- 
TIVE usually with AD or IN. 

t Adapted. 


664 Accusative of Extent of Space 

1. Hostes sequitur et milia passuum tria ab 

eorum castris castra ponit.-CWs. 

2. Stadium centum viginti qulnque nostros 

efficit passus, hoc est pedes sexcentos 
viginti quinque.-P/m. 

3. Pedem e villa adhuc egressi non sumus- 

Cic. 

4. Digitum transversum non discedit a recta 

conscientia, nunquam unguem latum 
ab hone tissima sententia. 

5. Ita dies circiter quindecim iter fecerunt.- 

Caes. 

6. Cum abessem ab Aman5 iter unius diei.- 

Cic. 

Rule.— EXTENT of SPACE is expressed by the 
ACCUSATIVE. 

665 Accusative of Duration of Time 

1. Dies continuos quinque Caesar pro castris 

suas copias produxit.-Caes. 

2. Ariovistus multos menses castris se ac palu- 

dibus tenuit.-fCaes. 

3. Romulus septem et triginta regnavit an- 

nos. —Liv. 

4. Cato annos quinque et octoginta natus ex- 

cessit e Vita -Cic. 

5. Dionysius major annos sexaginta natus 

decessit.- Nep. 

Rule. — DURATION of TIME is expressed by the 
ACCUSATIVE. 

666 The Subject of the Infinitive 

1. Patere tua c5nsilia n5n sentis?-C 2 c. 

2. Neque cohortationes suas neque preces aud- 

iri intellegit.-Caes. 

3. Puta te servum esse communem-»Sm. 

4. Dicit montem ab hostibus teneri. 

Rule.— The SUBJECT of an INFINITIVE is in the 
ACCUSATIVE. It is used especially with verbs of 

saying , thinking , knowing , perceiving. 


203 


Abl. 


THE From ABLATIVE, THE Whence _ CASE — Separational Use 
(Preps, a, ah, de, e, ex) 


Subject 

Noun 


Subject 

Qualifiers 


Predicate Modifiers 

Indirect 

Direct 

Adverb 

Predicate 

Abl. of Separation 
Abl. of Source 

Abl. of Agent 

Abl. of Comparison 

Object 

Object 


Verb 


667 Ablative of Separation (Reg. no Prep.) 

(ancient and original Ablative) 

With Verbs (no Prep.) 

1. Magnd me metu llberabis.-Cic. 

2. Murus defensoribus nudatus est -Caes. 

3. Vacare culpa magnum est solacium -Cic. 

4. Nostri majores regnS Tarquinios expul- 

erunt.-fCh’c. 

5. Caesar Roma litteras accepit. 

6. Frater meus rure domum rediit. 

7. Futtirum put5, ut aqua et ignl nobis inter- 

dict i nr. -Cic. 

8. Sapiens cget nulla re.— Sen. 

9. Non eget Me medicis, non lectis mollibus 

aeger -Prop. 

668 With Adjectives (no Prep.) 

1. Animus ejus omni liber gtira et angore fuit. 

2. Vacuam laboribu^ eg! vitam.-Ctc. 

3. Arbores hieme nudae foliis erunt. 

669 

Verbs Comp, with a, ab, de, ex{^^JJf p - 

1. Quid hoc ab illo differt?-Cic. 

2. Belgae a cultu atque humanitate provinciae 

longissime absunt.-CWs. 

3. Suebi eques tribus proeliis saepe ex equis 

desiliunt.-f Caes. 

4. Brassica de capite et de oculis omnia (mala) 

deducet.-Cafo. 

5. De mausoleo exaudita vox est -Suet. 

6. Vir sapiens laetus ex his tenebris in lucem 

illam excedit.-fCic. 

7. Caesar suos a proelio continebat.-Caes. 

670 Adjectives (may take also Prep. w. Abl.) 

1. Cat5 ab omnibus humanis vitiis immunis 

erat.-f Veil. 

2. Mihi a spe, metu, partibus reipublicae ani- 

mus liber fuit -Sail. 

3. Nullus dies ab exercitationibus oratoriis 

vacuus erat.-Cic. 

t Adapted. 


4. Remoti ab oculis populi omne otiosum 
tempus in studiis contrivimus -Cic. 

Rule.— The ABLATIVE of SEPARATION occurs 
with Verbs signifying to DEPRIVE, REMOVE, RE- 
LIEVE, SET FREE; TO NEED, BE DISTANT or BE 
DIFFERENT; also with a few adjectives of similar 
meaning. 

671 Ablative of Source (with Prep.) 

1. Rhenus autem oritur ex Lepontiis.-CWs. 

2. Ab aliqud sermo oritur.-Cfe. 

3. Belgae sunt ortl a Germanis.-fCWs. 

4. Tibi a me nulla orta est injuria.- Ter. 

5. Ex palude nascitur amnis -Plin. 

6. Hercules Jove natus est.-Czc. 

7. Quod natum estexspIrituspiritusest.-Fid*/. 

8. Victor vina e poculis factis ex aur5 bibit. 

9. Fies de rhetore consul -Juv. 

10. De templo career ater factus erat.-fCic. 

11. De nihilo nihil fit -Prov. 

Rule. — The ABLATIVE OF SOURCE denoting origin 
and material occurs_mostly with the Verbs NASCOR, 
ORIOR, and FACIO, with the Prepositions EX, DE, 
and rarely, AB. 

672 Ablative of Agent { 

1. Catilina a Cicerone accusatus est. 

2. A deo mundus regitur. 

3. Pyrrhus rex a muliere lapide interfectus est. 

4. Homines rationem habent a natura datam. 

5. Femina a mulo vehitur, sed nympha equitat 

in pisce. 


6. The boy was bitten by a savage dog. 

7. Sometimes the thief is caught by the citizen. 

8. The house was surrounded by a multitude 

of angry men. 

9. Greece was saved from slavery by one pru- 

dent man. 

Rule.— The ABLATIVE of the VOLUNTARY 
AGENT (a person) is used with Passive Verbs, with 
the Prepositions A or AB. 


204 


ABLATIVE OF CO MPARISON — (than) 


673 Without quam — (Abl.) 

1. Luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia.-Cic. 

2. Patria mihi vita mea multo est carior -Cic. 

3. Quis Cicerone eloquentior fuit? 

4. Nihil est hominibus jucundius llbertate. 

5. Put5 mortem dedecore leviorem. 

6. Quid lacrima citius arescit? 

7. Hoc est gratum nobisque est carius auro. 

8. Quid magis est saxo durum, quid mollius 

unda?-Or. 

9. Rex erat Aeneas nobis, quS justior alter 

non erstt-Verg. 

10. Vllius argentum est aurS, virtutibus au- 

rum- Hor. 

11. Hoc mihi gratius facere nihil potes.-Cic. 

12. Est amlcitia, qua nihil melius habemus. 

13. Brutum in orationibus minorem esse fama 

sua etiam admlra tores ejus fatentur.- 
Tac. 

Rule. — Comparatives without QUAM are followed 
by the ABLATIVE when the first of two things com- 
pared is in the Nominative or Accusative. 

674 With quam — ( not Abl.) 

1. Melior est certa pax quam sperata victoria. - 

Cic. 

2. Equum meliorem habet quam tuus est -Cic. 

3. Quid homo habet sibi carius quam llbertas? 

4. Habetne ullus agricola validiores boves quam 

illos CatSnis? 

5. Num quamquam virtutem habet homo no- 

biliorem quam amici tiam? 

6. Omnes fontes aestate, quam hieme, sunt 

gelidiores.-PZm. 

7. Themistoclis nomen, quam Solonis, est illus- 

trius.-CZc. 

Rule. — When QUAM occurs the two things com- 
pared are in the same case, or else the second one is 
Nominative or Accusative and Subject of or Object 
to a new Verb. 

Note: 

multum plus (more) plurimum 

parum ( too little) minus (less) minime 

ample (fully) amplius j (further) am P Ussim ® (handsomely) 

longg (far) longius (farther) longissime 

f Adapted. 


Abl. 

675 plus 

1. Nulla navis plus quam trlginta remls 

agatur.-Zm 

2. Imperator afuit paulo plus ducentos passus 

a castrls.-fZm 

3. Dies trlginta aut plus ea in navi ful .-Ter. 

4. Musicus plus annum aeger fuit.-fLm 

5. Pictores antlqul non sunt usl plus quam 

quattuor coloribus.-Cic. 


6. More than 20 boys were absent from 

school. 

7. With us over a year he lived. 

minus 

8. Nec ilia minus aut plus quam tu sapit.- 

Plaut. 

9. D5nec victor veniat, minus qulndecim 

dies sunt.-f Plant. 


10. Less than a thousand went away. 

11. Under a hundred returned. 

amplius 

12. Insidiantur el ex ils virl amplius quam 

quadraginta .- V ulg. 

13. Amplius annos trlginta tribunus fuerat.- 

Sall. 

14. A Bibracte, non amplius mllibus passuum 

XVIII Caesar aberat.-fCaes. 

15. Reliquum spatium, quod est non amplius 

pedum mllle sexcentorum, mons con- 
tinet.-CWs. 


16. The tree is further than 100 feet distant. 

17. The plant is over two feet high. 

longius (rare) 

18. Apud Suevos non longius anno remanere 

un5 in loco colendl causa licet -Caes. 

19. Ne longius triduo ab castrls abest.-Caes. 

Rule.— After the COMPARATIVES PLUS, MINUS, 
AMPLIUS, and LONGIUS, in statements of number, 
quantity, or extent, the QUAM is often omitted with- 
out effect upon cases following. 


205 


Abl. 


THE With OR By ABLATIVE, Wherewith CASE —Instrumental Use 

(No Prep.) 


Subject Subject 

Noun Qualifiers 

Abl. of 

Characteristic 


Predicate Modifiers 
a hi Instrument 

‘ J \or Means Abl. of Price 
Abl. of Cause Abl. of Specif. 

Abl. of Manner 
Abl. of Accomp. 

Abl. of Degree of Difference 


Indirect 

Direct 

Adverb 

Predicate 

Object 

Object 


Verb 

has 

has 



Abl. 

Abl. 



of Charact. 

of Charact. 




676 Ablative of Instrument or Means ^ ing; 

1. Epaminondas hasta vulneratus est. 

2. Pueri pila ludebant, puellae tails. 

3. Cornibus tauri pueros oppugnabunt. 

4. Frtimentum flumine navibus subvexerunt. 

5. Augustus portas tempi! Jan! sua manu 

clausit. 

6. Hercules du5s dracones manibus suis 

necavit. 

7. Athenas lignels moenibus muniverunt. 

8. Virtus udam Spernit humum fugiente 

penna -Hor. 

9. Eum locum vallo fossaque munivit.-CVies. 

10. Suevi lacte atque pecore vivunt.-Caes. 

11. Cornibus tauri, apr! dentibus, morsu 

leones, aliae bestiae fuga se, aliae oc- 
cultatione tutantur.-Cic. 

Rule.— MEANS or INSTRUMENT are expressed 
by the ABLATIVE, (no Prep.) 

677 

utor, Utl, USUS, use, (I employ myself with) 
fruor, f rm, fructus, enjoy, (I amuse myself with) 

fungor, fungi, functus { V e ff orm > discharge 

{ d busy myself with) 

potior, iri, itus, get possession of opus ) , 

vescor, vesci, — , feed upon, eat usus j nee 

1. Miles postea numquam dextr5 oculd aeque 

bene usus est.-f Nep. 

2. Plurimis rebus fruimur atque utimur.-Cic. 

3. Cicero offici5 consulis fungi tur. 

4. Orgetorix dixit, perfacile esse totius Galliae 

imperi5 potiri.-Caes. 

5. Germani lacte et caseo et carne vescebantur. 

6. Commoda quibus utimur, lucemque qua 

fruimur, spiritumque quem ducimus, a 
Jove nobis dari videmus.-C^c. 

Rule. — The five Deponents: OTOR, FRUOR, FUN- 
GOR, POTIOR, VESCOR, also OPUS and OSUS, 
need , take the ABLATIVE OF MEANS. 

f Adapted. 


678 Ablative of Cause 

1. Jovis jussu venio. Natura loci cSnfidebam. 

2. Milites sua victoria gloriantur. 

3. Haec exempli gratia sufficient.^ -Quint. 

4. Honoris gratia eum nomino.-Cfo. 

5. Hon5ris tui causa hue ad te venimus -Plant. 

6. Exempli causa paucos nominavi.— Cic. 

7. Brevitatis causa pauca verba facit.-|Czc. 

8. Ardet studio et amore animus poetae. 


9. We go to the country for the sake of health. 

10. The commander praises the soldiers on ac- 

count of (their) valor. 

11. The slaves were blamed by the master 

because of (their) sloth. 

12. The boys were praised by (their) instructor 

for (their) diligence. 

Rule. — CAUSE is expressed by the ABLATIVE; 
(no Prep.) 

679 Ablative of Manner 

1. Victor cum laude triumphat. 

2. Victor magna cum laude triumphat. 

3. Victor summa cum laude triumphat. 

4. Apes mel cum diligentia colligunt. 

5. Librum magna cura diligentiaque scripsit. 

6. Magna cum gravitate semper ambulat et 

loquitur. 

7. Caesar magnis itineribus ad Ariovistum 

contendit.-Caes. 


8. The farmer toils with patience. 

9. They guard the temple with great care. 

10. The girl writes with the greatest care. 

Rule. — the MANNER of an Action is expressed by 
the ABLATIVE, 

I. With the Prep. CUM. 

II. With an Abl. and its Adj. No CUM. 

III. With an Abl. and its Adj. and CUM. 


206 


680 Ablative of Accompaniment 

1. Cum febri domum rediit.-Cic. 

2. Cum his qulnque legionibus in ulteridrem 

Galliam per Alpes Ire contendit.-CW. 

3. Helvetil virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotl- 

dianls proelils cum Germanis contend- 
unt -Caes. 

Rule. — ACCOMPANIMENT (that is, in company 
with or in conflict with), is expressed by the ABLATIVE 
with CUM. 

681 Ablative of Degree of Difference 

1. Turns septem pedibus quam murus oppidl 

altior erat. 

2. Homerus annls multls fuit ante Romulum. 

3. Hie locus aequ5 fere spatio ab castrls 

AriovistI et Caesaris aberat.-CWs. 

4. Sol multls partibus major est quam terra.- 

Cic. 

5. Villa qulnque mllibus passuum distat. 


6. Peace is by far better than war. 

7. Rivers are much broader than brooks. 

8. The day was one hour longer than the night. 

Rule.— The DEGREE of DIFFERENCE is ex- 
pressed by the ABLATIVE; (no Prep.). 

682 Ablative of Price 

bene emere, to buy well (=‘ i; iow”) 
bene vendere, to sell well (="high”) 

Verba of buying and selling take the Ablative of Price; 
(6 exceptions; 

1. Agricola parvo pretio equum emit. 

2. Consul magn5 pretio servum vendidit. 

3. Auro virl vltam vendidit, flxit leges pretio 

atque reflxit .-V erg. 

4. Vendidit hie auro patriam.- Fcr#. 

5. Immortalitatem morte ememus.-fQwm. 

6. EtruscI octo talentls illos agros vendiderunt. 

7. Sestertium octo mlllibus agrum emit. 

8. Omne humanum genus morte damnation 

est -Sen. 

9. Victoria Poems multo sanguine stetit. 

Rule.— Definite PRICE or VALUE, also MERIT and 
penalty for CRIME is expressed by the ABLATIVE 
of some noun. Indefinite values by the Genitive or 
Ablative of six Adjectives, viz.: 

magni, parvi, tanti, quanti, pluris,_ minoris 
magno, parvo, plurimo, minimo 

i Adapted. 


683 Ablative of Specification Abl. 

1. Helvetil reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt. 

-Caes. 

2. Hi omnes lingua, Institutls, legibus inter 

se differunt.-Caes. 

3. Specie urbs potens erat, non re. 

4. Sunt enim homines non re sed ndmine.-Cic. 

5. The Romans surpassed the Britons in valor. 

6. This man is sound in mind and body. 

7. Father and brother in (respect to their) 

strength are equal. 

8. The two horsemen in (point of) speed were 

equal. 

9. The Romans used to excel the Greeks in 

the arts of war. 

10. The Greeks were always surpassing in re- 
finement of manners. 

Rule.— The ABLATIVE of SPECIFICATION de- 
notes the point in respect of which mention is 
made. 

684 Ablative of Characteristic 

1. Cato singular! fuit prudentia et industria. 

Nep. 

2. Aristoteles, vir summo ingenio, scientia, 

copia (fuit) .-Cic. 

3. Lucius Catillna nobill genere natus fuit, 

magna vl et animl et corporis, sed in- 
genio malo pravoque.-$a/Z. 

4. Reliquum spatium mons continet magna 

altitudine.-Cacs. 


5. Fabius was a citizen of great dignity. 

6. Appius Claudius was a man of wide influ- 

ence. 

7. Caesar was a statesman of singular elo- 

quence. 

8. The poet was a man of rare refinement. 

9. A crown of pure gold was given to the 

queen. 

10. Pompey was a leader with the highest 
prestige. 

Rule.— When the LIMITING NOUN denotes a 
property, character, or quality, and has an Adjective 
agreeing with it, it may be either in the Genitive or 
Ablative. It is called GENITIVE OF QUALITY or 
ABLATIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC. No Preposition. 


207 


Abl. THE /n 0E ° n ABLATIVE « Where CASE —Locative Use— (Prep. IN) 


Subject 

Noun 


Subject 

Qualifiers 


Predicate Modifiers 

Indirect 

Direct 

Adverb 

Ablative of Place 
,( The Locative ” 

Ablative of Time 
Ablative Absolute 

Object 

Object 



Predicate Verb 


685 

The Ablative of Place (Place in, on which. Prep, in) 

1. Caesar eos in eo loco quo turn erant suum 

adventum exspectare jussit.-Caes. 

2. In his locls magnae silvae erant. 

3. Quinquiens erat in Italia consul Marcellus. 

-f Liv. 

4. In eo flumine pons erat.-CWs. 

5. Frumenta in agrls matura non erant.-CWs. 

6. Alii in corde, alii in cerebro dixerunt animl 

esse sedem et locum.-Cic. 

7. Caesar ipse interim in colie medio triplicem 

aciem Instruxit.-CWs. 

8. Rex Ancus erat, regal! in solid sedens.-fCic. 

Rule. — PLACE in or on which is expressed by 

the LOCATIVE ABLATIVE; (Prep. IN). 

686 

The Ancient “Locative Case” (Place at which = where) 

Names of Towns and Small Islands. (No Prep.) 

1. Romae supplicatio redditur.-Caes. 

2. Athenls fuerunt Socrates et Plato. 

3. Sami fuit argilla opportuna vasibus. 

4. Cyprl fuerunt metalla cuprina. 

5. Cujus doml fueras? DomI Caesaris! 

6. Plus plaustrorum in aedibus v ideas quam 

Turl-Plaut. 

7. Quousque huml defixa tua mens eritf-Cic. 

8. ParvI sunt forls arma, nisi est consilium 

of little value 

doml .-Cic. 

9. Alexander Magnus Babylone est mortuus. 

-Cic. 

10. Dido KarthaginI fuit reglna, Tyria urbe 

profecta.-f Verg. 

11. Colossus ex aere factus LVI annos RhodI 

stetit. 

12. Exanimisque tremens procumbit huml bos. 

# -Verg. 

13. Virtus ejus est doml mllitiaeque cognita.- 

t Cic. 

14. Pericles et Aspasia Athenls claras vitas 

vlxerunt. 


687 

The Ablative of Time (Time »», or at which. No Prep.) 

1 . Solis occasu suas copias Ariovistus reduxit. 

-f Caes. 

2. Postero die luce prlma movet castra.- 

Caes. 

3. Caesar tertia fere vigilia naves solvit.- 

Cacs. 

4. Plato prlmo octogesimd anno scrlbens est 

mortuus. 

5. Ea hieme, quae secuta est, GermanI flumen 

Rhenum transierunt.-Cac^. 


6. The Greeks entered the city Troy at 

night. 

7. The hills in spring will be covered with 

flowers. 

8. Mountains by day in autumn are sublime. 

9. Nights in winter are longer than in sum- 

mer. 

10. The mother of Scipio will live in the city in 

winter, not in summer. 

1 1 . In the 10th year of siege Troy fell. 

Rule. — TIME in, or at which, is expressed by 
the ABLATIVE; (no Prep.). 

688 Time within ( = in the course of) which 

1. In diebus proximls decern Caesar veniet. 

2. Terdeciens in anno Luna est plena. 

3. Ariovistus his omnibus diebus exercitum 

castrls continuit.-CWs. 

4. Caesar octo annls Galliam et Britanniam 

vlcit. 

5. De tertia vigilia castra movet.-CWs. 

6. Non semel sed bis in die consul de aditu 

h ostium audlvit. 

7. In annls XL libros LXXV circiter et ora- 

tiones L Cicero confecit. 

Rule. — TIME within which is expressed by the 
ABLATIVE with or without a Preposition. 


t Adapted. 


208 


THE ABLATIVE — English to Latin Exercises 


Abl 


separo, 1 . separate , sever 

divido, ere, visi, visus, divide , cleave apart 

despolio, 1. rob, plunder, strip off 

liberS, 1 . set free, rescue 

levo, 1. lighten, relieve 

nudo, 1 . lay bare , strip , leave exposed 

privo, 1 . deprive, free from 

remotus, a, um, remote 

vacuus, a, um, empty, devoid of 

689 

Caesar re frumentaria adversaries interclus- 
erat -Caes. 

1. The Rhine separates Germany from Gaul. 

2. The Caucasus separates Asia from Europe. 

3. The Pyrenees separate Spain from Gaul. 

4. What divides Europe from Africa? 

5. Was King Tarquin deprived of all his 

power? 

6. The Romans despoiled them of their arms. 

7. Does the consul free the citizens from all 

fear? 

8. Were not the walls of the city stripped of 

defenders? 

9. The master before his death set free all 

his slaves from slavery. 

10. The soldier rescued his general from danger. 

11. Was the good ship lightened of its load? 

12. Was the foot-soldier relieved of his heavy 

pack? 

13. Places high among the mountains, remote 

from the sea, are most delightful to us. 

14. The town was almost devoid of defenders.- 

Caes. 

15. The sea was entirely clear of enemies -Liv. 

690 

Britanni lacte et carne vivunt, pellibusque 
sunt vestitl.-Cto. 

1. They load the ships with iron. 

2. The girls adorn their heads with roses. 

3. The poets delight the children with stories. 

4. King Pyrrhus was not killed by an arrow. 

5. The sailor is carried home by the wind. 

6. Farmers plow the fields with strong plows. 

7. The dog was wounded by an arrow. 

8. Joyful maidens adorn the altars with lilies. 


voco, 1. call, summon 
exspecto, 1. wait for, expect 
laudo, 1. praise 
facio, ere, feci, factus, do 
do, dare, dedi, datus, give 
certiorem facio, inform 
culpo, 1. blame 
occido, cidi, cisus, kill 


691 

Laudatur ab his, culpatur ab illis -Hor. 

1. The slave was called from the field by his 

master. 

2. Was a messenger expected by Cicero? 

3. Was the pupil very greatly praised by his 

teacher? 

4. Was everything done by the doctor for the 

sick man? 

5. Every assistance was given by friends and 

foes. 

6. On the same day Caesar was informed by 

scouts. 

7. Caesar was immediately informed of this 

thing through some faithful spies. 

8. Will not the farmers be blamed by the citi- 

zens for the short crops of the summer? 

692 

Nihil est virtute amabilius.-Cic. 

1. Is virtue always more prudent than vice? 

2. Is not silver cheaper than gold? 

3. Is gold heavier than silver? 

4. Was Cicero more eloquent than Caesar? 

5. Who has a slave more diligent than the 

farmer’s? 

6. What is sweeter than honey? 

7. The Grecian language is richer than the 

Latin. 

8. Is there anything nobler than friendship? 

9. Is not your country dearer to you than 

riches? 

10. Was any Roman historian more pleasing 

than Livy? 

11. Why is the sun brighter than the moon? 

12. Sparta had no more useful man than 

Lycurgus was. 


THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 


Abl. 

In English we have the Nominative Absolute, in Greek the Genitive Absolute, and in Latin 
the Ablative Absolute. But in Latin there is no Perfect Active Participle, no having loved, only 
the Deponent, miratus, having admired; also no Present Participle, being, as in Greek and 
English, to the Verb sum, am. Consequently the Latin Ablative Absolute was very constantly 
used in a familiar way to express time, cause, manner, means, condition, concession, and attendant 
situation. 

The Ablative Absolute was a favorite construction with Caesar, especially the duplicates. 
Attendant Situation and Time, Attendant Situation and Cause. 

The Ablative Absolute is grammatically independent of the rest of the sentence ; likewise it 
almost always refers to some person or thing outside of the sentence itself. It is convenient as 
conveying two thoughts in one Simple Sentence. 

In translation care is necessary to render (if possible) by { while! { because, if ’ alth o u e h - { without, 
or by some prepositional or participial phrase. 


Noun and Predicate Participle 


693 Time (only), when, while 

1. Tertia inita vigilia exercitum educit.-Caes. 


Translate 

The third watch being begun, 
or 

(When) the third watch was begun, 
or 

At the beginning of the third watch 


he leads 


2. Caesar, inita aestate, in ulteriorem Galliam 

Q. Pedium legatum misit.-fCWs. 

3. Quas legationes Caesar, inita proxima aes- 

tate, ad se revert! jussit.-Caes. 

4. Pythagoras, Tarquinio regnante, in Italiam 

venit. 

5. Imperante Augusts, litterae florescunt. 


Noun and Predicate Adjective, Predicate 
Noun or Pronoun 

694 Time (only), when, while {JtMSkg 

1. Is, M. Messala et M. Pisone consulibus, 
conjurationem nobilitatis fecit.-fCWs. 

Translate 

I in the consulship of Marcus Messala and Marcus Piso ] 
or }■ 

when) Marcus Messala and Marcus Piso were consuls J 

2. Is dies erat a. d. v. kal. Apr., L. Pisone, A. 

Gabinio consulibus -Caes. 

3. Cicerone et Antonio consulibus, conjuratio 
Catillnae facta est. 

4. Augustus natus est iisdem consulibus. 

5. Romam venit Mario consul e.-Cic. 


[ when 

695 Attendant Situation and Time <1 while 

[as 

1. Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis, 

diem dicunt.-CW. 

(When) everything was ready for . . . , they . . . 

2. Ed opere perfects, praesidia disponit.-CWs. 

3. Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur 

omnibus copiis.-CWs. 

4. Interim legiones sex, opere dimenso, castra 

munire coeperunt.-CWs. 

5. Equites Treveri, desperatis nostrls rebus, 

domum contenderunt.-fCao?. 

f Adapted. 


[Prep, used 

696 Attendant Situation and Time in trans- 

[ lating 

1. Nihil me Insciente factum est.-fCzc. 

without my knowledge 

2. Antonius Caesare ignaro magister equitum 

constitutus est. 

3. Factum hoc est me non invito. 

4. Helvetii, eo invito, iter per provinciam per 

vim temptaverant.-fCWs. 

5. Castella communit, quo facilius, si se invito 

transire conarentur, prohibere possit.- 
Caes. 


210 


697 Attendant Situation and Cause ( s } nce 

{ because 

1. Poeta omnibus suls fortunls consumptls in 

paupertate vlxit. 

(Since) all his property had been wasted 

2. Cujus adventu spe illata militibus ac re- 

dintegrato animo, paulum hostium im- 
petus tardatus est.-fCaes. 

3. Frumentum omne comburunt, ut, domum 

reditionis spe sublata, paratiores ad 
omnia perlcula subeunda essent.-fCaes. 

4. Lupus, stimulante fame, captat ovlle.-0i>. 

5. Cum German! ad confluentem Mosae et 

RhenI pervenissent, reliqua fuga des- 
perata, magno numero interfecto, re- 
liqul se in flumen praecipitaverunt.- 
Caes. 

699 Condition (if) 

1. Voluptate dominante, omnes virtutes jacent. 

2. Virtute excepta, nihil amlcitia praestabilius 

putetis.-Cic. 

3. Aduatuc! dlcunt, a fmitimls se defendere 

traditls armis non poss e.-^Caes. 

4. Rex apium non nisi migraturd examine 

foras procedit. 

5. Caesar ab singulis legionibus singulds lega- 

tos discedere nisi munltis castris vetu- 
erat.-fCWs. 

701 Manner (with) 

1. Incitato equo se hostibus obtulit.-Ca^. 

2. Puer! mulieresque ex muro passis manibus 

su5 more paeem ab Romanis petierunt.- 
Caes. 

3. Scutls ex cortiee factls aut viminibus in- 

textls, tertia vigilia, omnibus copils re- 
pentlnd ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt. 
-f Caes. 

Rule.— A NOUN and a PREDICATE PARTICIPLE, 
grammatically independent of the rest of the sentence, 
and generally referring to something quite apart from 
it, being used to express time , cause , manner , 
means , condition , concession , or attendant 
situation of the action of its main verb, are said 
to be ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 

t Adapted. 


Abl. 

698 Attendant Situation and Cause ! s } nce 

{ because 

1. Hannibale vivo, Romani sollicitl semper 

(because) Hannibal was alive 

fuerunt. 

2. Viva matre, fllius est fellx. 

3. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua, Caesar in 

Britanniam proficiscl con tendit.-f Caes. 

4. Inde, austro lenissimo, caelo sereno, die pos- 

tero in Italiam pervenimus.-Cfc. 

5. Omnes Nervil, duce Boduognato, qul sum- 

mam imperil tenebat, ad eum locum 
contenderunt.-Caes. 

6. Loco pro castris ad aciem Instruendam na- 

tura opportuno atque idoneo, transver- 
sam fossam obduxit, castella constituit, 
ibique tormenta collocavit.-fCaes. 

700 Concession (although) 

1. Me invito fllius abiit in aliquas terras.- 

Cic. 

2. Turn tonuit laevum, tempestate serena.- 

Enn. 

3. Crassus oppidum paucls defendentibus ex- 

pugnare non potuit. 

4. Turribus excitatls, tamen has altitudo pup- 

pium ex barbarls navibus superabat.- 
f Caes. 


702 Means (by, by means of) 

1. Ararim Helvetil ratibus ac lintribus junctls 

translban t .-f C aes. 

2. Locls superioribus occupatls itinere exer- 

. citum prohibere conantur.-Caes. 

3. Belgae agros Remdrum depopulatl sunt, 

omnibus vlcls aedificilsque, quo adlre 
potuerant, incensIs.-fCaes. 

Rule.— A NOUN or a PRONOUN and a PREDI- 
CATE ADJECTIVE, or even a Second Noun or De- 
monstrative Pronoun, as a Predicate, may make an 
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 


211 




CALIGAE ET CALCEI 


212 





THE SYNTAX OF THE VERB 


213 


THE SYNTAX OF THE VERB 


The Verb (verbum, word) is the assertive word of every Sentence. 

( Indicative 

3 Moods | Subjunctive 6 Tenses 
( Imperative 


The Verb in Latin has 2 Voices 


Active 

Passive 


703 


The Voices 


Present 

Imperfect 

Future 

Perfect 

Pluperfect 

Future Perfect 


In the Active Voice the Subject of the Verb performs the action. Dux ducit, the guide 
leads. 

In the Passive Voice the Subject of the Verb is acted upon. Dux ducitur, the guide is led. 


Note: Active Voice Middle Voice Passive Voice 

/loUG) 1 j was h (anything) /l OVOfMCU 1 j was ^ m y Se if _ / bathe ^OVUdL \j am was hed 

lavo J lavor J lavor J 

e I ta h e food sho^LCLL \ J f ee( } m y Se if = / ea t eho[lCLL \ J am ea i en ( U p) 

edo J vescor J edor J 

Such examples tend to show that the Latin Passive Voice did the work of the two Voices in the Greek, viz. : 
Middle and Passive. The Latin Deponent and Semi-deponent forms, having Passive Voice with Active 
meaning, also the Impersonal use of many Intransitive Verbs, as ad me curritur = they run to me, all show 
the original reflexive character of the Latin Passive Voice. 


Note. — Semi-deponent, or Half-deponent Verbs, 
are Verbs which are Regular in all parts built on the 
Present Stem, and Deponent only in the Perfect 
System. 


The Four Semi-deponents of the Perfect 
System 

audeo, audere, ausus, dare 
gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus, rejoice 
soled, solere, solitus, am used to 
fido, fldere, fisus, trust 


Rule —DEPONENT VERBS, when Transitive, take an Accusative or other Oblique case of the Object 
just as Regular Verbs in the Active Voice. They are a relic of the Greek Middle Voice. 


704 The Moods 

Mood, (Latin modus, manner), is the manner in which an assertion is made. 

The Indicative Mood is used in statement of facts, and in asking questions. 

Note. — Singularly enough, the old Roman had no YES to answer questions with. He was therefore 
obliged to repeat his Verb, usually the Indicative. Sometimes he replied Audio! or familiarly Ita! Etiam! 
Certo! Vero! 

To say NO he mostly repeated the Verb in the Indicative with non. Non audio! often it was Haud! 
or Minime! 

The Subjunctive Mood expresses exhortation, will, desire, possibility, supposition; all as 
thoughts conceived by the mind. 

Note. — The Greeks, besides their Middle Voice, had also an Optative Mood, the Mood of wishes and 
vague conceptions, which the Latins incorporated into their Subjunctive. 

The Imperative Mood is used in commands and entreaties. 

Note. — The Hortatory Subjunctive in the Present Tense expressed mild command. In every-day life 
they often heard comrades and friends using the Present Subjunctive familiarly, while masters and tyrants 
in directing their daily helpers and servants used the Imperative imperatively. 

214 


705 


THE TENSES 


Tense, (Latin tempus, time), is distinction of time in reference to action. Time is only 
Past, Present, Future. Action is always instantaneous , progressing, or completed, in some of 
these three periods. Many distinctions can be recognized at various points of view. Those 
adopted are, viz.: 


Action Instant 

Action Progressive 

Action Complete 

Present, I write 

Imperfect, 

Future, I shall write 

Historical! r . 

Perfect j 1 mote 

Pluperfect, 

Fut. Perf., 

I am writing 

I was writing 

I shall be writing 

Perf } ^ ^ ave ^ een wr ^ n 9 

I had been writing 

I shall have been writing 

Pres. 1 
Perf. j 

> I have written 

I had written 

I shall have written 

Present, scribo 

Imperfect, 

Future, scribam 

Historical 1 „ - - 
Perfect j P 

Pluperfect, 

Fut. Perf., 

scribo 

scribebam 

scribam 

Pres ' \ scriDsi 

PERF.) SCnpS1 

scripseram 

scripsero 

Pres. 

Perf. 

j> scrips! 

scripseram 

scripsero 


From which it is manifest that for the twelve forms of the Verb in use in the English In- 
dicative Mood there are in Latin only six; six forms for seven Tenses. 

The Primary Tenses in Latin, expressing Present and Future time, are the Present, 
Future, Present Perfect, and Future Perfect Indicative, also the Present and Perfect Sub- 
junctive, and the Present and Future Imperative. 

The Secondary Tenses, expressing Past time, are the Imperfect, Historical Perfect, and 
Pluperfect Indicative, also the Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive, and the Historical 
Infinitive. 


706 THE LAW OF SEQUENCE OF TENSES 

In Subordinate Clauses certain Tenses of the Subjunctive usually follow certain Tenses 
of the Indicative standing in the Principal Clause. Whence comes the ancient Law of the 

Sequence of Tenses. 


Primary Indicative Tenses 
are usually followed by 
Primary Subjunctive Tenses 

Prin. Clause Subord. Clause 

Indie. Pres. intellego ) 

Indie. Fut. intellegam I videam Subjv. Pres. 

Ind. Pres. Perf. intellexi [ quid viderim Subjv. Perf. 
Ind. Fut. Perf. intellexero j 

I understand 

I shall understand \whaU see 
I have understood f uhat I have seen 

I shall have understood ! 


Secondary Indicative Tenses 
are usually followed by 
Secondary Subjunctive Tenses 


Prin. Clause 

Indie. Imp. inteilegebam 
Hist. Perf. intellexi 
Indie. Plup. intellexeram 


Subord. Clause 


( quid viderem Subjv. Imp. 
or 

quid vldissem Subjv. Plup. 


I was understanding 
I understood 
I had understood 


what I was seeing, I saw 
or 

what I had seen 


215 


707 


SENTENCE CLASSIFICATION 


Sentences are 


not only Declarative, Interrogative, and Imperative, 
but also Simple, Compound, and Complex. 


The Simple Sentence consists of one Independent statement , command , or entreaty. 

The Simple Sentence has one Subject and one Predicate, either or both of which may be 
Compound: A rainbow spans the horizon . 


The Compound Sentence consists of two or more simple statements connected by Coordi- 
nate Conjunctions (expressed or understood). Each simple statement is called a Clause: The 
clouds vanish , and the Sun appears; he has won the day. 


The Complex Sentence consists of one Independent Statement or Clause, accompanied 
by one or more inferior Dependent Clauses, each introduced by a Subordinate Conjunction: 
Nature flings out her beautiful banner of victory , when the dark clouds are going, because she is so- 
happy. 


THE SIMPLE OR INDEPENDENT SENTENCE 


708 With the Indicative 

Expresses ( a ^ ac \ • . 1 (in 6 Tenses) 
r (a reality J v 7 

1. Amo patriam. 

I do love my country. 

2. Quis non patriam amabat? 

Who did not love his country? 

3. Miles fidelis in pace aut in bello patriam 

amabit. 

4. Semper tuam patriam fideliter amavisti. 

5. Praeter omnem exspectationem patriam 

vestram amaveratis. 

6. Supra alios omnes patriam vestram amave- 

ritis. 


709 With the Imperative 

-c, fa strong command 1 r 0 ™ x 

Expresses | m f; J ( , aly j (m 2 Tenses) 

1. Patent portae: proficiscer el-Cic. 

The gates lie open; begone! 

2. Secerne te a bonis l-Cic. 

3. Regio imperid duo sunto! 

Let there be two in the royal high command! 

4. Liberi parentibus oboediunto. 

5. Cives boni et improbi reipublicae prae- 

sunto. 

6. Semper tu scito, flamma fumo est proxima. 

-Plaut. 


710 With the Subjunctive 

Expresses (in 4 Tenses) 

As an exhortation 
a mild command 
a concession 
In deliberation or doubt 

As a wish or real desire, Optative Subjunctive 

As a possibility, Potential Subjunctive 

216 


Volitive Subjunctive 


THE INDEPENDENT SENTENCE 


The Volitive Subjunctive 

Negative ne 

71 1 

Hortative ( Exhortation ) Subjv. Pres, j p S ^ >ers ‘ 

1. Amemus patriam.-Czc. 

Let us love our country . 

2. In media arma ruamus.-Fer#. 

3. Eamus in umbram. Vivamus et rideamus. 

4. Hoc opus faciamus. 

5. Illud consilium ne accipiamus. 

712 

Jussive ( Mild, Command ) Subjv. Pres, j p^g 

1. Apud nos hodie cenes \-Plaut. 

(Come) dine with us today! 

2. Secernant se a bonis \-Cic. 

Let them separate 

3. Donis impii ne placare audeant deos, 

Platonem audiant.-Cic. 

4. Nomina declinare et verba in primis pueri 

scian t-Quint. 


The Optative Subjunctive 

Negative ne 

715 

Wish {'practicable in the Future) Subjv. Present 

1. Sis felix! Vivatis feliciter! 

May you he happy! 

2. Utinam ilium diem videam! Velim mihi 

Would that 

ignoscas -Cic. 

3. Velim ne sint prospera-f-Cic. Vera dicas 

I could wish 

velim -Plaut. 

4. Hoc dmen avertat Juppiter! Haec omnia 

ne accidant! 

5. O mihi praeteritos referat si Juppiter annos! 

-Verg. 

6. Emas, non quod opus est, sed quod necesse 

est-Sen. 

7. Velim obvias mihi litteras crebro missas!- 

Cic, 


713 


Concessive ( Concession ) Subjv. 


/ Pres. 
\Perf. 


716 

Wish {unfulfilled at Present) Subjv. Imperfect 


1. Ne sit summum malum dolor, malum certe 

es t.-Cic. 

Conceding that ] 

Granting i ' 

Although 

2. Malus civis Gnaeus Carbo fuit. Fuerit 

aliis.-Cic. 

3. Errarim fortasse.-P/m. 


^.hat ^ l pain 15 not greatest evil, (yet) surely it 
1 j is an evil. 


1. Utinam Clodius viveret!-Cic. 

Oh that Clodius were (now) living 

2. Utinam viverent feliciter! 

3. Mallem divitias mihi dederesHUatf. 

4. Quam vellem id ne audirem! 

How 

5. Ndllem frustra scriberem! 


Deliberative {Deliberation, Doubt) Subjv. \ Imp. 

Negative non I Perf. 

1. Quid facerem, Judices? Quo me vertam? 

What was I to do? 

2. Eloquar an sileam? Rogem te ut venias? 

Am I to speak out or keep still? Am I to ask you to come? 

Non rogem ?-Czc. 

3. Quis amoris ignem umquam celaverit? 

4. Quisquam numen Junonis adoret praeterea? 

-Verg. 


717 

Wish {unfulfilled in the Past) Subjv. Pluperfect 

1. Utinam pater vixisset magis feliciter! 

2. Utinam me mortuum prius vidisses!-Ctc. 

3. Vellem Idibus Martiis me ad cenam in- 

vitasses!-(7ic. 

4. Utinam diligenter ne tacuissem! 

5. Utinam Caesar ne venisset! 


t Adapted. 


217 


THE INDEPENDENT SENTENCE 


The Potential Subjunctive 

Negative non 


718 

Action 


possible or 
conceivable 


in the near Future 


/ Pres. 
\ Perf . 


1. Ilia femina id non faciat. Forsitan id ea 

jam diu fecerit. 

2. Fortunam citius reperias quam retineas.- 

Prov. 

3. Forsitan temere fecerim. -Cic. 

4. Aliquis dicat mihi. Forsitan quaeratis. 

5. Pace id fiat tua.-fTer. 

It may be done with your consent 

6. Pace tua dixerim. 

By your leave I should say 

7. Neque tibi quicquam dare ausim.- Ter. 

(ausus sim) 

t Adapted. 


719 


Action possible in the Past 


Imp. 

Perf. (rarely) 


1. Vellem adesset M. Antonius -Cic. 

I could wish Mark Antony were (then) present 

2. Canes venaticos diceres.-Cic. 

3. Ego te salvum vellem -Plaut. 

4. Videres susurros.- Hor. 

5. Turn ita diceres. Turn id non crederes. 

Then you would have said so 


720 

What might have been , but did not occur. 
Plup. 

1. Nollem accidisset tempus.-Cic. 

I would wish the time had not (ever) come 

2. Vellem nos ad cenam herl invitavissent. 

3. Vellem quidem liceret: hoc dixissem -Cic. 



THEATRUM 


218 


721 


THE COMPLEX SENTENCE 


The leading thought of the Complex Sentence, usually in the Indicative Mood, is called 
the Main, or Primary, or Principal Clause ; successive thoughts appended, each introduced by a 
Subordinate Conjunction, by a Quis or a Qui, or by some one of their many kindred deriva- 
tives, are called Dependent, Secondary, or Subordinate Clauses. 

The Principal Clause with its Indicative, or Imperative Mood, states some fact, command, 
or entreaty, while the Subordinate Clause, usually in the Subjunctive, but sometimes Indicative, 
conveys an idea influencing or modifying the meaning of the whole sentence. 

It must be remembered, however, that in a Final Analysis, the Subordinate Clause stands 
to the original Simple Sentence either as a Substantive, the Subject or the Object of the lead- 
ing Verb, a Predicate Nominative or Accusative, as an Appositive, as an Adjective, or 
as an Adverbial Modifier. 

722 Subordinate Clauses 

The Subordinate Clauses introduced by Subordinate Conjunctions, and used Substantively 
and Adverbially, are mainly as follows, viz. : 

Final Clauses. 

Clauses expressing the purpose or aim of an action, introduced by a Final Conjunction, as 
uti, ut, in order that, ne, that not ( = lest ). 

Consecutive Clauses. 

Clauses expressing the result of an action, introduced by the Consecutive Conjunction 

ut, ut non, so that. 

Temporal Clauses. 

Clauses expressing time, introduced by some Temporal Conjunctions, as cum, ivhen. 
Causal Clauses. 

Clauses expressing the cause or reason why, introduced by some Causal Conjunction, as 
cum, since, because. 

Conditional Clauses. 

Clauses expressing a condition or supposition, introduced by some Conditional Conjunc- 
tion, as si, if; nisi, unless. 

Clauses of Comparison. 

Clauses showing comparison, introduced by certain Comparative Conjunctions, as ut si, 
as if; quam si, than if. 

Concessive Clauses. 

Clauses expressing a concession (granting something), introduced by a Concessive Con- 
junction, as quamquam, although. 


723 Subordinate Relative Clauses 

These Clauses, introduced by the Relative Pronoun Qui, who, or other kindred Conjunctive 
Adverbs, are used as Adjectives and Appositives, especially the Characteristic Clause. 

Relative Clauses, however, are mostly used Adverbially exactly like Conjunctional Clauses. 


724 Subordinate Interrogative Clauses 

Indirect Questions, as these are called, introduced by regular question-words, are used 
as Nouns, the Subject or Object of certain Verbs of Mental action. Such Verbs are, ask, say, 
tell, know, think, doubt, wonder at, see, hear, understand, etc. This construction is very common. 

219 


725 


THE DEPENDENT CLAUSE 


Grammatical Order of Subordinate Clauses 

(Introduced by Subordinate Conjunctions, Relatives, or Interrogatives) 


Subject 

Noun 

may be a 

Subordinate 
Clause used as a 
Noun 


may be an 

Indirect 

Question 

introduced by 

quis? who f 
quid? what f 
quam? how f 
quo? whither f 
cur? why f 
cum? when? 
ubi? where t 
uter? which of 
the two t 
utrum? whether? 
-ne? whether ? 
nonne? aff. ans. 
num? neg. ans. 

with the 

Subjunctive 


The Subject 
Qualifiers 

may be 

Sub. Clause 

used as an 

Appositive 

introduced by 

ut, or by qui, 

etc. 

used as an 

Adjective 

introduced by 

qui 

w. Indie. 


may be a 

Relative 

Clause 
of Charac- 
teristic 

introduced by 

qui 

w. Subjv. 


The Predicate 
Modifiers 


Indirect Object 


may 

be a 

Sub. 

Clause 

used 
as a 

Noun 


may 
be an 

Indi- 

rect 

Ques- 

tion 

introd. 

by 

quis? 

etc., 

W. 

Subjv. 


726 

Variety 

A normal Latin Sentence 
had usually the Four parts, 
viz.: 

I. A Subject Noun with 
its Qualifiers. 

II. Predicate Modifiers of 

Word, Phrase, or Dependent Clause. 

III. An Indirect Object, or a Direct Object, or 
both, with Qualifiers. 

IIII. A Predicate Verb with its own Adverb pre- 
ceding it. 

Any one of these parts could be inserted or omit- 
ted, expressed or understood at the pleasure of the 
writer or speaker, to promote variety in his expres- 
sion. 


may be 

Subordinate Conjunctional Clauses, viz.: 
of Purpose w. Verbs of Will, introd. by 
ut, neg. ne 

of Purpose w. Verbs of Aim, introd. by 
Ut, neg. ne 

of Purpose w. Verbs of Fear, introd. by 

Ut, neg. ne ( meanings revet sect) 

of Purpose w. Verbs of Hindering or 
Doubt, introd. by ne, etc. 
of Pure Purpose, Final, mtrod. by ut, ne 
Compl. Consec., introd. by ut, ut non 
of Pure Purpose w. Comparatives, 
introd. by quo 

of Pure Consec . Result, introd. by ut, 
ut non 

Cum Temporal (= time whenever) taking 
Indie. 

Cum Temporal (= time when) taking 

Indie. 

Cum Temp An Hist 

Cum Causal (= since) taking Subjv. 

Cum Concessive (= although) taking 

Subjv. 

Conditional Clauses introd. by S1, if, nisi, unless, (obeying the Laws of Conditions) 
Conditional Clauses of Comparison, introd. by { j taking Subjv. 

Conditional Clauses of Concession, introd. by . or Subjv . 
Double Questions, introd. by utrum . . an, sive . . seu, taking Ind. or Subjv. 

Subordinate Relative Clauses, viz. : 
of Purpose, introd. by qui, (=ut is) taking Subjv. 
of Time, introd. by ubi, quando, taking Subjv. or Indie, 
of Cause, introd. by qui, taking Subjv. or Indie, 
of Condition, introd. by qui (= si quis), if any one, taking Subjv. 
of Comparison, introd. by quam quod, than what, taking Subjv. 
of Concession, introd. by qui (= quamquam is), altho he, taking Subjv. 

Quod Causal, expressing a fact, taking Indie. 

Quod Causal, expressing a theory, taking Subjv. 

of Time, introd. by / dum ' while > w ' Indic ' 


Direct 

Object 


Object 

Qualifiers 


may be 

Sub. 

Clause 

used as an 

Apposi- 

tive 

introd. by 
Ut, or by 
qui, etc. 


used as an 

Adjective 

introd. by 

qui 

w. Indie. 


may be a 

Relative 
Clause of 
Charac- 
teristic 

introd. by 

qui 

w. Subjv. 


Adverb Predicate 
Verb 


dum, until, w. Subjv. 
of Time, introd. by antequam ^f^^takiffsfbjv. 

Temporal, introd. by postquam, whenever, cum primum, etc., taking Indie. 


727 


Emphasis and Euphony 


The Romans paid great attention to Euphony. 
They were fond of the well-rounded period. When 
it grew monotonous to have the Verb always last, 
they boldly placed it elsewhere, and for Emphasis 
even as the very first word of a sentence. Est was 
rarely placed last. For emphasis also any part 
thought important was presented first, or out of its 
usual place. 


220 


SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE ( with Verbs of Will) 


Subjv. 


Complementary Object Clauses Introduced by ut, that, Negative ne, lest (= that not) 


728 Prin. Verbs Subord. Verbs 


1. void, Irr. wish 

nolo Irr. do not wish 
malo Irr. prefer 
cupio, 3. desire , long for 

2. opt 5, 1. choose y desire 

3. orb, 1. plead 

4. rog5, 1. ask 

5. flagitO, 1. demand (earnestly) 

6. Insto, I. insist 

7. peto, 3. heg 

8. postulo, 1. demand , request 

9. precor, 1. pray 

10. moneo, 2. warn , advise 

11. persuaded, 2. persuade 


facid, 3. do 


eo, Irr, go 


tollo, 3. lift up 
ferd, Irr. bring 
do, 1. give 
convocd, 1. call 

together 

do, 1. give 

licet. Imp. be 

allowed 

tractd, 1. handle, 
manage 

reddd, 3. return 
vito, 1. shun, avoid 
exed, Irr. go out 


730 Prin. Verbs Subord. Verbs 


12 . 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20 . 


hortor, 1. encourage 
censeo, 2. propose, vote 
mando, 1. command 
impero, 1. order 

• o / instruct 

praecipio, 8 J d 


permitto, 3. (w. info, 
concedo, 3. (w. inf.)| 

decerno, 3. (w. inf.) j 

constitud, 3. (w. info 


permit 

concede 

allow 

decide 

decree 

( resolve 

\ determine 


deficia, 3. fail 
cognamina, 1. 

surname 
mitta, 3. send 
facia, 3. provide 

movea, 2. move 

audia, 4. hear 

sum, Irr. am 

videa, 2. see 

eo, Irr. go 


729 

1. Volo ut quod jubebo facias.- Plant. 

2. Phaethon optavit, ut in currum patris tol- 

leretur.-Cfc. 

3. Ubii magnopere orabant, ut sibi auxilium 

ferret.-CWs. 

4. Ego vos rogo, mihi ut praemium detis. 

5. Semper flagitavb ut convocaremur.-Cic. 

6. Uxor acriter tua instat, ne hoc mihi detur. 

7. Petito, ut intrare urbem \iceret.-Just. 

8. Postulabat, ut haec ipsa quaestio dili- 

gentius tractaretur.-^4wgf. 

9. Finibus Atticis reddas incolumem precor. 

10. Caesar monet, ut in reliquum tempus om- 

nes susplciones vltet.-Cae^. 

11. Orgetorix civitatl persuasit, ut de finibus 

exirent.-fCaes. 

12. Hortatur eos, ne animo deficiant.-Caes. 

13. Censuerunt quidam (senatores) ut Pan- 

nonicus, alii ut Invictus cognomina- 
retur.-8w^. 

14. Caesar mandat ut exploratores in Suebos 

mittant.-fCWs. 

15. Caesar Allobrogibus imperavit, ut eis 

frumenti copiam facerent.-fCae^. 


16. Praecepit eis, ne se ex eo loco moverent. 

17. Permitte nobis, ut istam rusticam vocem 

audiamus. 

18. Non concedo, ut sola sint -Quint. 

19. Deere vit Senatus, ut consul videret, ne quid 

respublica detriment! caperet.-fCic. 

20. Rusuti irem, jam heri constitueram.^ -Plant. 

731 

1. I wish you to go home. 

Do you not wish me to go home? 

Do you prefer that we go home? 

You do not desire us to go home, do you? 

2. He was asking them to return his money. 

3. He will insist that his country give aid. 

4. He will beg his friends not to bring him aid. 

5. The guide encourages the men not to fail. 

6. Regulus proposed that the prisoners be 

not returned. 

7. The Senate commanded that letters be 

sent to Rome yearly. 

8. Caesar orders (his) soldiers to provide 

plenty of corn for the winter. 

9. The cat moves not even its eyes, lest the 

mouse be frightened. 


Rule.— SUBORDINATE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE with UT and NE take the Subjunctive after VERBS 
of WILL, signifying to desire , request , persuade, advise, command, permit , decide, decree , 
determine. 


f Adapted. 


221 


Subjv. 


SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE (with Verbs of Aim ) 


Complementary Object Clauses introduced by ut, that, Negative ne, lest (= that not) 


732 Prin. Verbs Subord. Verbs 


1 . labord, 1 . take jpains 

2. studeo, 2. be anxious 

3. cogo, 3. compel 

3; {£SUr 

5. nitor, 3. strive earnestly 

6. tempto, 1. try 

7. curd, 1 . take care 

7. facio, 3. do 

8. ago id, do it 


1. 2, 8. sum, Irr. am 
3, 11. patior, 3. allow 

3. pared, 2. obey 

4. exaudio, 4. listen to 
4, 9. possum, Irr. be able 

5. consulo, 3. take 

measures 

5. triumpho, 1. triumph 

6. gero, 3. carry on 

6. expello, 3. drive out 

7. valeo, 2. be well 

7. gaudeo, 2. enjoy 

8. scio, 4. know 


734 Prin. Verbs 
9. efficio, 3. manage 

10. perficio, 3. 

11. impetro, 1 . obtain 
12, 15. excito, 1. arouse 

13. impello, 3. induce 
j give 


j bring 
\ about 


7, 14. operam do 


1 attention 


14. officium suum facit, 

does his duty 


Subord. Verbs 

10. puto, 1. think, 

think so 

11. do, 1. give 


12. cano, 3. sing 
12, 15. urged, 2. urge 

on 

13. venio, 3. come 

14. sustineS, 2. 

sustain 


14. habeo, 2. have 


733 

1. Ut honore dignus essem, maxime semper 

laboravi.-Cfc. 

2. Ne sola esset studui. 

3. Vi cogebantur, ut per suds fines eos ire 

paterentur.-fCWs. 

4. Quantum potero vdce contendam, ut popu- 

lus hoc Romanus exaudiat.-Cfc. 

5. Nitebantur, ne gravius in eum consule- 

retur.-*Sa//. 

6. Senatus temptavit, post Rdmuli mortem, 

ut ipse gereret sine rege rempublicam. 
-t Cic. 

7. Cura ut valeas !-Cfc. Fac valeas! Da 

operam ut valeas! (Endings of letters.) 

8. Ago id, ut ubi sim scias. 

9. XII navibus amissis, reliquis ut navigari 

commode posset effecit -Caes. 

10. Perfice Ut putem.-Cfc. (= convince me). 

11. Dumnorix a Sequanis impetrat, ut per 

fines suds Helvetios ire patiantur, ob- 
sidesque uti inter se dent.-Caes. 

12. Aurora gallos excitat, ut alacritate can- 

ant. 

13. Germani facile impulsi sunt ut in Galliam 

venirent.-fCae^. 

14. Dent operam consules, ne quid respublica 

detrimen ti sustineat.-fCa^. 

15. Poeta nos excitat, ut nos et nostros liberos 

ad laborem et ad laudem urgeamus. 


735 

1. Take pains, lest you may not be strong. 

2. Are you always anxious that you may be 

worthy of praise? 

3. Slaves were compelled by law to obey 

their masters. 

4. Strive zealously that you may be able to 

listen to the words of wise men. 

5. Strive earnestly for liberty, that tyranny 

may never triumph. 

6. The Britons tried in vain to drive Caesar 

out of Britain. 

7. Always take care of your health lest you 

may not enjoy living. 

8. I do it well, lest it be a disappointment to 

my friends. frustratio 

9. Caesar was managing so that supplies 

would be able to be brought to him 
without danger. 

10. Caesar brought it about, that the Ger- 

mans thought it unsafe to dwell in Gaul. 

11. He has obtained through friendship that 

he be allowed to speak to the king. 

12. Good health arouses ambition, so that we 

urge on our daily duties. 

13. The Sabines were induced by their new 

wives to come as new citizens to the 
new city. 

14. A sensible man will do his duty, lest he 

may not have peace of mind. 


Rule. — SUBORDINATE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE with UT and NE take the Subjunctive after VERBS of 
AIM, signifying to strive , to compel,' to arouse, to induce . 


t Adapted. 


222 


SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE ( with Verbs of Fear, Hindering, and Doubt) Subjv. 


736 Complementary Final Clauses 

with Verbs of Fearing 


738 Complementary Final Clauses 

with Verbs of Hindering and Doubt 


Introduced by 


Ut = lest ) exchanging 
ne = that ( meanings 


Prin. Verbs 


Subord. Verbs 


1. timeo, 2. fear 

2. vereor, 2. be afraid 

3. metuo, 3. dread 

4. terred, 2. frighten 

5. perlculum est, is danger 

5. pavor capit, fear seizes 

6. pavor est, (there) is fear 

6. anxius est, he is anxious 

7. caved, 2. be on one's guard 


1. evenid, 3. happen 

1. abed, Irr. go away 

2. offendo, 3. offend 

3. punio, 4. punish 

4. opprimo, 3. overwhelm, 

5. possum, Irr. be able 

5. adsum, Irr. be near 

6. aggredior, 3. attack 

6. orior, 4. arise 

7. decipid, 3. deceive 

8. videor, 2. seem 


Introduced 


by 


f ne, lest, quin, but that 
\ quominus, that not 


Prin. Verbs Subord. Verbs 


I, 4, 5. impedio, 4. hinder 

2, 3. deterred, 2. frighten 

3, 6, 7. recuso, 1. refuse 
8, 9. obsto, 1. stand in 

the way 

5, 10. dubito, 1. doubt 

II. dubium est, 

(there) is doubt 


1, 4, 8. vivo, 3. live 

2. consulo, 3. take 

thought 

2, 3. scribo, 3. write 

4. possum, Irr. be able 
1, 5. teneo, 2. keep up 

6. lego, 3. read 

3, 7. subeo, Irr. undergo 

10. nego, 1. say No! 

refuse 

11. nolo, Irr. do not 

want 

5. praetereo, Irr. be 

over 

6. subsum, Irr. be nigh 


737 

1. Timed ut eveniant ea. Timed ne eveniant 

ea -Cic. 

2. Caesar, ne Dumnorigis supplicio Divitiaci 

animum offenderet, verebatur.-fCaes. 

3. Servus ne capite puniatur metuit. 

4. Samnites maxime territl sunt, ne ab altero 

exercitti integro intactoque fessi op- 
primerentur.-ii?5. 

5. Periculum erat ne majestatem nominis 

Alexandri sustinere non potuerit popu- 
lus Romanus.-Zm 

6. Pavor erat, ne castra hostis aggrederetur. 

7. QuI cavet ne decipiatur, saepe is captus 

est.-f Plaut. 

8. Sed vereor, ne longior videatur oratio mea. 

-Cic. 


1. They fear that you may not go away. 

2. The boy was afraid lest he should offend his 

kind mother. 

3. The slave was dreading his old master, lest 

he be cruelly punished. 

4. The sailors were greatly frightened lest a 

sudden storm overwhelm their ship. 

5. Fear seized the mice lest the cat were near. 

6. They will be anxious lest war arise suddenly. 

Rule. — Subordinate Clauses of Purpose with UT 
and NE (apparently exchanging meanings) take the 
Subjunctive after Verbs and expressions of fear, 
dread , anxiety , danger. 


739 

1. Non impedio, quominus vivas. 

2. Non deterret sapientem mors, quominus 

in omne tempus reipublicae suisque 
consulat.-Cic. 

3. Deterret poetam maledictis, ne scribat. 

4. Neque impedio quominus susceptum ne- 

gotium gerere possIs.-Cic. 

5. Nec aetas impedit, quominus agri colendi 

studia teneamus.-Cic. 

6. Non recusabo, quominus omnes mea 

scripta legant -Cic. 

7. Neque recusavit quominus legis poenam 

subiret.-Aep. 

8. Nihil obstat, quin vivas. 

9. Quid obstat, quominus sit beatus?-Cic. 

10. Non dubitat, quin neges. 

11. Non dubium est quin uxorem nolit filius. 


1. What hinders him, that he does not keep 

up his work? 

2. What frightens you, that you do not 

write me? 

3. Who does not refuse to undergo injustice? 

4. What prevents that men should live long 

lives? 

5. Who doubts but that winter is over? 

6. There is no doubt but that summer is nigh. 

Rule. — Subordinate Clauses of Purpose with NE, 
QUOMINUS, and QUlN take the Subjunctive after 
Verbs of hindering and doubt. 


t Adapted. 


223 


SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURE PURPOSE 


Subjv. 

740 Complementary Final Clauses 

with nt/ so n = / lest 

w 111 Ul I in order that ne \ in order that not 


742 Complementary Consecutive Clauses 

with ut| ut non , that . . . not 


Prin. Verbs 

1. venio, 4. come 

2. jubeo, 2. order 

3. abduco, 3. bring away 


4. servio, 4. 


f be subject to 


\ comply with 

5. transduco, 3. lead over 

6. proficiscor, 3. set out 
edo, 3. eat 

8. colloco, 1. arrange 


Subord. Verbs 

audio, 4. hear 
bibd, 3. drink 
sum, Irr. am 


possum, Irr. can 


expugno, 1 . storm 
o^o,z.{l 
vivo, 3. live 
possum, Irr. am able 


Prin. Verbs Subord. Verbs 


1 . 

2 . 

3. 

4. 

5 . 

6 . 

7. 

8 . 

9. 


fit, it comes to pass 
accidit, it happens 
contingit, it belongs 
eve nit, it happens 

efficio } a bout 
restat, it remains 

relinquitur, it remains 
sequitur, it follows 


vagor, 1. wander, ramble 
sum, Irr. am, be 
absum, Irr. be away 
facio, 3. do 
sum, Irr. am, be 

videor, 2. appear 
floreo, 2. bloom, flourish 

doceo, 2. show 
died, 3. say 
patior, 3. allow 
sum, Irr. am, be 


741 

1. Venimus proxime, ut audiremus. 

2. Pullos mergl in aquam jussit, ut biberent. 

-t Cic. 

3. Majdres nostri ab aratro abduxerunt 

Cincinnatum, ut dictator esset -Cic, 

4. Legibus idcirco omnes servlmus, ut llberl 

esse possimus.-Cic. 

5. Belgae copias transduxerunt, e5 consilio 

ut, si possent, castellum expugnarent.- 
fCaes. 

6. Caesar, ne graviori bello occurreret, ad 

exercitum proficiscitur.-Caes. 

7. Esse oportet ut vivas, non vivere ut edas. 

to eat 

8. Caesar tormenta collocavit, ne hostes ab 

lateribus pugnantes suos circumvenire 
possent.-fCae^. 


743 

1. His rebus fiebat, ut minus late vagarentur. 

-Caes. 

2. Eadem nocte accidit, ut esset luna plena. 

-Caes. 

3. Soli hoc contingit sapient!, ut nihil in vitus 

faciat. 

4. Evenit senibus ambobus simul iter ut esset. 

-Ter. 

5. Fecerunt ut consimilis fugae profectio 

videretur.-Caes. 

6. Sol efficit ut omnia floreant. 

7. Restat ut doceam omnia hominum causa 

facta esse.-Cic. 

8. Relinquebatur ut neque longius ab agmine 

legionum disced! Caesar pateretur. 

9. Si haec enuntiatio vera non est, sequitur 

ut falsa sit.-Cfc. 


1. We have come to hear, and to see with 

our own eyes. 

2. The general orders his troops to drink 

water. 

3. The sick soldier is brought away from camp 

so that he may again be strong. 

4. The invalid complies with the doctor in 

order that he may soon be well. 

5. Therefore are we slaves of the laws, in 

order that we may be free men. 

6. We eat in order that we may live, we do 

not live in order that we may eat. 
Rule.— Pure Purpose is expressed by the Subjunc- 
tive with UT or NE, serving Adverbially, 
f Adapted. 


1. It comes to pass that men wander widely. 

2. It happens that I shall be away from home. 

3. It belongs to no one to do injustice. 

4. It happened he was very ill that day. 

5. How shall I bring it about never to appear 

sad? 

6. Julia brings it about that her roses bloom 

late. 

7. It remains for me to say Goodbye! 

8. It remains for us not to allow you to go. 

9. It follows that I am happy to stay. 

Rule. — Such Verbs as signify IT HAPPENS, IT 
FOLLOWS, IT REMAINS, take a Complementary 
Consecutive Clause in the Subjunctive with UT or 
UT NON. 


224 


744 Pure Purpose with Comparatives 


Subjv. 

746 Pure Consecutive Result Clauses 


Introduced by quo, in order that 


Prin. Verbs 

1 . simulo, 1 . pretend 

2. dispono, 3. arrange 

3. relinquo, 3. leave behind 

4. adjuvo, 1. assist 

5. puto, 1. think 

6. obduco, 3. cover over 

7. oportet, 2, it is necessary 


Subord. Verbs 

sum, Irr. am, be 
possum, Irr. can 
facid, 3. make 
fid, Irr. be done 
sum, Irr. am, be 
sum, Irr. am, be 
teneo, 2. grasp 


Prin. Verbs 

1. sumo, 3. take 

2. facio, 3. make 

3. coorior, 4. arise 

4. sum, Irr. am, be 

5. sum, Irr. am, be 

6. conficid, 3. weaken 

7. dlligd, 3. love (deeply) 


Subord. Verbs 

videor, 2. seem 
concur r 6, 3. run together 
possum, Irr. be able 
possum, Irr. can 
dlligd, 3. esteem 
possum, Irr. be able 
habed, 2. regard (as) 


745 

1. Solon, quo tutior vita esset, furere se 

simulavit. 

2. Praesidia disponit, quo facilius hostem 

prohibere possit.-fCWs. 

3. Mllites impedimenta reliquerunt, quo iter 

expeditius facerent. 

4. Id adjuva me, quo id fiat facilius.- Ter. 

5. Medico puto aliquid dandum esse, quo sit 

studiosior.-Cfc. 

6. Trunci arborum libro aut cortice obdu- 

cuntur, qud sint a frigoribus et a caldri- 
bus tutidres.-tCic. 

7. Legem brevem esse oportet, quo facilius ab 

imperitis teneatur.-<Sm. 

Rule.— When the Clause of Pure Purpose contains 
a comparison, QUO with the Subjunctive is used. 

t Adapted. 


747 

1 . Ariovistus tantos sibi splritus, tan tarn arro- 

gantiam sumpserat, ut ferendus non 
videretur.-CWs. 

2. Tantus in curia clamor factus est, ut popu- 

lus concurreret -Cic. 

3. Tanta tempestas subito coorta est, ut nulla 

navium cursum tenere posset.-fCaes. 

4. Stellarum tanta est multitudo, ut numerari 

non possint. 

5. Tanta vis probitatis est ut earn in hoste 

diligamus.-Cic. 

6. Baculus, fortissimus vir, multis gravibusque 

vulneribus confectus est, ut jam se sus- 
tinere non posset.-fCWs. 

7. Tarquinius sic Servium diligebat, ut is ejus 

vulgo haberetur filius.-Cfc. 

Rule. — Pure Consecutive Result is expressed by the 
Subjunctive, with UT or UT NON, serving Adverbially. 



INSTRUMENTA CULINAE 

225 


CUM TEMPORAL ( general use) 


Ind. 

Cum Temporal in the Old Latin of the earliest Roman writers, Plautus, Terence, and the few before 
the Golden Age, expressed the time of the main action vividly, with no idea of attendant circumstance. 


Cum = whenever 

Time and tenses of two clauses identical 


Cum, when 

Fixing exact past time or date 


748 


750 


Prin. Verbs Subord. Verbs 


2 fprobo, 1 . approve 
* \clamo, 1 . cry aloud 
4. video, 2. see 

6. soleo, 2. am accustomed 

7. loquor, 3. speak 

10. videor, 2. seem 

11. gradum sisto, stop 
13. dormio, 4. sleep 


quiesco, 3. be quiet 
face 6, 2. be silent 

venio, 4. come 

arded, 2. burn 

sum, Irr. am, be 

lego, 3. read 

obviam venid, meet 

igni cdnsumo, burn down 


Prin. Verbs 
1. sum, Irr. am 
3. curro, 3. run 

7. proficiscor, 3. set out 

8. arbitror, 1 . decide 

9. put5, 1. think 
vivo, 3. be alive 
abscindo, 3. cut away 


Subord. Verbs 

vendo, 3. sell 
video, 2. see 
finio, 4. finish 
video, 2. see 
amitto, 3. lose 
condo, 3. found 
reded, Irr. come back 


conjurationem facio, make conspiracy 


749 

1. Otium, cum aestas est, amo. 

2. Rus, cum ver erit, Ibo? 

3. Cum quiescunt, probant, cum tacent, cla- 

mant.-Cic. 

4. Cum venies, videbis. 

5. Turn tua domus in periculo erit, cum 

proxima ardebit. 

6. Libros, cum est otium, legere soleo. - 

Cic. 

7. Sed de his etiam rebus, otiosl cum erimus, 

loquemur. 

8. Animus, nec cum adest nec cum discedit, 

apparet. 

9. Longum illud tempus, cum n5n ero, 

magis me movet quam hoc exiguum. 

10. Tuas epis tolas cum lego, minus mihi 
turpis videor, sed tarn diu, dum lego.- 
Cic. 


11. Whenever I meet you I always stop. 

12. Whenever books are plenty (= many) I 

take leisure. 

13. Whenever my house is burned down shall 

I sleep on the ground? 

14. Whenever I read Cicero, I seem oblivious. 

Rule— CUM TEMPORAL takes the Indicative, 
usually a Principal Tense, in general statements of 
time whenever . 


751 

1. Eras ibi, cum mea domus vendebatur? 

2. Turn tua domus in periculo erat, cum 

proxima ardebat. 

3. Cum te vidit, turn cucurrit. 

4. Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, turn duae 

factiones erant. 

5. Cum haec audivit, non terrebatur. 

6. Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, rex Ger- 

manorum erat Ariovistus.-fCWs. 

7. Cum Caesar pontem finierat, in Ger- 

maniam profectus est. 

8. Cum rosam viderat, tunc incipere ver 

arbitrabatur.-Cic. 

9. Cum patriam amisl, turn me periisse 

putat5.-0r. 


10. When Romulus founded the city Rome, 

his brother was alive. 

11. When Caesar came back from Germany, 

he cut away his bridge over the 
Rhine. 

12. In that year, when Catiline made his 

conspiracy, Cicero was consul the sec- 
ond time. 

Rule— CUM TEMPORAL takes the Indicative. 
Subordinate Tenses, in fixing past dates exactly* 
that is, Definite Time. 


t Adapted. 


226 


CUM Temporal — In Historic Narration 

Describing situation or circumstances when or while 
(Construction Classical. Very frequent in Cicero and Caesar) 


CUM Causal (since) 
CUM Concessive (although) 


Subjv. 


752 

Pnn. Verbs 

4. peto, 3. heg 

7. prendo, 3. grasp 
10. reperid, 4. find out 

13. abeo, Irr. go away 

14. mitto, 3. send 
13. video, 2. see 


Subord. Verbs 

accedo, 3. draw near 
peto, 3. beg 
quaerd, 3. inquire 
died, 3. say 
venio, 4. come 
adeo, Irr. go to 


754 

Prin. Verbs 

1. pergo, 3. go 

6. laudo, 1 . praise 

7. nolo, Irr. he unwilling 

8. contendo, 3. hasten 
10. expleo, 2. fill up 
12. tono, 1 . thunder 


Subord. Verbs 

sum, Irr. am 
facio, 3. do 
possum, Irr. be able 
relinquo, 3. leave 
habeo, 2. have 
video, 2. see 


753 Cum, when or while 

1. Cum Caesar haec dixisset, milites omnes 

conclamaverunt. 

2. Cum milites clamdrem audivissent, in 

urbem contenderunt. 

3. Cum Galll nostros vidissent, in silvas 

effugerunt. 

4. Cum ad id oppidum accessisset, pueri 

mulieresque pacem petiverunt. 

5. Cum Caesar in Hispania esset, febrem 

habuit. 

6. Helvetii cum omnia constituissent, Or- 

getorigem ducem delegerunt. 

7. Haec cum pluribus verbis flens a Caesare 

peteret y Caesar ejus dextram prendit. 

8. Zenonem, cum Athenis essem, audiebam 

frequenter.-Cic. 

9. Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia, crebri 

ad eum rumores adferebantur.-CWs. 

10. Caesar, cum ex cap ti vis quaereret, hane 

causam reperiebat.-CWs. 

11. Fuit an tea tempus, cum Germands Galll 

There was formerly 

virtute superarent.-CWs. 

12. Haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est 

consecutum.-fCic. 

13. When Caesar had said these things, all the 

ambassadors went away. 

14. When Caesar had come into Gaul, the 

Helvetians sent ambassadors to him. 

15. Did Caesar first come to know Britons 

while he was conquering the island? 

Rule.— CUM TEMPORAL in HISTORIC NARRA- 
TION takes the Subjunctive Imperfect or Pluperfect 
showing the time when or while , a Historical 
Perfect mostly standing in the Principal Clause. 


755 Cum, since , although 

1. Quae cum ita sint, perge!-Cic. 

2. Haedul cum se defendere non possent, 

legatos ad Caesarem mittunt.-ICWs. 

3. Cum vita sine amlcis metus plena sit, 

ratio monet amicitias comparare.-Cic. 

4. Cum viva inns, laetissimi sumus. 

5. Cum me amice interrogaveris, benigne 

respondebo. 

6. Servus opus cum bene fecisset, non lau- 

datus est. 

7. Socrates, cum facile posset educl e cus- 

todia, noluit.-Czc. 

8. Caesar, cum exigua pars aestatis relinque- 

retur, tamen in Britanniam proficisci 
contendit.-fCWs. 

9. Ipse Cicero, cum tenuissima valetudine 

esset, ne nocturnum quidem sibi tempus 
ad quietem relinquebat. 

10. Brevi spatio legiones numero hominum 

expleverat, cum initio non amplius 
duobus milibus habuisset.-8a//. 

11. Fuit perpetuo pauper, cum ditissimus esse 

posset. 

12. Cum primi ordines concidissent, tamen 

acerrime reliqui resistebant.-CWs. 


13. Since he had come to the city, he wished 

to stay. 

14. Although he was a small man, he was a 

brave leader. 

15. Although not a cloud was anywhere seen, 

yet it thundered loudly. 

Rule.— CUM CAUSAL and CUM CONCESSIVE 
take the Subjunctive in all Tenses, introducing a 
thought by a since or although. 


t Adapted. 


227 










THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE (si, if; nisi, unless ) 


Subjv. 


f a Condition and a Conclusion 

Every Conditional Sentence consists of two parts j a Subordinate and a Principal Clause 

{ a Protasis and an Apodosis 


Class I (Conditions Real) 

(Indicative in both) 

756 

A Protasis Apodosis 

PRESENT TIME 
Pres. Ind. Pres. Ind. 

1- If I ask , he answers. 

Si rogo, responded 

PAST TIME 


Imp. Ind. 

2 . If I were asking , 
Si rogabam, 

Perf. Ind. 

3 . If I have asked, 

Si rogavi, 

B 

1. Si vir hoc dlcit, 

2. Si tu hoc dicebas, 

3. Si vos haec 

credidistis, 

C 

1. Si Caesar est 

primus, 

2. Si respublica in 

perlculd erat, 

3. Nisi pluit, 


Imp. Ind. 

he was answering. 
respondebat. 

Perf. Ind. 

he has answered. 
respondit. 

is errat. 
tu errabas. 
vos erravistis. 


quis est secundus? 
dictator creabatur. 
gramen periit. 


Class II (Conditions Possible) 

More Vivid Future Less Vivid Future 

(Indie, in both) (Subjv. in both) 


757 

A Protasis Apodosis 

FUTURE TIME 

Fut. Ind. Fut. Ind. 

1. If I shall he will 

ask, answer. 

Si rogabo, respondebit. 

Fut. Perf. Ind. Fut. Ind. 

2. If I shall he will 

have asked, answer. 

Si rogavero, respon- 
debit. 


758 

A Protasis Apodosis 
FUTURE TIME 
Pres. Subjv. Pres. Subjv. 

1 . If I should he would 

ask, answer. 

Si rogem, respondeat. 

Perf. Subjv. Pres. Subjv. 

2. If I should he would 
have asked, answer. 

Si rogaverim, 

respondeat. 


B B 

1. Si hoc dices, errabis. 1. Si hoc dlcas, erres. 

2. Si hoc fecerit, bene erit. 2. Si hoc fecerit, bene 

faciat. 

C C 

1. Si Rom am Ciceronem 1. Si R omam Caesarem 

veniet, videbit. eat, videat. 

2. Si pax omnes 2. Nisi pax omnes 
facta erit, delectabi- facta sit, pereamus. 

mur. 


759 


Class III (Conditions Unreal, Contrary to Fact) 

(Subjunctive in both) 


A Protasis 

Imp. Subjv. 

1. If I should (now) be asking, 
Si (nunc) rogarem, 


PRESENT TIME Apodosis 

Imp. Subjv. 

he would (now) answer; (but i do not.) 
hie (nunc) responderet. 


Pluperf. Subjv. 

2. If I should (then) have asked , 
Si (tunc) rogavissem, 


PAST TIME 

Pluperf. Subjv. 

he would (then) have answered; (but i did not.) 
hie (tunc) respondisset. 


B 

1 . Nisi te satis incitatum esse conflderem, scrlberem plura.-Ctc. 

2. Nisi earn sibi viam virtute munlvisset, numquam Hercules ad deos ablsset.-Cic. 


Note. — We find both in Latin and in English every variety of mixed expression in Conditional Sen- 
tences departing from these Regular Types in various ways authorized by usage. 

229 


THE CONDITIONAL CLAUSE 


Subjv 

760 of Comparison, (as, than) 

Introduced by an Adverb of Comparison com- 
pounded with si, if 

tamquam, just as 
tamquam si, just as if 
acsi, as if 

^ApZlougk 

velut, just as 
velut si, just as though 
ceu, as if, as it were 
quam si, than if 

Ut Si, as if (for example) 

761 

1. Tamquam si emeris me argento, liber 

serviam tibi -Plaut. 

2. Sic eum condemnit, tamquam si ill! aqua 

et igni interdictum sit.-jCic. 

3. Tu similiter facis, ac si me roges -Cic. 

4. Quod dandum est amicitiae, large dabitur 

a me non secus ac si meus esset frater. 
-Cic. 

5. Quid ego his testibus utor, quasi res dubia 

aut obscura sit? 

6. Graecas litteras sic a vide arripui, quasi 

diuturnam sitim explere cupiens essem. 
-t Cic. 

7. Sequani absentis Ariovisti crudelitatem, 

velut si coram adesset, horrebant.-CWs. 

8. Tantus patres metus de summa rerum 

cepit, velut si jam ad portas hostis 
esset -Liv. 

9. Hie vero ingentem pugnam (pugnamus) 

ceu cetera nusquam bella forent.-f V erg. 

10. Tam te diligit quam si vixerit tecum.-Cic. 

11. Magis a me abesse videbare quam si domi 

esses -Cic. 

Rule. — The Apodosis may or may not be expressed 
in COMPARISONS UNREAL; it is often implied in 
Adverbs signifying just as if, just as though, 
and the Verb is in the Subjunctive. 

t Adapted. 


762 of Concession, (though, although) 

Obeying the Laws of the Regular Conditional 
Sentence 

Introduced by 

etsi, even if 
etiam si, even now if 
tametsi, yet even if 
quamvis, although 
quamquam, although 
licet, (linquo, I leave), even if 
ut, ne, (rarely used) 


763 

1. Caesar, etsi in his locis maturae sunt 

hiemes, tamen in Britanniam proficisci 
contendit.-CWs. 

2. Etsi meum ingenium non moneret, neces- 

sity cogit. 

3. Quamvis patrem suum numquam viderat, 

sibi exemplo fuit ad imitandum.-fCic. 

4. Quod turpe est, id, quamvis occultetur, 

tamen honestum fieri nullo modo potest. 

5. Quamvis non fueris suasor, approbator 

certe fuisti.-Cic. 

6. Vita brevis est, licet supra mille ann5s 

exeat.-$m. 

7. Improbitas, licet adversario molesta est, 

judici invisa est ,-Quinct. 

8. Fremant omnes licet, dicam quod sentio. 

9. Quoniam quidem semel suscepi, licet 

hercules undique omnes mihi minae et 
terrores periculaque impendeant omnia, 
succurram atque subibo.-Cic. 

10. Ut desint vires, tamen est laudanda vol- 

untas.-Or. 

11. Ne sit summum malum dolor, malum 

certe est -Cic. 

Rule. — Clauses of CONCESSION translating 
although take the Indicative or Subjunctive regu- 
larly like Conditional Sentences. 


230 


DOUBLE QUESTIONS 

Alternatives 


Subjv. 


Alternative questions are those which present a choice between two or more things. 

769 


£5 A When dealing with facts they are introduced mostly 
■ by the following Conjunctive Adverbs, 


When there is doubt or indifference, they are intro- 
duced mostly by 


Affirmative Negative 


utrum . . 

. an . . . utrum . . 

. an non . . . 

-ne 

. an . . . -ne . . 

. necne . . . 

— . . 

. an . . . — 

. necne . . . 

whether . . 

.or ... whether . . 

. or not . . . 

765 

Question Direct 

fr 


utrum . . . an . . . 

1. Utrum pro me, an pro me et pro te, dicis? 

2. Utrum pro ancilla me habes, an pro filia? 

-Plant. 

3. Utrum nunc tu eoelibem te esse mavis 

liberum, an maritum servum ‘l-Plaut. 

4. Utrum nescis quam alte ascenderis, an pro 

nihilo id putas?-Cic. 

5. Utrum tu masne an femina es, qui ilium 

patrem voces 7 -Plant. 

766 -ne . . . an . . . 

1. Servusne es an liber 'l-Plaut. 

2. Videtne Galbam an non? 

3. Suntne di an n5n? 

4. Nonne me hilarem esse vides, an tu esse 

me tristem putas?-f P/cm£. 

767 --..an... 

1. Eloquar an sileam ?-Verg. 

2. Quid? Vos duas habetis patrias, an est una 

ilia patria communis *{-Cic. 

3. Non ignoscis, an non credis? 

768 Question Indirect 

1. Ipse quis sit, utrum sit, an non sit, id 

quoque nescit. 

2. Dareus dubitaverat, utrumne circa Meso- 

potamiam subsisteret, an interiora regna 
sui peteret -Curt. (A. D. 50). 

3. Quomodo transient, utrum rate an pis- 

catorio navigio, nemo sciebat.- Van. 

4. Si sitis, nihil interest utrum aqua sit, an 

vinum; nec refert, utrum sit aureum 
poculum, an vitreum, an manus con- 
cava.-Sen. 

5. Permultum interest, utrum perturbatione ali- 

qua animi, an cdnsulto fiat injuria.-Cic. 

+ Adapted. 

231 


sive . . . sive . . . 

SeU . . . SeU . . . ) used by the poets 

SlVe . . . SeU . . . j also in Late Latin 

whether . . . or if . . . 

770 sive . . . sive . . . 

1. Sive quid habes, sive nihil habes, scribe 

tamen. 

2. Veniet tempus, sive retractabis, sive prop- 

erabis.-Uic. 

3. Accidit sive casu sive consilio deorum. 

4. Sive quid mecum ipse cogito, sive quid 

scribo aut lego, sum laetus.-fCic. 

5. Pacem cum Scipione Sulla sive faciebat 

sive simulabat, non erat desperandum. 
-Cic. 

6. Itaque sive Sulla, sive Marius, sive uterque, 

sive qui alius bellum civile optavit, eum 
detestabilem civem reipublicae natum 
judica.-Uic. 

771 sive . . . seu . . . 

1. Et molem mirantur equi: primusque Thy- 

moetes, Duel intra muros hortatur et 
arce locari, Sive dolo, seu jam Trojae 
sic fata ferebant - V erg. 

2. Cecidere animi, dubitant, sive deae, seu 

sint dirae obscenaeque volucres.-Uergi. 



INSTRUMENTA CHIRURGIAE 


THE RELATIVE CLAUSE OF CHARACTERISTIC 


Takes the Subjunctive introduced by such expressions as the following, viz. : 


773 

sunt qui, there are (those of the sort), who 
quis est, qui? who is there who? 
unus est, qui, (there) is one who 
solus est, qui, the only (one) who 


nihil est, quod, there is nothing which 
nemo est, qui, there is nobody who 
nullus est, qui, there is no (man) who 
nemo est, quin, there is no one but that 


774 

1. Sunt qui dicant vitam esse bre^issimam. 

2. Sunt qui discessum animi a corpore putent 

esse mortem. -Cic. 

3. Sunt quos scio esse sumcos.-Plaut. 

4. Sunt quos curriculo pulverem Olympicum 

collegisse juvat -Hor. 

5. Non sumus ii, quibus nihil verum esse 

videatur.-Czc. 

6. Nec tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui fratris 

carissimi maerore non movear.-C'ic. 

7. Erant itinera duo quibus itineribus exire 

possent.-CWs. 

8. Non erit idoneus qui ad bellum mittatur. 

9. Invent! multi sunt qui vitam profundere 

pro patria parati essent.-Cic. 

10. Secutae sunt tempestates quae nostros in 

castris continerent.-CWs. 

11. Sapientia est una, quae maestitiam pellat 

ex animis.-C'ic. 

f Adapted. 


12. Nil admirari prope res est una solaque quae 

possit facere et servare beatum -Hor. 

13. Quis est qui amicitiam non maximis efferat 

laudibus?-tCic. 

14. Nihil video quod timeam.-Cic. 

15. Erit aliquid, quod aut ex nihilo oriatur, 

aut in nihilum subito occidat -Cic. 

16. Servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili con- 

dicione sit servitutis.-Cic. 

17. Nulla est laus, ubi nemo est qui aut possit 

aut conetur corrumpere.-Cic. 

18. Nem5 fuit omnino militum quin vuh 

neraretur.-Ca^. 

19. Nemo est quin semper amaverit noctis 

tranquillitatem. 

20. Nemo est tarn fortis, quin rei novitate 

pertur be tur. -C aes. 

Rule. — A RELATIVE CLAUSE with the Subjunctive 
was frequently used to convey some particular feature, 
quality, or CHARACTERISTIC of the Antecedent. 



ROTA AQUARIA AETATE CATONIS 

232 


THE RELATIVE CLAUSE 


775 Its Adjective Use 

The Indicative Mood, introduced by 

qui, ubi, quo, unde, 

who where whither whence 

when 

1. Pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, jubet 

rescind! -Caes. 

2. Belgae proximi sunt Germanis, qui trans 

Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum conti- 
nenter bellum gerunt.-Caes. 

3. Ultra eum locum, qu5 in loco German! con- 

sederant, castris idoneum locum de- 
legit. ^ -Caes. 

4. Omnes mortui sunt, qui turn eos agros, ubi 

hodie est haec urbs, incolebant.-fCic. 

5. Locus fuit, quo exercitui aditus non erat- 

t Caes. 

6. Aves geminae super arbore sidunt, discolor 

unde auri per ramos aura refulsit.-Pen/. 

7. Helvetios in finis suos, unde erant profecti, 

revert! jussit.-Caes. 

8. Interea ea legione, quam secum habebat, 

militibusque, qui ex provincia con- 
venerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui in 
flumen Rhodanum influit, ad montem 
Juram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Hel- 
vetia dividit, murum fossamque per- 
ducit -Caes. 


776 Its Six Adverbial Uses 

Subjunctive or Indicative Mood, introduced by 

qui = utis, ubi, quando, 

(hat he when when 


777 

The Relative Clause of Purpose 

Introduced by qui = ut is 

1. Caesar equitatum qui sustineret hostium 

impetum misit.-CWs. 

2. Scribebat Aelius orationes, quas alii di- 

cerent -Cic. 

3. Homini natura rationem dedit, qua reg- 

erentur appetitus.-Cic. 

4. Caesar duas legiones novas c5nscripsit, et 

in interiorem Galliam qui deduceret Q. 
Pedium le gat urn misit.-Ca^. 


778 

Of Time (with ubi, quando) 

1. Ubi convivae abierint, turn venias -Plaut. 

2. Ubi de ejus adventu Helvetii certiores factl 

sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt. 

3. Quando dies adveniet, quern praefatae Par- 

cae sunt, hom5 moritur.-fLii). 


779 

Of Cause (with qui, who) 

1. Stulte feci, qui hunc amisi -Plaut. 

2. Magnus ille Alexander, cum in Sigeo ad 

Achillis tumulum adstitisset: O for- 
tunate, inquit, adulescens, qui tuae vir- 
tues Ilomer urn praeconem inveneris!- 
Cic. 


780 

Of Condition (with qui = si quis, if any one ) 

1. Haec qui videat, nonne cogatur confiterl 

deos esse? 

2. Qui videret equum Trojanum introductum, 

urbem captam diceret -Cic. 

3. Philosophia, cui qui pareat, omne tern pus 

aetatis sine molestia possit degere.-Cic. 


781 


Of Comparison 

Introduced by Rel. Adv. quam quod, than what 


1. Majus odium inimici mei erat quam quod 
generaliter homines susciperent. 


782 

Of Concession 

Introduced by Relative Pronoun or Relative Adverb 

1. Servus est nemo, qui modo terribili con- 
dicione sit servitutis, qui non audaciam 
civium perhorrescat.-Cic. 


t Adapted 


233 


QUOD (quia, quoniam, quando) CAUSAL 


783 Indicative with quod 

Statement = a fact, on one’s own authority 

f quod, 

Introduced by j that, in that, 

( because 

1. Gaudeo quod te interpellavI.-Cfc. 

2. Helvetil reliquos Gallos virtute praece- 

dunt, quod fere cotldianls proelils cum 
Germanls contendunt.-Caes. 

3. In his locls, quod omnis Gallia ad septen- 

triones vergit, maturae sunt hiemes.- 
Caes. 

4. Horum fortissiml sunt Belgae, propterea 

quod a cultu provinciae longissime ab- 
sunt.-Caes. 

5. Gratissimum mihi est, quod ad me tua 

manu scrlpsistl. 

6. Magnum beneficium est naturae, quod 

necesse est morl. 

7. Quod spiratis, quod vocem mittitis, quod 

formas hominum habetis, indignantur. 
-Liv. 

8. Urbs, quae quia postremo aedificata est, 

Neapolis nominatur.-Cic. 

9. Vos, Quirites, quoniam jam nox est, in 

vestra tecta discedite.-Cic. 

10. Quoniam de genere belli dlxl, nunc de 

magnitudine pauca dicam. 

11. Due me ad earn, quandd hue venl.-r^r. 

12. Quando virtus est adfectio animl, lauda- 

biles efficiens eos, in quibus est, ex ea 
proficiscuntur hones tae voluntates.- 
Cic. 

13. Opportunissima res accidit, quod postrldie 

ejus diel mane eadem et perfidia et 
simula tione usl GermanI ad eum in 
castra venerunt.-CWs. 

14. Bene facis quod me adjuvas.-Cfc. 


7 84 Subjunctive with quod 

Statement = reason given by anothei 

quia, quoniam, quando, 

because when now, when , 

since, since 

now as 

1. Socrates accusatus est quod corrumperet 

j u ven tutem .-Quint. 

2. Noctu ambulabat in publico Themistocles, 

quod somnum capere non posset.-Cic. 

3. Sclpio saepe querebatur, quod omnibus in 

rebus homines dlligentiores essent.-Cic, 

4. Caesar senatus in eum beneficia commem- 

oravit, quod rex appellatus esset a 
senatu, quod amicus, quod munera 
amplissime missa (essent ).-Caes. 

5. Mater Irata est, quia non redierim.-P/emt. 

6. Pro urbe ac penatibus dlmicandum est, 

quando Italiam tuerl nequIssent.-Xii;. 

7. Supplicatio dls immortalibus pro singularl 

eorum merito meo nomine decreta est: 
Quod urbem incendils, caede clv£s, 
Italiam bello llberassem.-Cfc. 

8. Caesar ab Cn. Pompeio procdnsule petiit, 

quoniam ipse ad urbem cum imperio 
relpublicae causa remaneret, ut eos, 
quos ex Cisalplna Gallia consul Sac- 
ramento rogavisset, ad signa convenlre 
et ad se proficlscl juberet-fCae^. 

9. Quldam Helvetiorum spe salutis inductl 

sunt, quod in tanta multitudine deditl- 
ciorum suam fugam aut occultarl aut 
omnino igndrarl posse existimarent.- 
f Caes. 

10. Perfacile factu esse illls probat conata per- 

ficere, propterea quod ipse suae clvi- 
tatis imperium obtenturus esset. 

11. Ab Atheniensibus, locum sepulturae intra 

urbem ut darent, impetrare non potul, 
quod religione se impedlrl d!cerent.-Cic. 


f Adapted. 


234 


SUBORDINATE CLAUSES OF TIME 


785 

Introduced by 

dum f w ^ e > so l° n Q as (Indicative) 

\ Action in two Verbs simultaneous 

1. Dum docent, discunt.-Seri. 

2. Dum in his locis Caesar moratur, ad eum 

legatl venerunt.-CWs. 

3. Dum haec in colloquio geruntur, Caesar! 

nuntiatum est.-Caes. 

4. Dum anima est, spes esse dlcitur.-Czc. 

5. Dum Latlnae loquentur litterae, quercus 

huic loco non deerit.-Cic. 

787 

Introduced by 

antequam ( before that, sooner than 
prius quam (Fact occurring. (Indicative) 

1. Antequam ad sententiam reded, de me pauca 

dicam -Cic. 

2. Prius quam lucet, adsunt -Plant. 

3. Neque prius fugere destiterunt quam ad 

flumen Rhenum milia passuum ex eo 
loco circiter qulnque pervenerunt.-Caes. 

4. Boves prius quam in viam ages, pice cornua 

Infima unguito.-Cafo. 


786 

Introduced by 

dum ( until. (Subjunctive) 
quoad \ Event expected 

1. Rusticus exspectat, dum defluat amnis.- 

Hor. 

2. Dum reliquae naves eo convenient, ad 

horam nonam in ancorls exspectavit.- 
Caes. 

3. Jubet ne hostes proelio lacesserent, quoad 

ipse cum exercitu propius accessisset.- 
Caes. 

4. Aeneas multa bello passus (est), dum con- 

deret urbem inferretque deos Latio.- 
Verg. 

Y QQ ‘ ‘Anticipatory Subjunctive’ ’ 

Imperfect and Pluperfect 

Introduced by 

antequam / before that, sooner than 

prius quam \ Fact not occurring. (Subjunctive) 

1. Antequam consules in Etruriam pervenl- 

rent, Gall! venerun t—Liv. 

2. Ducentls annis antequam Romam caperent, 

in Italiam Gall! transcenderunt.— Liv. 

3. Aegyptii carnificlnam prius sublrent, quam 

Ibin aut aspidem violent.-fCzc. 

4. Avertit equos, priusquam pabula gustassent 

Trojae Xanthumque bibissent.- V erg. 


Subordinate Indicative Clauses of Time 

Event occurs, whereupon something else happens 

ubi ut cum primum simul ac or et 

when when when first as soon as 


789 

Introduced by 

postquam 

after 

1. Eo postquam Caesar per venit, obsides, arma, 

servds poposcit.-CW. 

2. Metellus, postquam dolls se fatigarl videt, 

Zamam oppugnare statuit.-<Sa//. 

3. Posteaquam victoria cdnstituta est ab 

armlsque recessimus, erat Roscius R5- 
mae frequens.-Cic. 

4. Ubi neutrl transeundi initium faciunt, 

Caesar suds in castra reduxit.-Caes. 

5. Ubi de ejus adventu Helvetil certiores factl 

sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt. 


6. Litteras scrips! statim uttuaslegeram.-fCic. 

7. Omnes profecto mulieres te amant, ut 

quaeque aspexit -Plant. 

8. Pompeius, ut equitatum suum pulsurr 

vldit, acie excessit.-Cae5. 

9. Testis turn adfuerat, cum primum datl 

sunt judices -Cic. 

10. At mihi plaudo ipse doml, simul ac num- 

mos contemplor in area.- Hor. 

11. Ego ad te statim habebo quod scrlbam. 

simul et vldero Curionem.-Cic. 


t Adapted. 


235 


DIRECT DISCOURSE 


INDIRECT DISCOURSE 


790 

Speech or thought quoted or reported in 
the original words of the speaker or writer 
himself is called Direct Discourse. O ratio 
Recta. 

It is expressed directly by the Indicative 
Mood. 


793 

Speech or thought given in a reporter’s own 
words is called Indirect Discourse. Oratio 
Obliqua. 

It is expressed by the Infinitive with Sub- 
ject Accusative. 


791 

Verbs of Saying 

as 

died, 3. say , tell 
nego, 1. deny 
affirmo, 1 . assert, declare 
narro, 1. narrate , relate 
nuntio, 1. report 
responded, 2. answer , reply 
polliceor, 2. promise 
doceo, 2. teach, show 
scribo, 3. write 
certiorem facere, inform 


of Thinking 
as 

puto, 1. think, reckon 
cogito, 1 . think, ponder 
arbitror, 1 . think, believe 
existimo, 1. think, suppose 
judico, 1 . judge 
censeo, 2. vote, decree 
credo, 3. believe 
ednfidd, 3. trust, confide in 
spero, 1 . hope 
dubito, 1 . doubt, (duo, two) 


of Knowing 

as 

scio, 4. know 
nescio, 4. know not 

( come to know 
nosed, 3. \ get acquainted 
[ with 
edgnosed, 3. learn 
intellego, 3. understand 
disco, 3. learn 
cemo, 3. discern 
memini, Def. remember 


of Perceiving 
as 

percipio, 3. perceive 
sentio, 4. feel 
audio, 4. hear 
video, 2. see 
comperio, 4. ascertain 

animadverts, 3.{™^, 
cSnspiciS,3.{— S 


792 

1. Galba dlcit, Sum agricola. 

2. Galba affirmat, Pastor non sum. 

3. Galba respondit, Arator saepe fui. 

4. Galba narravit, Nauta numquam fui. 

5. Cicero dixit, Omnia comperi! 

6. Scio, Romanus rex deos testes facit. 

7. Reus dicit, Sum Insons! 

8. Arbitror, Suam quisque homo rem mem- 

init -Plant. 

9. Cicero dicit, Saxa et solitudines voci poetae 

respondent. 

10. Plinius putat, Brassica stomacho inimi- 

cissima est. 

11. Cicero scripsit, Gorgias CVII annos com- 

plevit, neque umquam in suo studio 
atque opere cessavit. 


12. Clitarchus says “Darius was conquered by 

Alexander the Great.” 

13. A messenger reports “The ascent of Vesu- 

vius is difficult and dangerous.” 

14. One father says, “My son will liberate me 

from slavery.” 

15. Many citizens believe “Nothing is good 

unless it is right.” 


794 

1. Galba dicit, se agricolam esse. 

2. Galba affirmat se pastorem n5n esse. 

3. Galba respondit se aratorem semper fuissel 

4. Galba negavit se nautam unquam fuisse! 

5. Stoici negant quidquam esse bonum nisi 

quod honestum sit.-Cic. 

6. Nuntiate regi vestro regem Romanum deos 

facere testes -Liv. 

7. Judex judicat neminem injuste accusatum 

esse. 

8. Mementote hos esse pertimesceiidos.-Cic. 

9. Arbitraris me inimicum tuum.-F-w/^. 

10. Ego me confido liberum fore, tu te num- 

quam speras -Plaut. 

11. Venti et s6l siccare confidunt omnia posse. 

-Lucr. 

12. Caesar negat se posse iter ulli per pro- 

vinciam d&re.-Caes. 


13. Clitarchus relates to us that Darius was 

conquered by Alexander the Great. 

14. The scout ascertained that the ascent of 

the mountain is difficult and dangerous. 

15. One boy knows his master will free him. 

16. A few citizens think nothing to be good 

unless it is expedient. 


Rule.— Verbs of Saying, Thinking, Knowing , Perceiving take an Infinitive with its Subject 
Accusative as an Object in Indirect Discourse. 


236 


INDIRECT DISCOURSE COMPLETE 


THE INDIRECT QUESTION 


795 

Verbs of saying , etc., having as an Object 
an Infinitive with or without Subject Accusa- 
tive, complete this Object with Subordinate 
clauses in the Subjunctive. 

This is the Complete form of Indirect Dis- 
course found so abundantly in Caesar. 

Favorite variations occur in many writers. 

1. Philosophus eos dlcit, qui bonl sint, 

beatos esse. 

2. Aristoteles ait bestiolas quasdam nascl, 

quae unum diem vlvant.-Cic. 

3. Caesar ita respondit: Sibi minus dubi- 

tationis dari, quod eas res memoria 
teneret.-fCWs. 

4. Dlvico respondit : Ita Helvetios a majoribus 

suls Institutos esse, uti obsides accipere 
non dare consuerint.-CWs. 

5. Diviciacus locutus est, Caesarem deterrere 

posse, ne major multi tudo Germanorum 
Rhenum traducatur -Caes. 

6. Galli intellegunt: Futurum esse paucis an- 

nis, uti omnes ex Galliae flnibus pel- 
lerentur atque omnes German! Rhenum 
transIrent.-CWs. 

7. Animadvertit Caesar unos ex omnibus Se- 

quanos nihil earum rerum facere, quas 
ceterl facerent.-CWs. 

8. Ariovistus respondit: Jus esse belli, ut, qui 

vlcissent, ils, qu5s vlcissent, quemad- 
modum vellent, imperarent.-CWs. 


9. They said they had come because they 
had been ordered. 

10. They denied they had fled because they 

had been conquered. 

11. She writes she will come when the weather 

is warm. 

12. She knows summer has come when the 

first rose blooms. 

13. The father heard his son was alive when 

the sun rose. 

14. The Germans think they cannot win if 

they give battle before the full moon. 

Rule. — INDIRECT DISCOURSE COMPLETE 
requires 1st, a Verb of Saying, etc.; 2d, an Infinitive 
Phrase; 3d, a Subordinate Subjunctive Clause. 


796 

All questions reported are either Direct or 
Indirect quotations. 

The Direct Question is reported in the exact 
words of the questioner himself. 

The Indirect Question gives the substance 
of the question in words suiting the reporter; 
it is used with Verbs of saying, etc., and has 
its own Verb in the Subjunctive Mood. 

Direct Indirect 

Quis vir erat? Rogavit, quis vir esset.-Zm 

Who was the man? He ashed who the man was. 

Ubi sunt? Scio ubi sint. 

Where are they? I know where they are. 

1. Ariovistus rogat, quid sibi vellet, cur in 

suas possessidnes ven!ret.-CWs. 

2. Epamlnondas quaesivit, salvusne esset 

clipeus -Cic. 

3. Quaeslvl a Catilina in conventu apud M. 

Laecam fuisset necn e.-Cic. 

4. Quaeritur sintne di necne sint -Cic. 

5. Qui teneant, hominesne feraene, quaerere 

cdnstituit.^ -Verg. 

6. Quid sit futurum eras, fuge quaerere.- 

Hor. 

7. Vlvat an mortuus sit, quis curat l-Cic. 

8. Quo me vertam nescio -Cic. 

9. Quam sis audax omnes intellegere potu- 

erunt.-Cic. 


10. You ask me why I am sad.- Tac. 

11. Tell us where you are going. 

12. Write me how business prospers at Rome. 

13. Show us what you are writing. 

14. I hear who has come to the city. 

15. I do not see why he has come. 

16. I do not know what to believe. 

17. I will relate to you what I am going to 

do. 

18. Inform us when they do arrive. 

19. Ascertain how to get acquainted with 

Cicero. 

Rule.— The INDIRECT QUESTION is put in the 
SUBJUNCTIVE. 


t Adapted. 


237 


THE INFINITIVE 


The Infinitive is a Verbal Noun, and is thought by scholars to be an ancient Dative Case. 

As a Noun, it is found as the Subject, Predicate, or Object, or as an Appositive. It is always in the 
Neuter Gender, and is very rarely qualified by an Adjective. 

As a Verb, it is modified by Adverbs. It has Tenses, and it governs the same cases as its own Verb. 
It has also many special uses both as a Noun and as a Verb. 


797 The Infinitive as Subject 

1. Necesse est mori .-Cic. 

2. Posse loqui eripitur.-0». 

3. Visum est mihi de senectute aliquid con- 

scrlbere.-Cic. 

4. Oratorem IrascI minime decet -Cic. 

5. Mos erat clvitatis praedam dlvidere.-Zm 

6. Didicisse fideliter artes emollit mores. -Ov. 

7. Non esse cupidum pecunia est: non esse 

emacem vectigal est: con ten turn vero 
suls rebus esse maximae sunt dlvitiae.- 
Cic. 

8. Mihi nuntiabatur Parthos translsse Eu- 

phratem.-Cic. 

9. Sed motos praestat componere fluctus.- 

V erg. 

10. Vel pace vel bello clarum fieri licet. 

11. Aliud est dolere, aliud laborare.-Cic. 

12. Facinus est vinclre clvem Romanum.-Cic. 

13. Traditum est Homerum caecum fuisse.- 

Cic. 

14. Non progredl est regredl. -Pror. 

Rule. — The INFINITIVE, either with or without 
a Subject or Object of its own, may be the SUBJECT 
of a VERB. 

799 Infinitive of Purpose 

The original use of the Infinitive as a Dative of Purpose 

1. Amarl ab e5 laboravI.-P/m. 

2. Quid dubitas dare mihi argentum Plant. 

3. Sed tamen Idem 5lim curru succedere suetl 

Quadrupedes, et frena jugo concordia 
ferr e.-V erg. 

4. Parasltum mlsl nudiusquartus ad Cariam 

four days ago 

petere argentum . - Plaui . 

5. Non nos aut ferr5 Libycos populare Penates 

Venimus, aut raptas ad lltora vertere 
praedas.- V erg. 

General Rule.— The SUBJECT of the INFINITIVE 
is in the ACCUSATIVE. 

Note. — An Infinitive construction is grammati- 
cally called an Infinitive Phrase. 


798 The Infinitive as Object 

1. Audeo dlcere. Fuge quaerer e.-Hor. 

2. Quid est, in quo se laborasse dlcit? Volo 

sclr e.-Cic. 

3. Noll putare me de ulla re magis laborare.- 

Cic. 

4. Caesar his de causls Rhenum transire 

decreverat.-Ca^. 

5. Volo te dlcere. Intellego te sapere.-Czc. 

6. Bonus volo jam ex hoc die esse.— Plant. 

7. Ego jam a principio amici flliam volul 

ux5rem ducer e.-Ter. 

8. Quid ea drachuma facere vis? restim volo 

mihi emer e.-Plaut. 

9. Nemo invenltur, qul pecuniam suam dlvi- 

dere velit.-8m. 

10. Non enim vincere tantum noluit, sed vine! 

voluit -Liv. 

11. Esse quam viderl bonus malebat. -<SaZZ. 

12. MeminI ad me te scrlbere.-Cic. 

13. Cras mane argentum mihi miles dare se 

dixit.- Per. 

Rule. — The INFINITIVE, either witJi or without 
a Subject or Object of its own, may be the OBJECT 
of a VERB. 

800 Historical Infinitive 

Use in lively descriptive Narration 

1. Turn vero ingentl sono caelum strepere, 

et micare ignes, metu omnes torpere. 

2. Pars cedere, alii InsequI; neque signa neque 

ordines observare; ubi quemque perl- 
culum ceperat, ibi resistere ac propul- 
sare; arma, tela, equl, virl, hostes atque 
elves permixtl; nihil consilio neque im- 
perio agl; fors omnia reger e.-Sall. 

Rule.— The HISTORICAL INFINITIVE is used in 
vivid narration occasionally, taking the place of 
the IMPERFECT INDICATIVE, and having its 
ject in the Nominative Case, Third Person. 


238 


801 The Gerund 

The Gerund is a Verbal Noun. 

As a Noun, it is of the Second Declension, 
Neuter Gender, Singular Number only. It 
has the four Oblique Cases. It is governed 
like Nouns by other words. 

As a Verb, it is modified by Adverbs. It is 
Active mostly in meaning, and may itself have 
an Object, which it governs in the proper 
Case. 

1. Bellum ambulando confecerunt.-Czc. 

2. Nulla causa justa cuiquam esse potest con- 

tra patriam arma capiendi.-Ctc. 

3. Dux large partiendo praedam militibus 

placuit.-fim 

4. Aristotelem non deterruit a scribendo.-Ctc. 

5. Nullum tempus ill! umquam vacabat aut a 

scribendo aut a cogitando.-Cfo. 

Rule. — The GERUND governs its OBJECT in the 
ACCUSATIVE or other proper CASE. 


803 The Two Supines 

Only about 300 Verbs have Supines 
Those in common use are 

auditu, cognitu, dictu, factu, inventu, 
memoratu, natu, scitu, visu. 

The Supine is a Verbal Noun. 

As a Noun, it is of the Fourth Declension, 
Accusative and Ablative (rarely Dative) Cases, 
Singular Number only. 


804 

As a Verb, the Supine in um with Active 
meanings has two special uses: 


To express pur- 
pose after a Verb of 
Motion: 

1. Spectatum veni- 

unt -Ovid. 

2. Legione ex con- 
suetudine una fru- 
mentatum missa. 
-Caes. 


To govern an Ob- 
ject in its proper 
case: 

1. Legati venerunt 
questum injurias. 
-Liv. 

2. Non ego Grails 
servltum matri- 
bus \hb.-V erg. 


802 The Gerundive 

The Gerundive is a Verbal Adjective. 

As an Adjective it has the full Declension of 
Bonus, good. 

Scholars note it often blends as one in its 
Passive meaning with the Noun with which it 
agrees, and which as a Verb it governs: 

1. Studium agri colendi est saluberrimum.-f Cic. 

The pursuit of agriculture 

2. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorlx deligitur. 

-Caes. 

3. Huic timendd host! obvius ful —Liv. 

4. Ad pacem petendam ad Hannibalem venit. 

—Liv. 

5. Ad defendendam Romam ab oppugnanda 

Capua duces Romanos abstrahunt.- 
f Liv. 

6. Hostes in spem potiundorum castrorum 

venerant.-CWs. 

Rule. — The GERUNDIVE agrees with its Object or 
the Noun to which it belongs in GENDER, NUM- 
BER, and CASE. 


805 

As a Verb, the Supine in u, having a Passive 
meaning, never takes an Object. It has also 
two special uses: 

With Adjectives, 
pleasing , good , easy, 
wonderful, and their 
opposites : 

1. Mirabile dictu! 

2. Res facilis. factu. 

3. Quaerunt quid 
optimum factu sit. 

-Cic. 

4. Quid est tam ju- 
cundum cognitu 
atque auditu e) .-Cic. 

806 The Three Participles 

The Participle is a Verbal Adjective. 

As an Adjective, it has Declension, and agrees 
with its Noun in Gender, Number, and Case. 

As a Verb, it is modified by Adverbs. It is 
Active or Passive in Voice, and Present, Fu- 
ture, or Perfect in Tense. It governs the 
same cases as its own Verb. It has several 
special uses. 


After dignus, 
fas, nefas, opus : 

1. Nefas dictu.-Oi). 

2. Ita dictu opus est. 
-Ter. 

3. Hoc fas est dictu. 
-Cic. 

4. Quod scitu opus 
est -Cic. 

5. Nihil est dignum 
dictu -Liv. 


239 


t Adapted. 























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. 



























THE DICTIONARY 


Verbs, 3d Person, 
Verb List, 
Latin-English, 
English-Latin, 


Page 243 
Page 247 
Page 255 
Page 275 


241 



















ALL VERBS USED IN 

THE FIRST 134 PAGES VCTI^Sj 

(mostly 3d Pers. Sing, or 3d Pers. Plur.) ^ 

A 

collocavit, set up 

abundat, abounds 

coluit, cherished 

aberat, was away, was distant 

commendo, I commend 

addit, gives to, puts to, adds 

commbtum est, it has been disturbed, (Neut.) 

adigunt, put (on oath) 

condidit, founded 

adligant, tie fast to 

confecit, accomplished, completed 

admonuit, reminded 

consecravit, consecrated 

advenit, came to 

conservat, observes 

aedificat, builds 

conspergunt, (they) sprinkle 

aedificavit, built 

consumit, consumes 

alit, nourishes 

contendit, hastens 

amat, loves, likes 

continuat, continues 

amant, love, like 

continuit, kept still, restrained 

ambulat, walks 

contrahit, 1 . draws together , 2. puts to rest 

ambulant, walk 

coronant, crown 

annuit, nodded 

credo, I trust 

appellat, addresses 

credit, believes 

appellant, (they) name 

crescunt, grow, thrive 

applicant, attach to, devote to 

curat, takes care of 

appellatus est, was called 

curant, take care of 

arbitror, I think, I believe 

currit, runs 

arant, plow 

currunt, run 

arguit, shows 

D 

aspicit, looks at 

dat, gives 

audit, hears 

dant, give 

audiunt, hear 

deambulat, walks abroad 
debet, ought 

c 

decet, it behooves, (Impersonal) 

canit, sings 

decidit, decides, 

canunt, sing 

decrescunt, grow less, grow smaller 

cantat, sings 

dedicavit, dedicated 

celat, hides, conceals 

dependent, hang down from 

cepit, took 

describit, describes 

243 


Verbs, 
3d Pers 


ALL VERBS USED IN THE FIRST 134 PAGES 

(mostly 3d Pers. Sing, or 3d Pers. Plur.) 


describunt, describe 

exspectat, expects, looks for 

desiderant, desire 

expectant, look out for, await 

detrahit, draws away 
dicit, says 

F 

dicunt, say, call 

facere, infinitive, to make 

differunt, differ 

facit, makes, does 

diligit, loves deeply 

faciunt, make, do 

discessit, went away, withdrew 

fecit, {he) made, did, created 

dixit, spake 

fluit, flows 

docet, teaches 

fluunt, flow 

docuit, taught 

ferebat, he was bearing 

donat, gives, presents 

f erunt, bear 

donant, give, present 

findit, cuts, divides 

ducit, leads, draws 

fugit, flees 

ducunt, 1 . lead, 2. draw, 3 1 draw out, 

fugiunt, flee 

( or carve 

fuit, has been 

durant, harden 

fundunt, pour out 


E 

educit, leads forth 

est, is; {he, she, it) is, (there) is 

erat, was; {he, she, it) was, (there) was 


erant, were, {they) were 
erit, will he 
erunt, will he 
errat, wanders 
errant, wander 


eSSe, Infinitive, to he 
s 

eunt, go 


evenit 


1. came out 

2. happened 

exanimavit, killed 
excusat, excuses 
exspecto, I await 


G 

gustare, infinitive, to taste 

H 

habere, infinitive, to have, to hold 

habet, has, holds 

habent, have, hold 

habuit, had 

habitat, dwells 

habitant, dwell, inhabit 


I 

implorat, implores, beseeches 
imploravit, implored, besought 
imposuit, laid upon 


244 


ALL VERBS USED IN THE FIRST 134 PAGES 


Verbs, 
3d Pers 


(mostly 3d Pers. Sing, or 3d Pers. Plur.) 


incendit, fires up, arouses 

inflat, (he) inflates, (he) puffs up 

Influit, flows into 

intellegunt, understand 

intervenire, infinitive, to come between 

invitat, invites 

invitant, invite 

invocant, call upon, invoke 


j 

jurat, swears 

L 

laborat, labors , toils 
laborant, labor, toil 
latet, lurks 
laudat, praises 
laudant, praise 


M 

movent, move 
munivit, fortified 
mutat, changes 
mutant, change 
mutavit, changed 

N 

narrat, tells 
narrant, tell 

nascuntur, are born, spring up 

natat, swims 

natant, swim 

navigat, sails 

navigant, sail 

nuntiat, announces, reports 


o 

obriguit, stiffened up, hardened up 
occidit, killed, slew 

P 

parat, gets, acquires 

perstrinxit, grazed 

placet, is pleasing 

ponit, puts 

ponunt, put 

portat, carries 

portant, carry 

portavit, carried 

possunt, are able 

praedicunt, foretell 

praeparat, prepares 

probat, proves 

procedit, proceeds 

procedunt, proceed 

profugit, flees away 

pronuntiat, (he) pronounces 

proposuit, set before 

providet, provides 

pugillant, box, fight with the fist 

pungit, punctures 

putant, think 

Q 

quatit, quakes, shakes 

R 

radit, shaves 

redegerunt, have reduced 
rediit, came back, returned 
reddidit, gave over, delivered 


Verbs, 
3d Pers 


ALL VERBS USED IN THE FIRST 134 PAGES 

(mostly 3d Pers. Sing, or 3d Pers. Plur.) 


regit, rules 
regunt, rule 

surgit, rises, springs up 
suscepit, undertook 

regnat, reigns 
regnant, reign 
regnavit, reigned 
reliquit, left 
repit, creeps, crawls 
repug nat, fights back 
reservat, (he) reserves 
resistit, resists 
respondet, responds, replies 
respondent, respond, reply 
rogavit, asked 

s 

T 

tangit, touches 
tangunt, touch 
tendit, stretches 
timent, fear 

tingunt, tinge, stain, dye 
tenet, holds 
transeunt, go across 
tremefecit, caused to tremble 
tremit, (he) quakes, shakes 
trepidat, trembles 
tumet, swells 

scribit, writes 

sc rip sit, wrote 

sedet, sits 

sedent, sit 

senescit, grows old 

sentit, feels, perceives, observes 

sentiunt, feel, perceive, observe 

Serpit, Creeps, Crawls (of animals only) 
servat, saves 

servant, save 

servit, serves 

serviunt, serve 

significant, betoken 

sit, may (there) be 

solent, (they) are accustomed 

spectat, looks at, views, witnesses 

strepit, resounds 

stant, stand 

sunt, are, (they) are 

superavit, overcame 

V 

vendidit, sold 

vendit, sells 

vendunt, sell 

venit, came, (he) came 

venerunt, came, (they) came 

venit, comes 
veniunt, come 
videt, sees 
vident, (they) see 
viderunt, saw 
violat, injures, violates 
viola nt, injure 
vivit, lives 
vivunt, live 
vocat, calls 

vocant, call, (they) name 
volat, flies 
volant, fly 
vovet, vows 

246 


THE DICTIONARY 


A 


abundo, 1. overflow , abound 

abeo, ire, ii, ltus, go away, depart , 181 

abstineo, ere, ui, stentus ( ^way, 

\ abstain from 

absum, esse, afui, be away, be distant , 140 

s I come to, come near, 

accedo, ere, cessi, (cessus) < , 

v ' {approach 

accido, ere, cidi, — , come to pass, happen , 184 
accipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, receive, accept , 173 
accuso, 1. accuse, arraign 
adeo, ire, ii, ltus, come or go to, 181 
adfero, ferre, attuli, allatus, bring to, 179 
adficio, ere, feci, fectus, affect, 173 
adj ungo, ere, nxi, nctus, join to, make a friend to 
adjuvo, are, juvi, jutus, aid, help, assist 
admiror, ari, atus, wonder at, be astonished at 
adoro, 1. pray to, reverence, worship 
adsto, stare, stiti, — , stand by or near 
adsum, esse, adfui, be present, be here, 140 
advenio, ire, veni, ventus, come to, arrive at 
aedifico, 1. build, erect a building 
affligo, ere, flixi, flictus, dash against, shatter 
ago, ere, egi, actus, drive, lead, do, act, 161 
agito, 1. drive to and fro, drive about 
aggredior, gredi, gressus, go against, attack 
aequo, 1. equal, “catch up to” 
aiunt, Def. they say, they assert, 185 
ambulo, 1. walk 


amitto, ere, misi, sus 


1. send away, let go away , 

2. lose (by accident) 


amo, 1. love, like , 142 

animadverto, ere, verti, sus 


turn attention to, 
notice, observe 


antepono, ere, posui, itus, place before, prefer 
antesto, stare, stiti, — , stand before, excel 
antevenio, ire, veni, ventus, come before 
appareo, 2. appear 


Verb List 

appello, 1 . address, accost, name, call 

arbitror, ari, atus, consider, think, 175 
ardeo, ere, arsi, arsus, be on fire, burn 
aresco, ere, become dry, dry up 
aro, 1. plow, 147 

arripio, ere, ripui, reptus, seize, lay hold of 
ascendo, ere, di, sus, climb up, ascend 
aspicio, ere, spexi, spectus, look at, behold 
attingo, ere, tigi, tactus, touch, touch upon 
audeo, ere, ausus sum, dare, Semi-dep., 214 
audio, 4. hear, listen to, 166 
averto, ere, ti, sus, turn aside, avert 

B 

bibo, ere, bibi j j drink (usually water) 


cado, ere, cecidi, casus, fall, fall down, die, 163 
caedo, ere, cecidi, caesus , fell, (cause to fail =) kill 
cano, ere, cecini, — , sing, blow, sound, 163 
1. take, capture 


capio, ere, cepi, captus j 2 ^ fo 

capto, 1 . strive to take 

caved, ere, cavi, cautus, take care 

cede, ere, cessi, (cessus) {£ ^fw^ield 

celo, 1 . hide, keep secret, conceal 
ceno, 1 . dine 

_ _ - f 1. assess, value, \ 1ccr 

censeo, ere, ui, sus< 0 L 7 - >155 

’ ’ ’ (2. believe, suppose J 

cesso, 1. cease from 

circumdo, dare, dedi, datusj^ arou nd, 

( surround 

( come around, 

circumvenio, ire, veni, ventus j encompass, 

[ encircle 

circumscribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, circumscribe 
clamo, 1. cry aloud, shout 


Note. — The numbers following the definitions refer to the pages in this book. 

247 


THE DICTIONARY 


Verb List 


claudo, ere, clausi, clausus, shut , close, 162 

coepi, Def. begin, 185 

cogito, 1. ponder, think (about), 146 

cognomino, 1. surname 


cognosco, ere, novi, nitus 


f know thoroughly, 

[ recognize , learn, 163 


cogo, ere, coegi, coactus, compel 


Conor, ari, atus, endeavor, attempt, try 
conscendd, ere, di, sus, go on board, embark 
conscribo, ere, ps!, ptus, compose 
consentio, ire, sensi, sensus, agree, harmonize 

consequor, qui, cutus {H°»°"’ "S’ 

[2. follow after, ensue 

consido, ere, sedi, sessus, settle down 


colligo, ere, legi, lectus, gather together , collect conspicio, ere, spexi, spectus, get sight of, espy 


colloco, 1. place in order 

„ ls ^ - ,. n [l. cultivate, till, cherish 

colo, ere, colrn, cultus| 2 dwM> iMa 

comburo, ere, bussi, bustus, burn up 
commemoro, 1. recall to memory 
commendo, 1. commend to, intrust to 
committo, ere, misi, f let go together (in battle), 
missus [ engage in (battle) 

communio, 4. fortify strongly 
comparo, 1. get ready, prepare, procure 
compello, ere, puli, pulsus, drive together 


comperio, ire, comperi, pertus 


[find out, 


\ ascertain , 171 

compleo, ere, plevi, pletus, complete 
compono, ere, posui, positus, calm , compose 


concedo, ere, cessi, (cessus) 
concido, ere, cidi, — , fall down 


way to, 
to 


conclamo, 1. 


f cry out together, shout absent, 


\ cry loudly, exclaim 

concludo, ere, clusi, clusus, shut in, enclose 
concredo, ere, didi, ditus, entrust , consign 
condemno, 1 . condemn 
condb, ere, didi, ditus, 1. found, 2. hide 


confero, ferre, tuli, collatus 


[collect, 
[compare, 179 


conficio, ere, feci, fectus f^ U P’ ?°™P lete ’ 
1 [accomplish 

— _r- j — c - [ trust confidently in, 

confido, ere, fisus { • 0 . , ' 01/1 

[confide in, Semi-dep., 214 

confiteor, eri, fessus, confess, acknowledge 

ednfligo, ere, flixi, flictus, dash together 

conf ugio, ere, f ugi, flee for refuge 


consumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptus 


1. set up, station, moor 
constituo, ere, ui, utus \ 2. establish, decide, de- 
[ termine 

consuesco, ere, suevi, suetus, be accustomed 
consulo, ere, ui, sultus, 1. deliberate, 2. consult 

consume , de- 
vour wholly 

contemplor, ari, atus, contemplate 
contendo, ere, di, tentus, 1 . hasten, 2. contend 

[ 1. hold or keep together , 
contineo, ere, ui, tentus restrain 

[2. bound, enclose 

convents, ire, « | 

convoco, 1 . call together 

coorior, iri, coortus, arise 

corrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus j C ° m ^ ea ^ 9 

credo, ere, didi, ditus g; ^ZfbdLe 
creo, 1 . create 
culpo, 1. blame 

cupio, ere, ivi, itus, long for, desire, 170 
euro, are, avi, atus, 1. care, 2. cure 


damno, 1. condemn 

decedo, ere, cessi, sus, go away, retire , depart 
decerno, ere, crevi, cretus, decree 
decet, decuit, imp. it is becoming 
declino, 1. decline, inflect 


248 


THE DICTIONARY 


Verb List 


dedo, ere, didi, ditus, give up, surrender , devote 

deduco, ere, uxi, ctus, lead down, draw down 

defero, ferre, tuli, latus, bring down, 178 

defendo, ere, dl, sus, defend 

defluS, ere, fluxi, fluxus, flow down, flow past 

deficio, ere, defeci, fectus, fail, be wanting, 173 

defigS, ere, fixi, fixus, fasten down, fix intently 

deg 6, ere, degi, — , spend or pass (time) 

delects, 1 . delight, charm 

delego, 1 . delegate, assign 

deligS, ere, delegi, lectus, choose out, select, 161 

depopulor, ari, atus, lay waste, ravage 

f leap down, alight , 
dismount 


\ 


desiliS, ire, ui, sultus 

desists, ere, stiti, — , desist 
despero, 1 . despair of 


desum, deesse, defui 


. / be wanting, be lacking, 


fail, 140 


dico, ere, dixi, dictus 


deterreo, 2. frighten away, deter, hinder 

1. say, tell 

2. name, call, 161 

differo, ferre, distuli, dilatus ^^^179 

diffidS, ere, fisus, distrust , Semi-dep., 214 

diffundS, ere, fudi, fusus, spread apart, diffuse 

diligS, ere, dilexi, daectus{^™’ (deep]y)i lgl 

dimetior, iri, mensus, measure out 
dimicS, 1 .fight 

discedS, ere, cessi, cessus, go away from, depart 

disco, ere, didici, — , learn, 163 

displiceS, ere, ui, itus, displease 

dispSnS, ere, posui, positus, place here and there 

disto, stare, ( stand apart =), be distant 

dividS, ere, divisi, visus, separate, divide 

do, dare, dedi, datus, give, 177 

doceo, ere, ui, doctus, teach, show, 155 

doleo, 2. 1. suffer pain, 2. grieve 

dominor, ari, atus, be lord and master, domineer 

dono, 1. present, bestow 

dormio, ire, ivi, — , sleep, 169 


dubito, 1 . doubt, be in doubt, hesitate 

duco, ere, duxi, ctus, lead, draw, 161 


E 

edico, ere, xi, ctus, decree, ordain 
educo, ere, xi, ctus, lead out, bring away 

effero, ferre, extuli, elatus{>; 

efficio, ere, feci, fectus, make out, render, 173 
effugio, ere, fugi, — , flee away, escape 
egeo, ere, ui, — , need, want, lack 
egredior, i, gressus, go out, step away 
ejicio, ere, jeci, jectus, cast out, fling out 
eloquor, qui, elocutus, speak out, speak plainly 
emo, ere, emi, emptus, buy, purchase 
emollio, 4. soften, enervate 
eo, ire, ii, ltum, go, 180 
equito, 1. ride 

eripid, ere, ui, reptus, snatch away 
erro, 1. wander, err, 146 
evoco, 1. call out, summon . 
exaudio, 4. hear clearly 

excedo, ere, cessi, sus, go forth, go away, depart 
excipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, withdraw, except 
excito, 1. raise up, erect 

exeo, ire, ii, itus, go out, go beyond, exceed, 181 
exerceo, 2. exercise 

expello, ere, puli, pulsus, drive out, expel 
experior, iri, pertus, try, prove, test 
expleo, ere, plevi, pletus, fill full, fulfil, satisfy 
explico, 1. unfold 

expug no, 1. take by storm, assault, 137 
exspecto, 1. wait for, await 


facio, ere, feci, factus, make, do, 183 


fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus 


f deceive, break promise , 
\ betray, 163 


fateor, eri, fassus, confess, acknowledge 


249 


THE DICTIONARY 


Verb List 


fatigo, are, avi, atus, tire out , weary, fatigue 
faveo, ere, favi, fautus, favor , 198 
ferio, ire, strike, smite 

fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, carry , bring, 178 

fido, ere, fisus sum, trust, Semi-dep., 214 

figo, ere, fixi, fixus, fix 

fid, fieri, factus sum, become, be made, 183 

flagito, 1 . demand 

fleo, ere, flevi, fletus, weep, 153 

floresco, ere, (-floral } I begin to blossom 
v 7 [ begin to flourish 

fluo, ere, fluxi, (fluxus), flow, 162 

fremo, ere, ui, itus, growl, grumble, 171 

fore = futurum esse, to be about to be, 138 

forem = essem, I should be, 138 

forem, fores, foret; for emus, foretis, forent 

fugio, ere, fugi, — , flee, 170 

faro, ere, out of one’s mind, 

v ' [be mad, be crazy 


gaudeo, ere, gavisus rejoice, be glad, Semi-dep., 214 


gero, ere, gessi, gestus 


j carry, carry on. 


[manage, 163 

gesto, 1. bear, wear 

glorior, ari, atus, glory, boast, brag 

gusto, 1. taste 

H 

habeo, 2. have, hold, keep, consider, 153 
horreo, ere, ui, — , shudder 
hortor, 1. urge, exhort, 175 


1 

ignoro, 1 . not to know, be ignorant of 
igndsco, ere, novi, notus, pardon, forgive 
illino, ere, levi, litus, besmear, bedaub 
imitor, ari, atus, imitate, copy after 
immineo, ere, overhang, threaten 


impono, ere, posui, positus 


impended, ere, hang over, impend, threaten 
impero, 1 . govern, be Emperor 

put , place, 
set or lay upon 

incendo, ere, di, sus, set on fire 
incido, ere, cidi, — , fall upon 
incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, begin, 170 
incito, 1. spur on 

incolo, ere, ui, — , 1 . cultivate, 2. inhabit 
incubo, are, ui, itus, brood over 
indico, ere, xi, ctus, declare publicly 
indignor, ari, atus, be indignant, be angry 
ineo, ire, ii, itus, go into, enter, 181 
infero, ferre, tuli, illatus, bring into or against 
influo, ere, fluxi, (fluxus), flow into 
inquit, Def. quoth he, 185 
insequor, qui, cutus, follow up, pursue 
insidior, ari, atus, lie in ambush, lie in wait 
1. determine, resolve 


instituo, ere, ui, utus 


2. train up, instruct 


insto, stare, stiti, — , ( ? ress on fl , 

[hasten forward 

instruo, ere, xi, ctus, draw up 

intego, ere, xi, ctus, cover up 

intellego, 3. understand, comprehend, 161 

intercludo, ere, clusi, clusus j St ° P ’ 

. . . f forbid use of fire and water 

interdico, ere, dm, ctusj =banish 

interest, it interests, it matters, 184 
interficio, ere, feci, fectus, kill, slay 
interpello, 1 . interrupt (by speaking) 
interrogo, 1. ask, interrogate, cross-question 

intervenio, ire, veni, ventas ( in f muM ° S ’ 

[interrupt 

intrdduco, ere, xi, ctus, lead within, bring in 

invenio, ire, veni, ventus ( c ? m f U P 01 }’ 

[find out, invent 

invideo, ere, vidi, visus, envy, be envious of 

invito, 1. invite 

irascor, ci, iratus, be angry 


250 


THE DICTIONARY 


Verb List 


jaceo, 2. lie, lie low, lie neglected 
jubeo, ere, jussi, sus, order, command, 155 
j udico, 1. judge, adjudge, 145 

jungo, ere, junxi, junctus, join, 161 

_ _ f 1 . helv , assist 

]UV0, are, juvr, ]utus{ 2 gmfify 


laboro, 1.1. labor, 2. be in trouble or distress 

lacesso, ere, ivi or ii, Itus, provoke, challenge 
laudo, 1. praise, commend, extol 


lego, ere, leg!, lectus 


1. pick out, select 

2. gather, read 


libero, 1. set free, liberate, extricate 

libet, libuit, impers. it pleases, 184 

licet, licuit, impers. it is lawful, it is allowed, 184 

loco, 1. place 

loquor, qui, cutus, speak, talk , 175 

luceo, ere, xi, — , becomes light, day dawns, 155 

ludo, ere, lusi, lusus, play, 162 

M 

malo, malle, malui, irr. would rather, prefer, 182 

mandb, 1. command 

maneo, ere, mans!, sus, stay, remain 

maturo, 1. ripen, hasten 

... f Def. I remember (w. Acc.), 185 
memmi, isse|j flm m { n df u l 0 f ( w . Gen.), 195 

mergb, ere, si, sus, plunge, sink in, 162 
mico, are, ui, — , gleam, flash, 155 
migro, 1. migrate 

minuo, uere, ui, utus, lessen, diminish, 170 
miror, ari, atus, wonder at, admire, 175 
mitto, ere, misi, missus, send, let go or come 
moneo, 2. advise, warn, 150 

/ bite, seize with 


moideo, ere, momordi, morsus 


1 the teeth, 154 


morior, i (iri), tuus, die, 175 
moror, ari, atus, delay, tarry, linger, 175 
moveo, ere, movi, motus, move, 153 


munio, 4. fortify, 169 
muto, 1. change 


N 


nascor, nasci, natus, be born, take beginning, 175 

navigo, 1. sail, navigate 

neco, 1. put to death 

nego, 1. deny, say No! 145 

nequeo, ire, ivi or ii, be unable, cannot 

nescio, 4. know not, be ignorant of 

no, nare, navi, — , swim, float, 147 

nolo, nolle, nolui, irreg. be unwilling, 182 

nomind, 1 . name 


nosco, ere, novi, notus 


get a knowledge of, 


come to know, 163 
nudo, 1. lay bare, strip of 
numero, 1. count, reckon, number 
nuntio, 1. bring word, report, announce 


_ _ _ . fl. extend (a trench) 

obduco, ere, xi, ctus ’ , 

[ 2. draw (a covering) over 

obeo, ire, ii, itus, go to meet, 181 

obligo, 1. bind up, bandage 

oboe did, 4. hearken, listen to 

observo, 1. heed, observe 

occido, ere, cidi, casus, fall down, fall 

occido, ere, cidi, cisus, cut down, kill, slay 

occulto, 1. hide, conceal, secrete 

occupo, 1. seize, occupy 

odi, Def. hate, 185 

offero, ferre, obtuli, oblatus, offer, present, 179 


Oportet, Uit, Impers. 


it is necessary, 


it behooves, 184 

oppono, ere, posui, itus, set up against, oppose 

• - f crush , overwhelm. 

oppnmo, ere, pressi, pressus { ' 

{ suppress 

oppugno, 1. fight against, attack 
opto, 1. wish for, desire, choose, select 
orior, iri, ortus, rise, arise, spring from, 175 
orb, 1. plead, pray, 145 


251 


THE DICTIONARY 


Verb List 


pando, ere, di, passus, spread out, unfold 
paro, 1. get ready, prepare, provide 

parco, ere< peP t!o C rai fParsurus, spare, 163 
i Anc. parsi j 

pared, 2. 1. appear, 2. obey 
pateo, ere, ui, lie open, be manifest 

patior, pati, passus, suffer, endure, 175 
pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus, beat, drive, push, 163 


perduco, ere, dux!, ductus 


f lead along , 
\ carry along 


pereo, ire, ii, — , go through, perish, vanish, 181 


perficio, ere, feci, fectus 


/ achieve, perfect, 
\complete, 173 


pergo, ere, perrexi, rectus, go on, proceed, 227 
perhorresco, ere, ui, shudder greatly at 


permitto, ere, misi, missus 


f let go through, 

\ permit 

perspicio, ere, spexi, spectus { “ 

pertimesco, ere, ui, fear greatly 
perturbo, 1. disturb, confuse, embarrass 
persuaded, ere, suasi, suasus, persuade, 155 
pervolo, 1. fly over 

- _ - . I come throuqh to, 

pervemo, ire, vem, ventus < y * 

i arrive at 


peto, ere, ivi or ii, itus 


1. rush at, attack 


2. beg, entreat 
placed, 2. please, be pleasing or agreeable to 
placo, 1. reconcile, soothe, appease 

plaudo, ere, plausi, plausus, clap, applaud 
polliceor, eri, itus, promise, 175 
pond, ere, posui, positus, put, place 
populor, ari, atus, lay waste, 175 
posed, ere, poposci, beg earnestly, demand, 163 
posthabeo, ere, ui, itus, hold after, esteem less 
possum, posse, potui, be able, can, 140 
postulo, 1. demand, require, request 


praecedo, ere, cessi, cessus 


f go ahead, outdo, 
\ excel 


praecipito, 1. hurl or rush headlong, precipitate 

praeficio, ere, feci, fectus, put in charge of 
praefor, fari, fatus, predict, prophesy • 
praemitto, ere, misi, missus, send ahead 
praepono, ere, posui, itus, place in command of 
praesto, stare, stiti, — , stand in front 
- / be in charge of, 


praesum, esse, fui w • , , 1/(n 

[be in command of, 140 

praetereo, ire, ii (ivi), itus, go past, pass by, 181 
precor, ari, atus, pray 
premo, ere, press!, pressus, press, suppress 
procedd, ere, cessi, cessus, go forth 

prdcumbo, ere, cubui, — , lf a }lf°J war d> 

’ { sink down 

produed, ere, xi, ctus, lead forward or out 
proficiscor, ci, profectus, set out 

P « 

progredior, gredi, gressus, go forward, advance 
prohibeo, 2. hold back, restrain 
prdmitto, ere, misi, missus, promise 
propero, 1. hasten 

propulso, 1. drive back, ward off, repel 

provided, ere, vidi, visus, look after, provide for 
pugno, 1. fight 

puto, 1. reckon, think, deem, 146 


quaero, ere, quaesivi, situs, inquire, ask for, 171 
quaeso, ere, ivi (ii), beg, beseech (Early Latin) 
queror, queri, questus, complain, lament 


recedo, ere, cessi, cessus, withdraw, retire 
recipio, ere, recepi, ceptus, receive, 173 
reddo, ere, didi, itus, render 
reded, ire, ii, itus, go or come back, return, 181 


252 


THE DICTIONARY 


redintegro, 1. make whole again , restore 

reduco, ere, xi, ctus, lead hack 

J bring hack , give back, 


refero, ferre, rettull, latus 


\ return , 179 


refigo, ere, xi, xus, unfix, unfasten, abolish 

reficio, ere, feci, f ectus ( ma ^ e . an ™> 

[repair, 173 

refulgeo, ere, fulsi, flash back, glitter, glisten 

rego, ere, rexi, rectus, rule, 158 
regno, 1 . reign 

regredior, gredi, gressus, go backward 
religo, 1 . tie back, bind fast 
relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus, leave behind, leave 
remaned, ere, nsi, nsus, stay behind, remain 
remitto, ere, misi, missus, let go, slacken 
repello, ere, reppuli, pulsus, drive back, repel 

_ . f find , procure, 

repeno, ire, reppen, pertus^^ m 

rescindo, ere, scidi, scissus, cut away 
resisto, ere, stiti, — , stand still, withstand 
responded, ere, di, sus, respond, reply 
retineo, ere, ui, tentus, hold fast, retain 
retracto, 1 . draw back, retract 
revenio, ire, veni, ventus, come back, return 
revertor, ti, sus, turn back, return 
rideo, ere, risi, risus, laugh 

TOgO, ask, propose a law, administer an oath, 145 


ruo, ere, rui, -rutus 


1. tumble down, go to ruin 

2. hurry up, rush 


s 


saluto, 1. greet, salute (= wish health to) 

. . /•— \ f 1. have taste or flavor 

sapio, ere, m (n) ( 2 have 

sense, be wise 


scio, 4. know, 169 

scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, write, 162 

_ . _. ( set apart, 

secerno, ere, crevi, cretusj^^ 

sedeo, ere, sedi, sessus, sit 


Verb List 

sentio, ire, sensi, sensus, feel, perceive 

sequor, sequi, secutus, follow 

serpo, ere, serpsi, — , crawl, 162 

servio, ire, ivi (ii), itus, serve (as a slave), 169 

servo, 1 . save, preserve 

sicco, 1. dry, dry up 

sido, ere, sidi, (-sessus), sit down, settle, alight 
sileo, ere, ui, — , be still, be silent, keep still 
sitio, ire, ivi or if, — , thirst, be thirsty 
simulo, 1. feign, pretend 

. _ _ • . [be accustomed , 

soleo, ere, itus sum^.^ 2H 

sollicito, 1 . disturb, solicit 

solvo, ere, vi, utus, 1. loosen, 2. set sail 

somnio, 1 . dream 

specto, 1 . look at, gaze 

sperno, ere, sprevi, spretus, spurn , scorn 

spero, 1. hope 

spiro, 1. breathe 

statuo, ere, ui, utus, decide, determine 

stimulo, 1. goad 

sto, stare, steti, — , stand 

strepo, ere, ui, — , rattle, roar, resound 

strideo, ere, stridi, — , creak 

subdued, ere, duxi, ductus, draw up 

subeo, ire, ii, itus, undergo, 181 

. .. . [throw under, 

subjicio, ere, jeci, 3 ectus ; 

sublevo, 1. lift up, “ weigh ” 
subsequor, qui, cutus, follow close after 
subsisto, ere, substiti, — , stay, stop, halt 
subveho, ere, vexi, vectus, bring up, convey 

[ 1. go or come under 

succedo, ere, cessi, cessus I 2. come after, suc- 

[ ceed 

f run to aid, 

succurro, ere, curn, cursusj mn (o me ’ f 
suffero, ferre, sustuli, sublatus, suffer, 179 
sufflcio, ere, feci, fectus(^l;f CTCTt< ’ 


253 


THE DICTIONARY 


Verb List 


sum, esse, ful, futurus, am, be, 138 
sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptus, take, 162 

- f 1 . rise above , overtop, surpass, 

\ outstrip, overcome 

[rise, arise, 


supero 


[get up, stand up 


surgo, ere, surrexi, rectus 

suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, undertake , 173 
sustineo, ere, ui, tentus, uphold, sustain 


T 


tribud, ere, ui, utus, assign, grant 
triumphd, 1 . triumph 
tueor, eri, itus, (tutus), protect 
tutor, ari, atus, protect, defend 


u 

unguo, ere, nxl, unctus, besmear, anoint 
urged, ere, ursl, push forward, urge 
utor, uti, usus, use, 206 


taceo, 2. be silent, be still 

1. hinder, retard 

2. loiter , delay 

tempto, 1. try 


tardo, 1 . 


tendo, ere, tetendi, tentus 


/ stretch, tighten, 
\ strive, 163 


teneo, ere, ui, tentus 


( hold, keep, 

\ possess , 155 


terreo, 2. frighten , 153 

timed, ere, ui, — , fear, be afraid, 154 

tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatus f i* ^ 

’ ’ ’ ( 2 . remove, 179 

tono, are, ui, — , thunder, 155 

torpeo, ere, be numb, be stiff 

tracto, 1 . drag, haul, handle 

x -j- j. .. \ 1. hand down 

trado, ere, didi, itus 0 , 

[2. surrender 

traduco, ere, duxi, ctus, lead over, bring across 
traho, ere, traxi, tractus, draw, drag, haul, 161 
/ cause to cross, 


trajicio, ere, jeci, jectus 


) throw over 


transcendo, ere, di, sus, climb over 


transeo, ire, ii, itus 


f go or come across, 
\ passover , 181 


transilio, Ire, Ivi, or ui 


/ leap across, 


\jump over 
transporto, 1. carry across, transport 

tremo, ere, ui, quake, tremble 


V 

vaco, 1. be void of, be free from 
valeo, 2. be strong 

veho, ere, vexi, vectus, carry, convey, 161 
vendo, ere, didi, ditus, sell 
venio, Ire, veni, ventus, come, 171 
vereor, eri, itus, fear, be afraid 
vergo, ere, incline , slope, verge 

- - f 1. dwell, abide 

versor, an, atus < 0 ,77 

\2. be engaged or busy with 

verto, ere, ti, sus, turn 

vestio, 4. dress, clothe 

veto, are, ui, itus, forbid, 155 

video, ere, vidi, visus ) Act. see 

videor, eri, visus J Pass, seem, appear 

vincio, ire, nxi, nctus, bind, fetter 

vinco, ere, vici, victus, conquer , 161 

violo, 1 . injure, harm 

vito, 1. shun, avoid 

vivo, ere, vixi, — , live, 161 

voco, 1 . call 

void, velle, volui, irreg. be willing, wish, 182 
void, 1 . fly (as a bird) 

voveo, ere, vovi, votus, vow, promise 

(something solemnly to some deity) 

vulnero, 1 . wound 

254 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


aestus, us, M. the tide 


ab, a, abs, Prep. w. Abi. from, away from, by 

abjectus, a, um, thrown away 
absens, ntis, absent 
absurdus, a, um, unpraiseworthy 
abundans, antis, P. A. P. abounding , 80 
^ • f 1- an d a l so > 129 

ac or atque, Con,.| 2 ^ 

acceptus, a, um, P. P. P. agreeable, 46 
accusator, oris, M. an accuser, a plaintiff 
acer, aeris, acre, sharp, keen, 77 


acies, el, F. 


1. an edge, 2. a battle line, 87 
an army in full battle array 


acriter| Adv - sharply, keenly 

\ acriter, acrius, acerrime 

actus, a, um, P. P. P. done, transacted, 161 


acumen, inis, N. 


1. the sting of an animal , 


2. shrewdness, 3. cunning 
acutus, a, um, sharp, acute, 47 
ad, Prep. w. Acc. to, near, at 
adeo, Adv. thus far 
adhuc, Adv. hitherto 
aditus, us, M. approach 

admirabilis, e, admirable, wonderful, astonishing 
admirator, oris, M. an admirer 
adulescentia, ae, F. early manhood, 141 
advena, ae, C. a stranger, 21 
adventus, us, M. coming, approach, arrival, 85 
adversarius, ii, M. an antagonist, an adversary 
adversus, Prep. w. Acc. against 
aedes, is, F.(? <? r) a temple 

aedificium, ii, N. a building (of any sort) 
aeger, gra, grum, sick, ill, 49 
aegre, Adv. hardly, disagreeably 
aeque, Adv. equally 

aequalis, e, equal with, uniform , contemporary 

aequus, a, um, equal 

aer, aeris, M. the air 

aes, aeris, N. bronze, 39 
aestas, atis, F. summer, 98 
aestivus, a, um, summer, (an Adj.) 


aetas, atis, F. 


( an age, a generation 


1 (the lifetime of man), 63 

aeternus, a, um, eternal (= without beginning or end) 
aether, eris, M. Gr, the ether, (Acc. aethera) 


ager, gri, M. 


1. a field , 32 

2. the open country (opp. to the town) 


agmen, inis, N. 


an army on the march, 
the line of march 
agitatus, a, um, P. P. P. shaken 
alacritas, atis, F. liveliness, alacrity 
alacriter, Adv. briskly, eagerly 
albus, a, um, white (without lustre), pale, 48 
alienus, a, um, another’s, foreign, alien 
alius, Pron. Adj. another, other, 127 


aliquis, aliqua, aliquid 


( Subs, some one, 

\ some thing, 126 


aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, Adj. some, 126 
/ Adv. high, on high; deep, deeply 

\ alte, altius, altissime 

alter, era, erum, the other (one of two), 127 
altitudo, inis, F. 1. height, 2. depth 
altus, a, um, high (up), deep (down), 47, 90 
ambo, ambae, ambo, both, 127 
ambrosia, ae, F. ambrosia (= the food of the gods) 
amice, Adv. in a friendly manner 
amicitia, ae, F. friendship, 30 
amicus, i, M. a friend 
amicus, a, um, friendly, kindly disposed 
a stream (broad, deep, rapid), 
a ritier, 65 
amor, oris, M. love, 56 
amoliusl Adv ‘ more, further, 205 

^ \ ample, amplius, amplissime 

amplus, a, um, ample, spacious 

an . . . an, whether ... or 

anas, atis, F. a duck, 63 

ancilla, ae, F. a maid-servant, a handmaid 

ancora, ae, F. an anchor 
angor, oris, M. anguish 
anguis, is, C. a snake, 110 
angustus, a, um, narrow, 47 


amnis, is, M. 


255 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


anima, ae, F. wind, breath, life 
animal, alis, N. an animal 
animus, i, M. the mind, the soul 
annus, i, M. a year, 98 
anser, eris, M. a goose, 56 
ante, Prep. w. Acc., also Adv. before, 128 
antiquus, a, um, ancient, 47 
antiqui, drum, M. the ancients 
anulus, i, M. a finger ring, a seal-ring 

aper, pri, M. a wild boar 
aperte, openly 

apertus, a, um, P. P. P. open 

apes, is, F. a bee, 65 

apex, icis, M. (the topmost) point, the summit , 58 


appetitus, us, M. 


/ a longing, an appetite, 


\piur. the passions 
approbator, oris, M. an approver 
aptus, a, um, fit, suitable, appropriate, adapted 
apud, Prep. w. Acc. near, at, with, among 
aqua, ae, F. water, 35 
aquila, ae, F. an eagle, 20 
aquarius, a, um, water- (anAdj.) 
aquilo, onis, M. i^ e nor theast wind, 

( (from aqua, water, as it brought rain) 

ara, ae, F. an altar 
arator, oris, M. a plowman 
aratrum, i, N. a plow 

arbiter, tri, M. 1. an eye-witness, 2. an umpire 
arbitratus, us, M. 1. decision, 2. direction 
arbor, oris, F. a tree, 56 
area, ae, F. a chest, a box, a coffer 

/ 1. (intense) heat (of fire), 56 

ardor, ons, M. j 2 hm( (ofpassion) , ardm 

argentarius, ii, M. a banker 
argentum, i, N. silver, 39 
argilla, ae, F. Gr. (potter s) clay 
aridus, a, um, arid, dry, parched, 48 

_ \ for close fighting = sword, axe, 

arma, orum, N. arms\ club 

l for defense = shield, mail, helmet 

arrogantia, ae, F. arrogance, haughtiness 

arc orfic TT nn nril liberal (= activities of freemen) 
ars, arilS, r . an an j 2 . sordid ( = employments of slaves) 

arvum, i, N. a field fit to plow 


arx, arcis, F. the citadel (of a wailed city), 60 
asellus, i, M. the colt of an ass 
aspectus, us, M. sight, appearance 
aspis, idis, F. Gr. an asp, a viper 
ater, atra, atrum, dark, 48 
atque or ac, Conj. and also, 129 
atrium, ii, N. a hall 

auceps, cupis, C. a fowler, a bird-catcher, 60 
auctor, oris, C. an author 
auctoritas, atis, F. authority, influence 
audacia, ae, F. audacity, insolence 
audax, acis, bold, daring, 80 
auditor, oris, M. a hearer, 56 


aura, ae, F. Gr. < f 


1. a (gentle) breeze 


2. a gleam (of light) 
aureus, a, um, golden 
auris, is, F. an ear, 65 
aurum, i, N. gold, 39 

auster, tri, M. the south wind, (the burning hot wind) 
audacter ( Adv - boldly, courageously 

\ audacter, audacius, audacissime 
aut, Conj. or 

aut . . . aut, either ... or 

autem, Conj. on the other hand (postpositive), 129 

auxilium, ii, N. aid, help, assistance , 41 

avaritia, ae, F. greediness, avarice 

avarus, a, um, greedy, covetous 

avide, Adv. eagerly, greedily 

avis, avis, C. a bird, 65 

B 

barbarus, a, um, foreign, barbarian 
beatus, a, um, P. P. P. blessed, happy 
bellicosus, a, um, warlike 
bellum, i, N. war, 41 

bene { Adv- well > 92 

( bene, melius, optime 

beneficium, ii, N. kindness 
benevolentia, ae, F. benevolence, kindness 
benigne, Adv. in a kindly manner, kindly 

benignitas, atis, F. kindness 
benignus, a, um, kind, 46 


256 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


bruma, ae, F. 


bestia, ae, F. a beast 

bestiola, ae, F. a little beast 

bicornis, e, two-horned 

bijugus, a, um, yoked two abreast 

bilis, is, F. the bile 

bis, Numeral Adv. twice, 96 

blande, Adv. flatteringly 

blandus, a, um, flattering , caressing 

bonus, a, umjf 0 ^ ^5 

7 ( bonus, melior, optimus 

bos, bovis, C. an ox, a cow, 68 
bracchium, i, N. the arm 
brassica, ae, F. cabbage 
brevis short, brief, 79 

5 \ brevis, brevior, brevissimus 

brevitas, atis, F. brevity 

1. the shortest day (of the year) 

2. the winter-time 
bubo, onis, F. the horned owl, 107 
bubula, ae, F. beef 

bucina, ae, F. Gr. a trumpet{ “ r s f g d 
bucinator, 5ris, M. a trumpeter 

c 

caecus, a, um, blind 

caedes, is, F. slaughter , 65 

caelebs, ibis, Adj. unmarried; Noun bachelor 

caelestis, e, heavenly, celestial, 79 

caelum, i, N. the sky, the heavens, Heaven, 41 

caeruleus, a, um, (sea or sky) blue, 48 

calamitas, atis, F. disaster, 63 

calamus, i, M. Gr. a reed 

calceus, l, M. a shoe (covering the whole foot) 

callidus, a, um, expert, skilful 

calor, 5ris, M. warmth, Piur. “ heats ,” 56 

calx, calcis, F. the heel 

campus, 1 , M. a (level, open) field, (free for use to all) 
candelabrum, i, N. a candlestick 
candidus, a, um, (snow) white, 49 
canis, is, C. a dog, 65 

cantus, us, M. a song, a singing (of bird or man) 


caritas, atis, F. 


caper, pri, M. a goat 

capillus, l, M. hair (of the head) 

captivus, i, M. a captive, a prisoner (of war), 33 

caput, itis, N. the head, 73 

career, eris, M. a prison, a jail, 56 

1. dearness (in price) 

2. esteem, affection 
carmen, inis, N. a song, a tune, a lay, 70 
carnificina, ae, F. execution, capital punishment 
caro, carnis, F. flesh, 55 

earns, a, um, dear, 46 

casa, ae, F. a hut, 30 

caseus, i, M. cheese 

castellum, i, N. a fort 

castra, orum, N. a camp 

casus, us, M. an event, an accident 

catena, ae, F. a chain • 

causa, ae, F. a cause, a reason 

CaUSa, (Abl.) “ for the sake of” (followed by the Gen. Case) 

cautus, a, um, careful, 46 

celer, eris, ere, swift, 77, 90 

cel^riter { ^.quickly 

^ ( celeriter, celerius, celernme 

cena, ae, F. dinner { 
censor, oris, M. a censor, 56 
census, us, M. the census SliJpro^rty 
centum, Numeral Adj. one hundred, 94 

centurio, onis, 

ceratus, a, um, P. P. P. waxed 
cerebrum, i, N. the brain 
certamen, inis, N. a contest, 70 
certe, certainly 
certus, a, um, certain 

j the neck, especially 


century) 


cervix, vicis, F. 


\ the nape (or back of the neck) 


cervus, i, M. a deer 
ceteri, ae, a, the others, the rest 
cibus, i, M. food 
cinis, eris, M. ashes, 57 
circa, Prep. w. Acc. round, about 

257 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


circiter, Adv. and Prep, about, near, not far from 

circum, Prep. w. Acc. round 

circus, 1 , M. a circus (= an oval race-course) 


cito { Adv. quickly, soon, 93 

\ cito, citius, citissime 

citerior, oris ( on ^is side, hither 

t (citra), citerior, (citimus) 


ClViliS, e, civil (= Of or pertaining to the citizens) 

civis, is, C. a citizen, 65 
civitas, atis, F. the state, 63 
clamor, oris, M. a shout, a loud cry 
clamosus, a, um, noisy, 48 
clarus, a, um, celebrated, famous 
clavus, i, M. the rudder 
clipeus, i, M. a shield 
clivus, i, M. a hill 

cogitatio, 6nis, F. a thinking, thought 
cognatus, i, M. a kinsman, a blood relation 
cognomen, inis, N. a surname (= a family name) 
cohortatid, onis, F. exhortation 
collega, ae, M. a colleague (= an associate in office) 
collis, is, M. a hill, 65 

colloquium, ii, N. a conversation, a conference 

collum, i, N. the neck 

color, 6ris, M. color, tint, 56 

columba, ae, F. a dove, a pigeon 

COma, ae, F. Gr. the hair (of the head, uncombed) 

comes, itis, C. a companion, 63 

commode, Adv. conveniently 

commodum, i, N. a convenience, “ a good thing 

commodus, a, um, 1. complete, 2. convenient 

commotus, a, um, P. P. P. disturbed 


communis, e, common (= for public use) 

compositus, a, um, P. P. P. composed 
concavus, a, um, hollow 
concors, concordis, harmonious, 81 
condicio, onis, F. condition 
conditor, oris, M. the founder 
conjuratio, onis, F. a conspiracy 
conscientia, ae, F. the conscience 
consensus, us, M. unanimous agreement 


1. deliberation, counsel, plan 
consilium, ii, N. \ 2. a deliberative assembly, 

[ a council 

consimilis, e, very similar 
consobrinus, i, M. 


consobrina, ae, F. 


a first cousin 


constantia, ae, F. 1. steadiness, 2. steadfastness 
consuetudo, inis, F. custom , habit 
consul, ulis, M. a consul, 61 
consulto, Adv. designedly, on purpose 
contentus, a, um, contented, satisfied 
continuus, a, um, continuous, successive 
contra, Prep. w. Acc. against, opposite to 
contumelia, ae, F. insult, affront 
conventus, us, M. a meeting , an assembly 
conviva, ae, C. a (table) guest, 21 


I troops 
\ forces 


copia, ae, F. plenty, copiae, arum, F. 

coquus, i, M. a cook 
cor, cordis, N. the heart, 73 
coram, Adv. in their presence, before their eyes 
cornu, us, N. a horn, cornua infima, the hoofs 
corpus, oris, N. a body, 72 
cortex, icis, M. and F. 1. bark, 2. cork 
corvus, i, M. a raven, 107 
cotidianus, a, um, daily 
cotidie, Adv. daily 
eras, Adv. tomorrow 
creber, bra, brum, frequent 
crebro, Adv. often, frequently 
crimen, inis, N. 1. a charge, 2. a crime, 70 
crocodilus, i, M. a crocodile 
crudelitas, atis, F. cruelty 
crus, cruris, N. a leg, 72 
cubiculum, i, N. a bed-chamber 
culina, ae, F. a kitchen 
culpa, ae, F. blame, fault 
cultura, ae, F. cultivation 

1. culture, training 

2. elegance, polish 


cultus, us, M. 


cum, 1. Prep. w. Abi. with, 2. Conj. when, sines 


258 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


cupidus, a, um, desirous, eager 
cupiditas, atis, F. cupidity 
cuprinus, a, um, copper (an Adj.) 
cur, Adv. why 
cura, ae, F. care, 30 
curator, oris, M. a care-taker 
curia, ae, F. the Senate-house 
currens, tis, P. A. P. running 

curriculum, i, N. ( i* a race , r 

’ ’ \2. a race-course, loo 

currus, us, M. a car, a chariot, 156 

cursus, us, M. ( « c ° urse ’ « running 

' ( (on horse, foot, chariot or ship) 

curulis, e, curule (= official) 

custodia, ae, F. 1 . a guard, 2. a guard-house 

cymba, ae, F. Gr. a skiff, (first used by the Phoenicians) 


damnum, i, N. 1 . damage, 2. penalty 

datus, a, um, P. P. P. given, 177 

de, Prep. w. Abl. ( d0W ?’ i° Wn - fr0m ’ 

’ \ about, concerning , 128 

decern, Num. Adj. ten, 94 

decimus, a, um, Ordinal, the tenth 

decorus, a, um, becoming 

dedecus, oris, N. disgrace, dishonor 

defensor, oris, M. a defender. Piur. a garrison 

degener, eris, degenerate, base, 81 

delicatus, a, um, delicate, dainty 

dens, dentis, M. a tooth, 64 

\ superficial, desultory, 

desultonus, a, um( (leaping about, as the vaulters from 
( horse to horse in the Great Circus) 

desuper, Adv. down from above 
detestabilis, e, abominable, detestable 
detrimentum, i, N. damage, detriment 
deus, del, M. a god, 68 
dexter, tra, trum, on the right, 49 
dextra, ae, F. the right hand 

{ created in times of great 
supplanting 6 ai?°other 


officers 


dictus, a, um, P. P. P. said, told, 161 
difficilis, e, difficult, 79 
dies, ei, M. or F. a day, 86 
digitus, i, M. a finger, a toe 
dignus, a, um, worthy 
dilig enter, Adv. attentively 
diligens, entis, diligent, thrifty 
diligentia, ae, F. diligence, carefulness 
dirus, a, um, dreadful 
discessus, us, M. going asunder 
discipulus, I, M. a pupil, a disciple 
discolor, oris, of different colors 
diver sus, a, um, different 
dives, divitis, rich, wealthy, 81 

dives, divitior, divitissimus dis, ditior, ditissimus 

divitiae, arum, F. riches, wealth 
^^fAdv. long, long while 

\ diu, diutius, diutissime 

doctor, oris, M. a teacher 
doctrina, ae, F. learning, erudition 
dolor, oris, M. pain, grief, distress, 56 
dolus, i, M. deceit , trickery 
dominus, i, M. a lord, 37 
domitus, a, um, P. P. P. tame 
domus, us, F. a house, a home, 84 
donee, Conj. until 
donum, i, N. a gift, a present, 41 
dorsum, 1, N. the back (of a beast of burden) 

[Gr. drachma 1 

drachma, drachuma, ae, F.jLat. denarius [>97 

I Eng. 20 cts., j 

draco, onis, M. Gr. a dragon 
dubitatio, onis, F. doubt, hesitation 
dubius, a, um, doubtful 
dulcis, e, sweet (to taste), 79 
dum, Adv. while, until, 129 
duo, duae, duo, Num. Adj. two, 96 
duodecim, Num. Adj. twelve, 94 
duplex, icis, double, 80 
durus, a, um, hard , 47 
dux, ducis, C. a leader, a guide, 58 


259 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


ebur, oris, N. ivory , 112 

ecce! Interj. lo! behold! (here coaes), 128 

efficax, cacis, efficacious, effectual , efficient 

ego, mei, I, of me, 116 

egestas, atis, F. extreme poverty, want 

elatus, a, um, P. P. P. elated, puffed up 


elementum, i, N. 


an element , a rudiment , 
a first principle 


eloquens, entis, P. A. P. eloquent 

eloquentia, ae, F. eloquence 

emax, acis, eager to buy, fond of buying 

en! interj. lo! behold! 

enim, Conj. for, indeed, 129 

enuntiatio, onis, F. declaration, proposition 

eodem, Pron. See idem, eadem, idem, 122 

epistula, ae, F. Gr. a letter 

epulae, arum, F. a feast, a banquet 

eques, itis, M. a horseman , (a cavalry-soldier). 63 

equester, tris, tre, cavalry (an Adj.), 77 

equitatus, us, M. the cavalry , 85 

equus, i, M. a horse, 33 

erga, Prep. w. Acc. 1. over against , 2. towards , 128 
eruptio, onis, F. a sally 
essedarius, ii, M. a chariot-fighter 

, - XT ( the war-chariot Of Gauls and Britons. 

essedum, i, N. < . . , , . . , 

I (two-wheeled and open in front), lob 

etiam, Adv. also, 93 
etsi, Conj. though, although 
ex, e, Prep. w. Abi. out of, from 
examen, inis, N. a swarm (of bees) 
exanimis, e, lifeless 

exemplum, i, N. )a portrait, a pattern, 
exemplar, aris, N. J an example 
exercitus, US, M. an army (in disciplined readiness). 85 
exiguus, a, um, scanty 
expedite! Adv ' readily, promptly 

r { expedite, expeditius, expeditissime 

expers, tis, Adj. destitute of, devoid of 


explorator, oris, M. a scout 
exsilium, ii, N. banishment, exile 
exspectatio, onis, F. expectation 
extra, Adv. and Prep. w. Acc. outside of, 128 


extremus, a, um 


/ extreme, farthest, outermost 

1 ( — ), exterior, extremus 


faber, bri, M. a carpenter 

fabricatus, a, um, P. P. P. made up, constructed 

fabula, ae, F. a story, a tale, 30 

facies, ei, F. face, countenance 

facilis, e, easy, 79, 90 

facile ( Adv - easily, (final e short), 93 

\ facile, facilius, facillime 

facinus, oris, N. a wicked deed, a crime, 72 

f actio, onis, F. a faction, a party 

facultas, atis, F. ability, 63 

falsus, a, um, P. P. P. false 

fama, ae, F. fame, reputation 

fames, is, F. hunger , 65 

famula, ae, F. a maid-servant , 37 

fasciculus, i, M. a small package 

fastidium, ii, N. disgust 

fatum, i, N. fate; Piur. the (three) Fates 

fatuus, a, um, silly, 46 

febris, is, F. a fever 

felicitas, atis, F. good fortune, prosperity 

feliciter, Adv. luckily, happily, successfully 

felis, is, F. a cat, 65 

felix, icis, lucky, fortunate, happy, 80 

fenestra, ae, F. a window 

fera, ae, F. a wild animal 

fere, Adv. almost 

ferreus, a, um, iron-hearted, unfeeling 

ferula ae F ! L ° walking-stick 

’ ’ ' \ 2. a ferule (tor slaves or school-boys) 

ferrum, i, N. iron, (freq.) the sword , 39 
f ertilis (/ g rii7e, fruitful 

(fertilis, fertilior, fertilissimus 

fessus, a, um, tired, weary, 46 
festus, a, um, festive, festal 


260 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


finis, is, M. 


ficus, i, F. a fig tree , a fig , 38 
fidelis, e, faithful, trustworthy 
fideliter, Adv. faithfully 

fides, ei, F. faith, 86 
fidus, a, um, faithful 
filia, ae, F. a daughter ) ^ 
filius, ii, M. a son j 

( the end, limit, 

1 Piur. borders, boundaries 

finitimus, a, um, bordering upon, neighboring 

firmus, a, um, stable , 47 
flavus, a, um, yellow, 48 
fios, floris, M. a flower, 57 
fluctus, us, M. a billow 

__ . . , T ( a river, (word used by Caesar several 

flumen, inis, N. | huodl .; d times) , 70 

fluvius, ii, M. a river, (word little used), 35 

foenum, i, N. hay 

folium, ii, N. a leaf (of a plant), a leaf (of paper) 
fons, fontis, M. a spring, the source, 64 
foras, foris, Adverbs, out of doors, abroad, 93 
forceps, cipis, C. pincers, tongs, 60 
forma, ae, F. form, shape 
formica, ae, F. an ant, 111 

formido, dinis, F « filing fear 

{ 2. a bugbear, a scarecrow 

fors, fortis, F. chance, luck, 64 

forsan, Adv. perhaps, perchance 

forta&se } ‘^ ver ^ s ’ perhaps, (final e short) 

fortis, fortior, fortissimus, strong, brave 
fortiter{ f Ad , v ; hr ™dy 

(fortiter, fortius, fortissime 

fortuna, ae, F. fortune, 102 

f ortunatus, a, um, P. P. P. lucky, fortunate 

fossa, ae, F. a ditch, a trench 

fractus, a, um, P. P. P. broken 

frater, tris, M. a brother 

fraus, fraudis, F. deceit, fraud, cheat 

frenum, i, N. frena, drum, N. a bridle, a bit 

frequens, ntis, frequent, often (an Adj.) 


frequenter, Adv. frequently 

frigidus, a, um, cold, 48 

frigus, oris, N. cold, Piur. “frosts” 

frons, tis, F. forehead, brow, 64 

f ructus, US, M. fruit (of trees, esp.), 84 

fruges, um, F. fruits (of thefieids,as) grains, grapes 

frumentaria res, the commissary department 

frumentum, I, N. grain (harvested), 41 

frustra, Adv. in vain 

fuga, ae, F. flight, fleeing 

f ulgur, uris, N. sheet lightning, 71 

fulmen, inis, N. bolt lightning , (a thunderbolt), 70 

fumus, i, M. smoke 

fumosus, a, um, smoky 

fungus, i, M. a mushroom, 130 

funis, is, M. a rope 

fur, furis, C. a thief 

furor, oris, M. madness 

furtive, Adv. stealthily 


gallina, ae, F. the hen 
gallus, i, M. a cock, a rooster 
gaudium, ii, N. joy, 41 
gelidus, a, um, icy cold, 48 
geminus, a, um, twin (an Adj.) 
generaliter, Adv. generally 
gens, gentis, F. a race, a tribe 
genu, us, N. the knee, 84 
genus, eris, N. a race, a kind, 72 
geometria, ae, F. geometry 
gestus, us, M. attitude, gesture 
glacies, ei, F. ice, 87 
gladius, ii, M. a sword, 42 
glandifer, era, erum, acorn-bearing 
gloria, ae, F. glory, fame, renown 
gramen, inis, N. grass, 70, 131 
grandis, e, big, large, 79 
grando, dinis, F. hail, 55 


261 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


granum, I, N. ( a grain °' wh , ea * ° r barIey 
° [a grape of a cluster 

gratia, ae, F. favor, charm, grace 

gratia, am. for the sake of = causa, 206 

gratus, a, um, pleasing 

graviter Ad y . [heavily, harshly, severely 

6 ’ l graviter, gravius, gravissime 

gratus, ior, issimus, pleasing, grateful, 46 

gravis, e, heavy, weighty 

gravitas, atis, F. 1. weight, 2. dignity, gravity 

gremium, ii, N. the lap 

grex, gregis, M. a flock, a herd, 59 

gubernator, oris, M. a pilot, 148 

gustatus, us, M. the taste 


gymnasium, ii, N. Gr. 


1. a gymnasium 

2. a high-school 


H 

halcyonius, a, um, halcyon, sunshiny 
hasta, ae, F. a spear 
haud, Adv. not 

herba, ae, F. (green) herbage, grass , 133 
hercle! interj. by Hercules ! (an oath) 
herds, edis, C. an heir , an heiress, 62 
heri, Adv. yesterday, 93 

heros, herois, M. Gr. a hero, 76 

hiberna, drum, N. winter quarters 

hibernus, a, um, wintry 

hie, Adv. here 

hie, haec, hoc, this, 120 

hilaris, e, cheerful 

hinc, Adv. hence, 93 

hiems, is, F. winter, 54 

historia, ae, F. Gr. a history 

hodie, Adv. to-day 

homd, inis, C. man, 55 

honeste, Adv. honorably 

honestus, a, um, honorable 

honor, oris, M. honor 

hora, ae, F. an hour, 98 

horridus, a, um, rough, rude, rugged 


hostis, is, C. a (public) enemy , 65 
hue, Adv. hither 

humanitas, atis, 

_ f 1. human 

humanus, a, um| 2 ^ ^ 

humus, i, F. ground 


I 

ibi, Adv. there, in that place 

ibis, is and idis, F. Gr. an ibis, (a “t'S ST 

ideired, Adv. for that reason 

idem, eadem, idem, same, 122 

idoneus, a, um, suitable, convenient 

ignarus, a, um, 1. ignorant, 2. unaware 

ignavus, a, um, lazy, 46 

ignis, is, M. fire, 65 

ignominia, ae, F. a disgrace 

igitur, Conj. therefore, (postpositive), 129 

illiberalis, e, (unworthy of the free-born =) ignoble 

ignobilis, e, unknown, base-born , 78 

ille, ilia, illud, that, 120 

imago, inis, F. an image, a bust, 55 

imber, bris, M. a shower, a rainstorm 

immortalitas, atis, F. immortality 

immensus, a, um, boundless 

immunis, e, (free from taxes), exempt 

immanis, e, immense, enormous 

j- . - >t f a hindrance. 

impediment, i, N.| plur ty haggagg 

imperator, oris, M. the Commander-in-chief, 56 
imperium, ii, N. power, dominion, empire 
imperitus, a, um, inexperienced, not knowing 
impetus, us, M. charge, onset, attack, 85 
impius, a, um, ungodly, irreverent 
improbitas, atis, F. dishonesty, depravity 
improbus, a, um, wicked, ungodly 
imus, a, um Slowest, last 

t interns, inferior, mfimtis or imus 
in, Prep. w. Abi. in, on; w. Acc. into, upon 


262 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng 


incendium, ii, N. a fire, a conflagration 
incolumis, e, unharmed , “safe and sound ” 
incola, ae, M. an inhabitant, 21 
inde, Adv. thence 
index, icis, C. a witness, proof 
inductus, a, um, P. P. P. led on, influenced 
incognitas, a, um, P. P. P. unknown 
inertia, ae, F. unskilfulness, awkwardness 
infans, ntis, (not yet able to speak =) infantile 
infelix, Icis, unfortunate , unhappy 
infirmitas, atis, F. weakness, feebleness 
infra, Adv. and Prep. w. Acc. below , beneath 

• •= x T / 1. character, disposition 

ingemum, 11 , N.j, ^ 

ingens, ntis, huge, vast, 80 

ingenuus, a, um, free-born (= born of free parents) 

inimicus, I, M. a (personal) enemy, a foe, 42 

inimicus, a, um, unfriendly, hostile, injurious 

injuria, ae, F. an injury, a wrong 

injuste, Adv. unjustly 

initium, ii, N. a beginning, 41 

innocentia, ae, F. innocence, integrity 


inscitus, a, um, P. P. P. 


/ unknowing, ignorant, 


\ stupid 
inscius, a, um, unknowing, ignorant of 
insolens, entis, haughty, arrogant, insolent 
insons, ntis, innocent, guiltless 
institutum, I, N. an institution, mode of life 
instrumentum, I, N. an implement, a tool 
intactus, a, um, P. P. P. untouched, uninjured 
integer, gra, grum, unimpaired, fresh, whole, 49 
intemeratus, a, um, undefiled 
inter, Prep. w. Acc. between, among, 128 
interdiu, Adv. during the day, in daytime 


interea 

interim 


Adv. meanwhile, in the meantime 


interior, 6ris( inner - interior 

’ \ (intra), interior, intimus 

intra, Prep. w. Acc. within 
intus, Adv. within, on the inside 
invisus, a, um, P. P. P. hateful, detestable 


invitus, a, um, against one's will, unwilling 
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self, (sometimes =) very, 122 
ipsissimus, a, um, his very own, 123 
ira, ae, F. anger, 30 
iratus, a, um, P. P. P. angered, angry 
is, ea, id, that, this, 122; he, she, it, 118 
iste, ista, istud, that{ { fl™ you) ' „ ,)l20 

l (often said with scorn) ) 

ita, Adv. so 

itaque, Conj. and so 

iter, itineris, N. a journey, a road, 71 


jam, Adv. now, already 

janitor, oris, M. a front door-keeper, a janitor 
janua, ae, F. a front door 
jecur, jecoris, N. the liver, 71 ■ 
jota, iota, ae, F. Gr. (the Greek letter) i 
jucundus, a, um, pleasant, delightful, 47 
judex, icis, C. a judge 
judicium, ii, N. judgment 
jugum, I, N. a yoke 

. tvt [ 1. riaht (by human ideas or custom) 

jus, juris, N. jg. fay, 

(unwritten), 72 

jusjurandum, i, N. an oath, 68 
jussus, us, M. order, command 
justus, a, um, just, fair, right , 46 
juvenca, ae, F. a heifer 
juvenis, is, C. a youth, 65 
juventus, litis, F. youth, youthfulness, 63 
juxta, Prep. w. Acc. near to, hard by, 128 


labor, oris, M. labor, toil, 56 

lac, lactis, N. milk 

lacrima, ae, F. a tear 

lac us, us, M. a lake, 84 

laetus, a, um, glad, gay, joyous, rejoicing 

laevus, a, um, on the left 

lampas, adis, F. Gr. a torch, 62 


263 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


lapis, idis, M. a stone, 62 

large, Adv. largely, plentifully, liberally 

/ Adv. widely, broadly 

\ late, latius, latissime 

latro, onis, M. a bandit, 55 

latus, eris, N. a side, flank 

laudabilis, e, praiseworthy 

laurus, i and laurus, us, F. the laurel, 132 

laus, laudis, F. praise, 62 

lectica, ae, F. a palanquin, 156 

lectus, I, M. a couch, a bed 

legatio, onis, F. an embassy 

- Ti/r / 1- an ambassador 

legatus, l, M.| 2 a n eutenant 

legio, onis, F. a legion, (between 4200 and 6000 men), 55 

lenis, e, mild, gentle, 79 

leo, onis, M. a lion 

lepus, oris, M. a hare, 57 

levis, e, light (in weight), fickle, 79 

levitas, atis, F. lightness, fickleness, shallowness 

lex, legis, F. law (written) 59 

liber, bri, M. 1. the inner bark (of a tree), 2. a book 

liber, era, erum, free, 49 

libertas, atis, F. freedom, 63 

liberi, orum, C. the children, 37 

libra, ae, F. a (Roman) pound (of 12 oz.) 

lictor, oris, M. a lictor, 61 

ligneus, a, um, wooden 

limus, i, M. mud, mire 

lingua, ae, F. a tongue, a language 

linter, tris, F. a skiff 

littera, ae, F. a letter (of the alphabet), 30 

litterae, arum, F. letters, literature 

litus, oris, N. the sea-shore 

locus, i, M. a place, a spot, 33 

longe ( Adv ‘ by far, 205 

( longe, longius, longissime 

loquens, tis, P. A. P. speaking 
longus, a, um, long, far 
lora, drum, N. the reins, 156 
lucifugus, a, um, light-shunning 


lUCUS, i, M. a grove (of trees sacred to some deity) 


ludus, i, M. 


[ a play, a game 
\ Piur. public games 


lumen, inis, N. a light 

luna, ae, F. the moon 

lunaris, e, lunar ( = pertaining to the moon) 

lupus, i, M. a wolf 

luscinia, ae, F. the nightingale 

lutum, i, N. mud, mire 

lux, lucis, F. light 

lychnus, i, M. Gr. a lamp 


M 

maeror, oris, M.l , . , 

maestitia, ae, F . [ sadnes *’ sorrow > 
magis, Adv. more (in degree), 92 
magister, tri, M. a master, 37 
magnitudo, inis, F. greatness, vastness, size 
magnopere, Adv. with all one’s heart, earnestly 

magnus, a, um(^ 47 .. 

077 [ magnus, major, maxunus 


majestas, atis, F. 


1. grandeur, 2. sovereignty. 


3. high treason 
majores, um, C. ancestors 
maledictum, i, N. an abusive word, a curse 
malignus, a, um, evil natured, 46 
malum, i, N. an apple, 38 
malum, i, N. an evil 
malus, a, um, bad, ill, evil , 46 
malus, i, F. an apple tree, 38 
mandatum, i, a command, a commission 
mane, Adv. in the morning, 98 


manes, ium, M. 


the shades, the spirits 
of the dead, 102, 103 


manus, us, F. the hand, 84 

mare, is, N. the sea 

marinus, a, um, marine, sea- (as an Adj.) 

maritimus, a, um, of the sea, on the sea, seacoast- 

maritus, a, um, married 
marmor, oris, N. marble, 71 
mas, maris, M. a male, 57 


264 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


mater, tris, F. a mother , 56 
matrimonium, ii, N. marriage 
matrona, ae, F. (orig. a married woman), a lady 
maturus, a, um, ripe, 47 

mausoleum, i, N. ( the of king M » us61 “ s - 

{ one of the seven wonders of the world 

maxime, Ad v . especially, most of all, 92 
maximus, a, um, greatest, very great, 91 
medicus, I, M. a doctor, a physician 
medius, a, um, in the middle, mid- 
medulla, ae, F. the marrow 
mel, mellis, N. honey, 70 
melior, oris { better, 91 

( bonus, melior, optimus 

memor, oris, Adj. mindful of, 194 
memoria, ae, F. memory 
mendicus, I, M. a beggar, 42 
mens, tis, F. the mind, 64 
mensa, ae, F. a table 
meridianus, a, um, midday, noon 
mensis, is, M. a month, 65, 98 
mercator, oris, M. a merchant 
merito, Adv. deservedly 
metus, us, M. dread, alarm, 85 
miles, itis, C. a soldier, 63 
militaris, e, military 

militia, ae, F. 1 . military service, 2. soldiery 
mille, Num. Adj. one thousand, 96 


minae, arum, F. threats 

minime^ Adv ‘ ^ eas ^ °f no ^ 92» 93 

\ parum, minus, minim e 


minimus, a, um 


/ least, smallest, 91 

\ parvus, minor, minimus 


modice, Adv. modestly 

modo, Adv. only 

modus, i, M. manner, method 

moenia, ium, N. the city walls, 60 

moles, is, F. (a huge, heavy, mighty) maSS 


molestia, ae, F. trouble 

molestus, a, um, troublesome, disagreeable 

mollis, e, soft, 79 

mons, tis, M. a mountain, 64 

morbus, i, M. disease 

mors, tis, F. death 

morsus, us, M. a biting 

mortuus, a, um, dead 

- • tv/t / a manner, a custom 
mos, mons, M.| p]ur momls> -- 

motus, a, um, P. P. P. moved, troubled 

motus, us, M. a motion, a movement 

mox, Adv. soon , presently 

mulier, eris, F. woman, wife, 139 

multitudo, inis, F. a great number, a multitude 

multum, Adv. much, very, far 

multo, Adv. by far 

rnultus, a, um, much, many 

mulus, i, M. a mule 

mundus, i, M. 1 . the Universe, 2. the World 

munimentum, i, N. a fortification 

munitus, a, um, P. P. P. fortified 

munus, eris, N. 1. a service, 2. a gift, 72 

mureX, ids, M. purple , (the juice of the cuttle-fish), 109 

murus, I, M. a wall 

mus, muris, M. a mouse, a rat, 57 


minor, minoris, Adj. Comp, less, smaller, 91 

minus, Adv. less,. 92, 205 

mirus, a, um, wonderful, marvellous 

miser, era, um, wretched, miserable, 49 

miseria, ae, F. misery, trouble 

missus, a, um, P. P. P. sent 

mitis, e, mild, 79 

modeste, Adv. discreetly 

modestia, ae, F. 1 . modesty, 2. discretion 


N 

natus, i, M. a son 
natio, onis, F. a nation, 55 
natura, ae, F. nature 
navigium, ii, N. boat, smack 
navis, is, F. a ship 

navis longa, F. a ship of war, a galley 
ne, Adv. 1. not, 2. lest (= that not) 



Lat.-Eng. 


THE DICTIONARY 


fin direct questions, asks information , 191 
-ne, (enclitic) l . . . , /, OQ r 

I in indirect questions, Whether, ZoO 

neque f Conj. and not 

or neC \ neque . . . neque, nec . . . nec, neither . . . nor 

necessarius, a, um, necessary, indispensable 
necesse, Neutr. Adj. necessary, (finale short) 
necessities, atis, F. necessity 
nectar, aris, N. nectar, (the drink of the gods) 
negotium, ii, N. business, occupation 
nem5, inis, C. no man, nobody, 55 
nemus, oris, N. a grove (consecrated to some deity) 
nequam, indci. worthless, naughty, 93 
niger, gra, grum, (glossy) black, 48 

nihil, contract. nil) 

nihilum, i, N. ) g 
nisi, Conj. unless 
nix, nivis, F. snow 
nobilis, J high-born, noble, 78 

l nobilis, nobilior, nobilissimus 

nobilitas, atis, F. nobility 
noctu, Adv. by night 

nocturnus, a, um, night (an Adj.), nightly 
nodus, i, M. a knot 

n5men, nominis, N. 1. a name, 2. a noun, 70 
nominatim, Adv. by name 
non, Adv. not, 93 

nonne, (expects the answer) yes! 139, 191 
nonnullus, a, um, some (one), 127 
non solum . . sed etiam, not only . . but also 
nonus, a, um, Ordinal, ninth, 94 

noster, tra, trum, our, ours 1 ^ 
nostri, orum, M. ours (- our men) J ’ 

nota, ae, F. a mark, a note 

notus, a, um, P. P. P. known 

novem, Num. Adj. nine, 94 

novitas, atis, F. newness, strangeness, novelty 

novus, a, um, new 
nox, noctis, F. night, 63 
noxius, a, um, hurtful 
nudus, a, um, naked, bare 


nullus, nulla, nullum, none , no, 127 
num, (expects the answer) No! 139, 191 

. . AT f 1. a nod, a divine command 
numen, ims, N.j 2 fhe ^ fl/ fhe gQ(k 

numerus, i, M. a number, 33 

nummUS, I, M. a coin, (piece of money of different values) 

nunc, Adv. just now, 93 

numquam, Adv. never 

nusquam, Adv. nowhere 

nuntius, ii, M. a messenger, a courier 

nuper, Adv. lately, recently, 93 

nutus, nutus, M. a nod 

nux, nucis, F. a nut, 58 

nympha, ae, F. Gr. a nymph 


obscenus, a, um, disgusting 
obscurus, a, um, obscure 
obses, idis, C. a hostage, 62 
obvius, a, um, in the way, so as to meet 
occasus, us, M. going down, setting 
occultatio, onis, F. hiding 
octo, Num. Adj. eight, 94 

octophoron, i, N. Gr. ( a l f ka horm by eight 
{ bearers 

oculus, i, M. an eye, 33 
odiosus, a, um, hateful , 47 
odium, ii, N. hate, hatred, 41 
offa, ae, F. a bite, a bit, a morsel 
officium, ii, N. 1. a duty, 2. an office 
oleum, ii, N. oil, 38 
olus or holus, eris, N. vegetables 

olim Adv./ 1 ' once, formerly, long ago, 

’ \ 2. one day, in the future , hereafter, 93 

oliva, ae, F. an olive 

omen, inis, N. an omen, a token (of the future) 
omnino, Adv. altogether, all in all, 93 
omnis, e, all, every, 79 
onus, eris, N. a load, a burden, 72 
onustus, a, um, loaded, laden 


206 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng 


opera, ae, F. pains , work, da operam ! j s , 

oppidum, I, N. a town ( wailed ), 60 
opportunus, a, um, suitable, opportune 
opes, opum, F. resources, wealth, 60 
optatus, a, um, P. P. P. wished for, desired 
( 1. a work. 72 

opus, ens, N. < 0 ... ... 

(2. a need (= a thing needed) 
oraculum, i, N. an oracle 
oratio, onis, F. a speech, an oration 
orator, oris, M. an orator 
orbis, is, M. a ring, a circle, 65 
ord5, inis, M. a row, a rank, a line f°battte array) 


.. /P. A. P. rising, 175 
onens, ntis | (a Noun) M the E(M 

origo, inis, F. earliest beginning, source, origin 

ortus, us, M. a rising 

os, ossis, N. a bone, 72 

os, oris, N. the mouth, 72 

ostium, ii, N. a door 

otiosus, a, um, at leisure , at ease, (an Adj.) 

otium, ii, N. ease, rest, leisure 

ovile, is, N. a sheepfold 


pabulum, i, N. food, fodder 

paene, Adv. almost, nearly, 93 

pagina, ae, F. a page 

palam, Adv. openly, publicly 

palatum, l, N. the palate (— the organ of taste) 

palus, udis, F. a bog, a swamp, 62 

palma, ae, F. the palm, the prize 

panis, is, M. bread 

papyrus, i, M. and F. papyrus, 8 

par, paris, C. an equal, 81 


parasitus, i, M. Gr. 


a guest, a sponger , 
a parasite 


parens, tis, C. a parent 
paratus, a, um, P. P. P. prepared 
pariter, Adv. equally, in like manner 


pars, partis, F. a part, party, side, 64 
parsimonia, ae, F. thrift, frugality 
particeps, cipis, sharing, participant, 81 
parvus, a, um, small, little, 47, 97, 205 
pascuum, i, N. a pasture 
passus, a, um, P. P. P. outstretched 
passus, US, M. a pace (= five Homan feet) 
pastor, oris, M. a shepherd 
pastus, us, M. pasturing, feeding 
paupertas, atis, F. poverty 
pater, tris, M. a father 
patens, entis, P. A. P. open 
patiens, entis, P. A. P. suffering, enduring 
patienter, Adv. patiently 
patria, ae, F. the fatherland, 23 
paucus, a, um, few, 47 
paulisper, Adv. for a little while 
paulo, Adv. by a little, a little 
paululus, a, um, very little, very small 
paulum, Adv. a little 
pauper, peris, poor (an Adj.), 81 
pavor, oris, M. anxiety 
pax, pads, F. peace, 58 
pectus, oris, N. the breast , 72 
pecunia, ae, F. money, 30 
pecus, oris, N. a herd, a flock, 72 
pedes, itis, M. a foot-soldier 
peditatus, us, M. the infantry, 85 

p e j or, p e j us { worse > 1 

J J ( malus, pejor, pessimus 

pellis, is, F. a skin, a hide, a pelt 

penates, ium, M. the Penates, 102, 103 

penna, ae, F. a feather, Piur. pennae, a wing 

per, Prep. w. Acc. through, over 

perdix, dicis, C. Gr. a partridge 

perfacilis, e, very easy 

perennis, e, lasting, enduring, (per-annus) 

perfidia, ae, F. treachery 

perpaucus, a, um, very few 

periculosus, a, um, dangerous, perilous , 48 

periculum, i, N. danger, peril, 41 

267 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


peritus, a, um, skilful, skilled 


permixtus, a, um, P. P. P. 


/ mingled together, 


\ mixed up 
permultum, Adv. very much, very many 

perpaucus, a, um, very few 
perpetuo, Adv. constantly, perpetually 
perpetuus, a, um, continued 
persaepe, Adv. very often 
persicum, i, N. a peach, 38 

- . f 1. very tenacious 
pe nax, acis ^ obstinate, stubborn 

perturbatio, onis, F. confusion, disturbance 

pes, pedis, M. foot, 62 

philosophus, i, M. Gr. a philosopher, 42 

philosophia, ae, F. Gr. philosophy 

pica, ae, F. the magpie 

pictor, oris, M. a painter 

pictus, a, um, P. P. P. painted, colored 

piger, gra, grum, slothful, 49 

pila, ae, F. 1 . a ball, 2. the game of ball 

pinguis, e, fat 

pinus, us or i, F. the pine-tree, 132 
piscator, oris, M. a fisherman , 109 
piscatorius, a, um, 1 . piscatorial, 2. fishing 
piscis, is, M. a fish, 65 

pix, picis, F. pitch. (The pine tree gave pitch and resin) 

placidus, a, um, gentle 

planus, a, um, level, flat 

plaustrum, I, N. a wagon 

plebeius, a, um, plebeian 

plebs, plebis, F. the common people, 60 

plenus, a, um, full, 47 

plerusque, aque, umque, very many, a great part 
plerumque, Adv. for the most part 
plumbum, I, N. lead, 39 
plus, pluris, more. Piur. many, 78,91,205 
plus quam, more than, 78 

plurimus, a, um 91 
pluvia, ae, F. rain 


poculum, I, N. a cup, a goblet 

poena, ae, F. Gr. punishment 

pdmum, I, N. fruit (of any kind), 38 

pondus, eris, N. a weight, a pound 

pons, pontis, M. a bridge, 64 

pontus, I, M. Gr. the sea (favorite word of poets) 

populus, i, M. { J; ^People (of Rome), 34 • 

porcina, ae, F. pork 

porta, ae, F. a gate 

portus, us, M. a port, a harbor, 84 

possessio, onis, F. possession 

posted d AdT d PreP } a ft erwar( ^ s > a ft er 
posterus, a, um l a f ter > following, next 

F ’ 1 posterus, posterior, postremus 

postremo, Adv. at last, finally, last of all 

postridie, Adv. on the day after, (= next day > 

potens, ntis, powerful 

potentia, ae, F. power 

potestas, atis, F. power, 63 

potius, Adv. rather, more 

praeceptor, oris, M. an instructor 

praeceptum, I, N. precept, maxim 

praecipue, Adv. especially 

praecipuus, a, um, chief, foremost, principal 

praecd, onis, M. a crier, an auctioneer 

praeconium, ii, N. the office of public crier 

praeda, ae, F. booty, spoil, plunder 

praedo, onis, M. a plunderer, a robber 

praelucens, entis, P. A. P. lighting the way ahead 

praemium, ii, N. a reward 

praesidium, ii, N. a guard, a garrison 

praestabilis, e, excellent 

praestans, antis { P* P- ex oellent 

(.praestans, praestantior, praestantissimus- 
praeter, Adv. and Prep. w. Acc. beyond, past or by 


praeterea, Adv. 


1. beyond, 2. besides, 


3. henceforth, hereafter 

praeterquam, Adv. except 

praeteritus, a, um, P. P. P. gone by, gone past 


268 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


praetor, oris, M. a praetor (= a supreme judge) 
praetura, ae, F. a praetorship (= or °® dge) a praetor 
prandium, ii, N. breakfast {ft 
pravus, a, um, crooked, perverse , vicious 

preces, um, F. prayers, 58 
pretium, ii, N. price 

primo, Adv. at first, firstly, for the first time 
primus, a, U m(° rdi, ' al ’/ rrf -. 94 

( (prae), prior, primus 

princeps, cipis, M. a chief, 60 
principium, ii, N. a beginning 
piiSCUS, a, Um, primitive (before our time) 
pristinus, a, um, pristine (though in our day), 47 
prius, Adv. sooner. priusquam {^{nert 
privatus, a, um, private 

( before, for, on behalf of, 

\ instead of, according to 

probitas, atis, F. honesty 
probus, a, um, upright , honest 
proconsul, ulis, M. a proconsul ( “ 
proelium, ii, N. a battle, a combat 


pro, Prep. w. Abl. • 


prope 


profestus, a, um ( non-festive, not holiday , 

( (= working days) 

profectio, onis, F. setting out, departure 
profecto, Adv. indeed, really 
pronus, a, um, prone 

j Adv. and Prep, near, nigh, almost, 128 
prope, propius, proxime, 92 

propior, ius( Gen - 5ris ’ Adi - Comp - nearer 

r r ’ { ( — ), propior, proximus 

propositum, i, N. a plan, a purpose 
proprius, a, um, one’s own, peculiar, special 

1. near 

2. on account of 
propterea, Adv. on that account, because 
prosperus, a, um, favorable, prosperous 

a proverb, a maxim, 
an old saying 
providus, a, um, foreseeing, provident 

a province: a country conquered by 
Rome, then put in charge of an ex- 
consul as governor 


propter, Adv. and. Prep. w. Acc. 


proverbium, ii, N. 


prdvincia, ae, F. 

proximo, Adv. very lately 


proximus, a, um(^ ar ^ next 

l ( — )» propior, proximus 

pruina, ae, F. (white) frost 

public e, Adv. openly, publicly 

publicum, i, N. a public place (= the street) 

pudor, oris, M. 1 . shyness, modesty, 2. shame 

pugna, ae, F. a battle, an engagement 

puer, pueri, M. a boy, 32 

pueritia, ae, F. boyhood, childhood, 139 

pugil, pugilis, M. a boxer, 54 

pulcher ( beautiful, 90 

( pulcher, pulchrior, pulcherrimus 

pullus, i, M. a chicken 

pulpitum, i, N. a platform, a pulpit, a stage 

pulsus, a, um, P. P. P. beaten 

pulsus, us, M. the pulse 

pulvis, eris, M. (rarely) F. dust, 57 

puppis, is, F. the stern (of a ship) 

purus, a, um, clean, pure, clear, 47 

puteus, ii, M. a well 


quadrupes, pedis, M. F. N. a quadruped, 81 
quaestio, onis, F. an investigation 
qualis, e, Pron. Adj. such as 
quam, Adv. than, how, as 
quamobrem, Adv. from which cause, wherefore 
quando, Adv. andConj. when, since 
quantum, Adv. as much as 
quare, Adv. wherefore 
quartus, a, um, Ordinal, fourth, 94 
quattuor, Num. Adj. four, 94 
quasi, Adv. just as if, as though, as it were 
-que, (enclitic), Conj. and, 129 
quemadmodum, Adv. in what manner, how 
quercus, us, F. the oak, 132 
qui, quae, quod, Rei. Pron. who, which, 124 
quia, Conj. because 

quicumque, quaecumque, f whoever, 1 
quodcumque \ whatever, J 

quid? Adverbial Acc. what for f wherefore? why? 660 

269 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


quldam, quaedam, quiddam, certain, 126 

quidem, Adv. indeed, ne quidem, not even 

quids, etis, F. rest, repose, quiet, 63 

quin, Conj. but that 

quinque, Num. Adj. five, 94 

quinquiens, Num. Adv. five times, 96 

quintus, a, um, Ordinal fifth, 94 

quis? quis? quid? Pron. interrog. who? whatf 124 

quis, quis, quid, Pron. indef. anyone , anything, 126 

quisque, quaeque, quidque, each, every, 126 

auisauam auisauam ,quicquam 1 an V hod y> 
quisquam, qmsquam j quidquam j anythirig> m 

qu5, Adv. 1. whither, where, 2. in order that 

quoad, Adv. how far, as far as 

quod, Conj. because, 129 

qudminus, Conj. that not 

quoniam, Adv. when now, since now 

quoque, Adv. also 

quousque, Adv. how long 

quotannis, Adv. yearly, annually 

quotiens, how often, as often as, 93 


radix, Icis, F. a root, 58 
ramus, I, M. a bough, a branch 
rana, ae, F. a frog 

raptus, a, um, P. P. P. stolen, carried off 

rarus, a, um, thin 

ratis, is, F. a raft (made of logs) 

ratio, onis, F. reason, 55 

/P. A. P. going away, 
recedens, entis< ... * * yy 

( retiring (to rest) 
recte, Adv. rightly, correctly 
rectum, I, N. the right, uprightness 
rectus, a, um, P. P. P. straight ( asaline ){ o^vertS 
reditio, onis, F. returning 
regalis, e, royal, regal 
regina, ae, F. a queen 
regib, onis, F. a region 
regnum, I, N. reign, kingdom, 32 


relictus, a, um, P. P. P. left behind 


religio, onis, F. 


/ reverence for the gods, 
\ piety, religion 


reliquus, a, um, remaining 
remex, igis, M. a rower, (remus-ago) 
rembtus, a, um, P. P. P. removed, remote 
remus, I, M. an oar 

repentino 1 AdverbSj suddenly 

repente j * 

res, rel, F. a thing, affair , circumstance, 86 

responded, ere, di, sponsus, reply, respond 

respublica, reipublicae, F. the commonwealth, 86 

restis, is, F. a rope 

reus, rel, M. a defendant, a prisoner 

rex, regis, M. a king, 61 

rhetor, oris, M. Gr. an orator 

ripa, ae, F. the bank (of a river) 

robur, oris, N. (a very hard) oak, vigor, strength, 71 

rosa, ae, F. a rose 


/ 1. the prow or beak of a ship 
’ ^'\ 2 . i) 


rostrum, i, o ^ e speaker’s stage in the Forum 

rota, ae, F. a wheel 
ruber, bra, brum, red, 48 
rupes, is, F. a steep rock, a crag, a cliff, 65 
rursus, rursum, Adverbs, backwards 
rus, ruris, N. the country, 72 
rusticus, i, M. a countryman, a peasant 
rusticus, a, um, country (an Adj.) 


sacer, ra, rum, sacred, 49 

sacramentum, I, N. an oath 

sacratus, a, um, P. P. P. made sacred, hallowed 

sacrificium, ii, N. a sacrifice 

sacrum, I, N. (a sacred place or thing =) / 

' \ a sacrifice 

saepe, Adv. often, 93 

saevus, a, um, savage 
sagax, acis, shrewd, 80 
sagitta, ae, F. an arrow 
sal, salis, M. 1. salt, 2. wit, 54 


270 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


salsus, a, um, salt, (an Adj.) 

salus, utis, F. health, safety , 63 

salutaris, e, healthful, wholesome, beneficial 

salvus, a, um, safe 
sanatio, onis, F. healing, curing 
sanctus, a, um, P. P. P. regarded sacred 
sanguis, inis, M. blood, 55 
sanitas, atis, F. health 

sanus, a, um, sane, sound in mind or body, 46 

. . f Noun a wise man , a philosopher 

sapiens, entis< ... -u 

[Adj. wise, sensible 

sapientia, ae, F. wisdom 
sapienter, Adv. wisely, sensibly 
. ( Adj. indci. enough, sufficient 
| Adv. enough, sufficiently 

saxum, I, N. a rock, 39 

scelus, eris, N. wickedness, sin, 72 

schola, ae, F. Gr. 1 . leisure, 2. a school 

scientia, ae, F. knowledge 

scilicet, Adv. verily, surely, certainly 

scopulus, I, M. a cliff, a crag, a ledge of rock 

scriba, ae, F. a scribe, 21 

scriptor, oris, M. writer, (= 1. a secretary, 2. an author) 
scriptum, i, N. a writing, (= a book, “a work”) 

scriptus, a, um, P. P. P. written 
scutum, l, N. a shield 
se, himself, themselves, 117 
secundus, a, um, Ordinal, second, 94 
secus, Adv. otherwise 
sed, Conj. but 

sedes, is, F. a seat, a foundation, 65 
sedile, is, N. a seat, a bench, a chair 
seges, segetis, F. a (growing) crop, 63 
sella, ae, F. a chair 
semel, Num. Adv. once, 96 
semper, Adv. always, ever, 93 
sempiternus, a, um, everlasting, eternal 
senator, oris, M. a senator { 
senatdrius, a, um, senatorial 
senatus, us, M. the Senate 


septentriones, um, M. 


senectus, utis, F. old age, 63 
senex, senis, C. an old man or woman, 68 
sensus, us, M. a sense, perception, discretion 
sententia, ae, F. 1. an opinion, 2. a decision 
the Seven Stars of the 
Great Dipper, the North 
septem, Num. Adj. indci. seven, 94 
serenus, a, um, clear, serene 
sermo, onis, M. conversation, 55 
serpens, ntis, F. a serpent, 110 
serus, a, um, late 

servitus, utis, F. slavery, serfdom, 63 

servus, i, M. a slave, 37 

severitas, atis, F. sternness 

sex, Num. Adj. six, 94 

si, Conj. if 

sic, Adv. so, thus 

siccus, a, um, dry, thirsty 

sicut, Adv. just as, so as 

signum, i, N. a sign, ensign, banner, standard 

silentium, ii, N. a stillness, a silence 

silva, ae, F. the woods 

similis, e, like, similar, 79, 90 

similiter, Adv. in like manner, similarly 

simius, ii, M, \ 
simia, ae, F. J ^ 

- -vr f 1. a likeness, a phantom 

simulacrum, l, N. < 0 . , ' " 

’ [2. a statue, an image 

simulatio, onis, F. pretence 

sinapismus, i, M. a mustard plaster or poultice 

sincerus, a, um, pure, unmixed, “straight” 

singuli, ae, a, one to each, single 

sine, Prep. w. Abi. without 

singularis, e, singular, remarkable 

. _ r la fold (of the toga about the breast), 

sums, us, M.| ( ^ bQsom 

sinister, tra, trum, on the left, 49 

sitis, is, F. thirst, 65 

socius, ii, M. a fellow, a partner, an ally 

sol, solis, M. the sun, 54 

solacium, ii, N. comfort, relief, solace 


271 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


solea, ae, F. a sandal, (a iS^; ied on by a strap over the 

sollicitudo, dinis, F. anxiety 
solium, ii, N. a throne 
sollemnis, e, solemn , religious 
solum, Adv. only , merely 
solus, a, um, alone , only , 127 
somnium, ii, N. a dream 
somnus, i, M. sleep 
sonitus, us, M. sound 
soporifer, fera, ferum, sleep-bringing 
soror, oris, F. a sister 

X T f 1. space , distance, 

^ \ 2. space of time, interval 

species, el, F. appearance 
speculatorium navigium, a spy-boat 
speratus, a, um, P. P. P. hoped for 
spes, spei, F. hope, 86 
spina, ae, F. 1. a thorn, 2. a backbone 
spiritus, US, M. a breath. (In very late Latin) 
splendidus, a, um, bright 
sponte, Abi. willingly, voluntarily 
stadium, ii, N. Gr. a stadium, a race-course 

(nearly Y% of an Eng. mile) 

statua, ae, F. a statue, a statuette 
statim, Adv. immediately 

Stella, ae, F. a star 

stilus, i, M. Gr. a style = {& »££}, 8 
stirps, pis, F. stock, race 
strix, strigis, F. Gr. a screech owl, 107 
studiosus, a, um, zealous, fond of, studious 
studium, ii, N. 1. zeal, 2. Piur. studies, pursuits 
stulte, Adv. foolishly 
suasor, oris, M. a persuader 
suavis, e, sweet (to smell), dainty, 79 

u „ f w - Acc - under, below, beneath \ , oc 

sub, Prep. | w AbI under ’ at theJool of 1 128 

subito, Adv. suddenly 
sublimis, e, lofty, sublime, 79 
subsidium, ii, N. a reserve, a relief 


{ superus, superior < 

supplicatio, onis, F. 


suetus, a, um, P. P. P loomed wont. 

[used, habituated 

sulcus, i, M. a furrow, a (small narrow) ditch 

? xt I the highest welfare, 

\ the greatest good 
t> / w - Acc - over, above 1 t 

P » rep ' | w . Abi. about, above J 

superbus, a, um, proud, haughty 

superus, a, um( above ’ u PP er ’ higher; ^former 

1 ' supremus 

summus 

a day for prayer, 
or for thanksgiving 
supplicium, ii, N. punishment 
SUpra, Adv. and Prep. w. Acc. above, OVer 
sus, suis, C. a swine, 68 
suspicio, onis, F. suspicion 
susurrus, i, M. a whispering 
suus, sua, suum, his own, their own, 115 


tabula, ae, F. a tablet (for writing upon) 
tacitus, a, um, P. P. P. silent 
talentum, i, N. Gr. a talent (of gold), 39 
talus, i, M. a knuckle-bone, a die 
tam, Adv. so 

tamen, Conj. nevertheless, 129 

tamquam, Adv just as 

tandem, Adv. at length, at last, finally 

tantus, a, um, so much, so great 

taurus, i, M. a bull 

tectum, i, N. 1 .a roof, 2. a house 

telum, i, N. (a weapon for fighting afar) = dart, javelin 

tellus, uris, F. earth, the Earth, 57 

temere, Adv. rashly 

temperantia, ae, F. moderation 

tempestas, atis, a storm, the weather, 63 

tenebrae, arum, F. shades, black darkness 

templum, i, N. a temple 

tempus, oris, N. time, 72 

tenuis, e, thin, feeble, delicate, 79 

tepens, ntis, P. A. P. being lukewarm, or tepid 


272 


v 




THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


ter, Num. Adv. thrice , three times , 96 
terdeciens, Num. Adv. thirteen times, 96 
tergum, I, N. the rear, the hack 
terra, ae, F. a land, a country, the Earth, 23 
terribilis, e, terrible, frightful 
terror, oris, M. great fear, alarm, terror 
tertius, a, um, Ordinal, third, 94 
testamentum, i, N. a will, a testament 
testis, is, C. a witness 

-r, [ 1. a tortoise 

testudo, dims, F.| 2 . o shdtcr for heseigers 

f 1- a hoard, a treasure 

thesaurus, l, M. Gr. < 0 . t , 

’ ’ [2. a strong box, a treasury 

tignum, i, N. a log, a beam 
timor, oris, M. fear, 56 
toga, ae, F. the toga 
tolerabilis, e, tolerable 
tonitrus, us, M. thunder 

tormentum, i, N. a war-engine (fo d r a ^ line stones and 
totus, tota, totum, whole, 127 
trajectus, us, M. a crossing, a passage 
trans, Prep. w. Acc. across 

tranquillitas, atis, F. stillness, calm (of sea or sky) 
transtrum, tri, N. a cross bench 
transversus, a, um, crosswise, transverse 
tres, tres, tria, Num. Adj. three, 96 
tnbunus, l, M.. a tribune to eac ^ i eg ion) 

triclinium, ii, N. Gr. { ® ia ^ e ~ couc ^ 1 

’ 1 ( (for reclining upon at meals) 

triduum, i, N. (a space of) three days 
triplex, plicis, triple , threefold, 80 
triticum, I, N. wheat, (the grain that’s ground) 

A t) t> f well-worn, oft-trodden, 

tritus, a, um, P. P. P. com J npIace 

truncus, 1, M. the trunk (of a tree, without branches) 

tu, tul, thou, of thee, 117 

turn, Adv. then, 93 

tumulus, i, M. a mound, a grave 

tunc, Adv. just then, 93 

turbidus, a, um, stormy, 48 


L) | Adverbs, basely, shamefully 


turpe, (poet 
turpiter 

turpis, e, shameful, disgraceful, base 

turris, is, F. a tower, 65 

tute, tuto, Adverbs, safely, in safety, 93 

tutus, a, um, safe 

tuus, tua, tuum, thy, thine, 117 

u 

b* Adv / 1' (of P lace )* where, wherever 
’ V \2. (of time), when, whenever 

udus, a, um, wet, moist, damp 
ullus, a, um, any (one at ail), 127 

ulterior, oris,{/ a ^f r . 

’ ( ( — ), ulterior, ultimus 
Ultra, Adv. and Prep. w. Acc. beyond 
umbra, ae, F. a shade, a shadow 
umerus, i, M. the shoulder 
umquam, Adv. ever 
unda, ae, F. a wave 
unde, Adv. whence, 93 
undique, Adv. on all sides 
unguis, is, M. a nail (of one’s finger or toe), 65 

unitus, a, um { un j te d 

( (Late Latin and very rare) 

universus, a, um, whole 

unus, a, um, Num. Adj. one, 96 

urbanus, a, um, city (an Adj.), urbane 

urbs, is, F. a city, 60 

usus, us, M. use, advanfoge 

uterque, utraque, utrumque, each (one of two), 127 

ut, uti, Adv. and Conj. 1. that, 2. as, 3. when 

utilis, e, useful 

utinam! Adv. 0 that! would that! 

utrimque, Adv. on both sides 

utrum . . . an, whether ... or 

uva, ae, F. 1. a grape, 2. a bunch of grapes 

uxor, oris, F. a wife, a spouse 

V 

vacca, ae, F. a cow 
vacuus, a, um, empty, void 


273 


THE DICTIONARY 


Lat.-Eng. 


vadum, 1 , N. a ford, a shoal (where a river is waded) 

vagans, antis, P. A. P. wandering, roaming 

valetudo, inis, F. health, (good or bad), 55 

valid e, Adv. strongly 

validus, a, um, strong, 46 

vallum, i, N. a wall, a palisaded rampart 

vas, vasis, N. a vessel, a vase, 72 

vates, vatis, C. a seer, a prophet, 65 

-ve (enclitic), Conj. or. -ve . . -ve, either . . or 


vectigal, alis, N. tax, income, revenue, 74 
vel . . vel, either . . or, 129 
velum, i, N. a sail 
vena, ae, F. a vein, an artery 
venaticus, a, um, hunting (an Adj.) 

Venator, oris, M. a hunter 

VenatriX, lCiS, F. a huntress (= an epithet of Diana) 
venia, ae, F. 1. indulgence, favor, 2. pardon 

- . . , . / came (to me) in the way 

vemt obviam( . , . 9 

{ =met (me) 

ventus, i, M. the wind, 33 
venustus, a, um, graceful, charming 
vepris, is, M. a brier-bush, 131 
ver, veris, N. spring, 71 
verax, acis, truthful 

vprher Priq N / L a lash > a whi P 

’ ’ ' \ 2. a stripe, a blow, 71 

verbum, i, N. a word 

vero, Adv. truly, indeed, certainly 

verum, i, N. the truth 

verus, a, um, true, genuine, 47 

vestimentum, I, N. clothing 

vestitus, us, M. clothing, dress 

vetus, veteris, old, 81 

vetustas, atis, F. oldness, age, antiquity 

via, viae, F. a way, a road 

viator, oris, M. a traveler 

vicinus, a, um, neighboring to, kindred to, like 

victor, oris, M. a conqueror 

victoria, ae, F. victory 


victus, US, M. victuals, (provisions), 85 

vicus, i, M. a village, 60 

vigil, ilis, M. a watchman , 54 

vigilia, ae, F. a watch (= a 4th part of the night) 

vilis, e, cheap 

villa, ae, F. a villa, a country-seat 
vimen, inis, N. a withe, an osier (of willow) 
vinculum, i, N. a bond, a fetter, a tie 
vindex, icis, C. 1. a defender, 2. an avenger 

vinum, i, N. wine, 41 
viola, ae, F. a violet 

vir, viri, M. a man, 32 
viridis, e, green, 48 

( in the fasces of the lictor, 

virga, ae, F. a rod, a switch \ i "^ h a e s !' e a ” dot the8ch ° o1 - 

[ (a slender green branch) 

virgo, inis, F. a maiden, 55 
virtus, utis, F. bravery, Piur. virtues, 63 

vis, vis, F. strength, force, 68 
vita, ae, F. life, 30 
vitium, ii, N. vice, 41 
vitreus, a, um, glass (an Adj.) 
vitrum, i, N. glass , 39 
vitulina, ae, F. veal 
vitulus, i, M. a calf, 33 
vivus, a, um, alive, living 
volatus, us, M. flight 

volucer, cris, ere, mn^{ PI 0 u ^*° o y“}77, 107 

volumen, inis, N. a roll, 7 

voluntas, atis, F. the will, a purpose 

voluptas, atis, F. pleasure, 63 

VOtlVUS, a, Um, votive (= given to fulfil a vow) 

VOtUm, i, N. a VOW (= a solemn promise to some deity) 

vox, vocis, F. the voice 

vulgaris, e, common 

vulgo, Adv. publicly, generally 

vulnus, eris, N. a wound 

vulpes, is, F. a fox, 65 

vultur, uris, M. a vulture, 56 

vultus, us, M. features, countenance , 85 


274 


THE DICTIONARY 


Eng.-Lat 


a , an, the, (articles in English, not used in Latin) 

abound, abundo, are, avi, atus 

acorn, glans, glandis, F. 62 

admirable , admirabilis, e 

admire, admiror, ari, atus, 174 

adorn, decord, are, avi, atus 

aid, assistance, auxilium, ii, N., 41 

air, aer, aeris, (Acc. Sing.) aera, M. Gr., 56 

alive, vivus, a, um 

all, omnis, e, every (in Sing.), all (inPiur.), 79 
always, semper, (Adv.), 93 
ambassador, legatus, i, M. 

7 • # • f laudis studium 
ambition { ^ 

\ambitio, 10ms, F. 

among, inter (Prep. w. Acc.) 

amusing, jucundus, a, um 

angry, iratus, a, um, P. P. P. 

announce, nuntio, are, avi, atus 

anywhere, alicubi, (Adv.) 

appalling, horribilis, e. terribilis, e 

arrow, sagitta, ae, F. 

as, quam, (Adv.). ut (W. the Indie.) 

ascent, ascensus, us, M. 

ascertain , expldrd, are, avi, atus 

autumn, autumnus, i, M. 


B 

bank (of a river), ripa, ae, F. 

banker, argentarius, ii, M., 42 

battle, proelium, ii, N. give battle, pugno, 1 

beautiful, pulcher, chra, chrum 

bee, apes, apis, F., 65 

berry, baca, ae, F., 38 

best , optimum, (Adv.) 

big, magnus, a, um 

bird, avis, avis, F. 

blame, culpo, are, avi, atus 

bloom, floreo, ere, ui 

body, corpus, oris, N., 72 


branch, ramus, i, M. 

brave, fortis, e 

bridge, pons, pontis, M., 64 

bright, clarus. lucidus. splendidus. candidus 

brook, rivus, i, M. 

builder (= the master-builder), architectus, i, M. Gr. 
bull, taurus, i, M. 
bulla badge) bulla, ae, F. 
business, negotium, ii, N., 41 

c 

call (= give name to), nomino, are, avi, atus 
call (= summon), voco, are, avi, atus, 145 
camel, camelus, i, M. Gr. 
camp, castra, orum, N. 
care, cura, ae, F. 
careful, diligens, ntis 
cat, felis, felis, F., 65 
catch, capio, ere, cepi, captus, 172 
cattle, boves, bovum or bourn, 68 
chain, catena, ae, F. 
charm, blanditia, ae, F. 
cheap, vilis, e, 79 
chicken, pullus, i, M. 
chilly, frigidus, a, um, 48 
citizen, civis, civis, C., 65 
cloud, nubes, nubis, F., 65 
commend, commendo, are, avi, atus 
commendable, laudabilis, e 
common , communis, e. publicus, a, um 
companion, comes, itis, C., 63, 181 
conference, colloquium, ii, N. 
conspiracy, conjuratio, onis, F. 
consume, ednsumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptus 
conversation, sermo, onis, M., 55 
corn = grain, frumentum, i, N., 41 
f (a land), terra, ae, F., 23 
country <! (one’s native land), patria, ae, F., 23 
( (opp. to city), rus, ruris, N., 72 
courteous, comis, e 


THE DICTIONARY 


Eng.-Lat. 


cover , tego, ere, texi, tectus, 161 
cozy, gratus, a, um. jucundus, a, um 
crocodile, crocodilus, I, M. 
crowd, stipo, are, avi, atus 

cruelly, crudeliter, (Adv.) 
cunning (= crafty , sly), callidus, a, um 
cup, poculum, i, N. 


egg, ovum, ovl, N., 41 
elder, major natu 
elephant, elephantus, I, M., 33 
eloquence, eloquentia, ae, F. 
eloquent , eloquens, ntis 

(public) hostis, is, C. 
(personal) inimlCUS, I, M. 


enemy, foe 


D 

daily, diurnus, a, um 
danger , periculum, i, N., 41 
dangerous, periculosus, a, um 

day, dies, diei, (M. or F. in Sing. M. only in Plur.), 86 

dear, earns, carior, carissimus 

death, mors, mortis, F., 64 

deceitful, dolosus, a, um 

defender, defensor, oris, M. 

delight, delecto, are, avi, atus 

delightful, jucundus, a, um 

desire, appetitio, onis, F. 

dew, ros, roris, M., 57 

difficult, difficilis, e 

difficulty, difficultas, tatis, F. 

dignity, dignitas, tatis, F., 63 

dine, ceno, are, avi, atus. will dine, cenabit 

disciple, discipulus, i, M., 42 

distinguished, clarus, a, um. nobilis, e 

do, facio, ere, feci, factus, 173 

dog, canis, canis, C., 65 

dread, metus, us, M., 85 

dream, somnium, ii, N., 41 

duty, officium, ii, N. 

dwell, habito, are, avi, atus 

E 

Earth, Terra, ae, F. Tellus, uris, F. (poetic word) 

easily, facile, facilius, facillime 

easy, facilis, e 

edge (of a cup), labrum, I, N. 


enjoy, gaudeo, ere, gavisus, 214 

enough, satis (w. Gen.){fg®^yf^.“ or an Adr- 

enter, ineo, ire, inii, initus, 181 

entrust, commendo, are, avi, atus 

equal, aequalis, e. par, paris, 81 

especially, maxime, (Adv.) 

.. , . f (always) semper 
ever (Adv.)< 

\ (at any time) Umquam 

{ excelld, ere, ui, celsus 
supero, are, avi, atus 
praesto, are, stiti 

expedient, commodus, a, um. utilis, e 
eye, oculus, i, M., 33 

F 

faithful, fidelis, e. fidus, a, um 
fall, cado, ere, cecidi, -casus 
fame, fama, ae, F. 
fat, pinguis, e, 79 
fear, timor, oris, M., 56 
fertile, ferax, acis. fertilis, e 
few, (Collective Noun), pauci, ae, a 
find, invenio, ire, inveni, ventus, 171 
finger, digitus, i, M. 

finish, finio, 4. consummo, 1. perficio, 3., 173 

first, primus, a, um, (Ordinal), 94 

flit (about), volito, are, avi, atus 

flower, fl5s, floris, M., 57 

fly , volo, are, avi, atus 

fox, vulpes, vulpis, F., 65 

friend, amicus, i, M. 

full, plenus, a, um 


276 


THE DICTIONARY 


Eng.-Lat. 


G 

game, ludus, I, M. 

_ , _ f given free to the public by the 

games, ludi, orum, M. state, the Emperor, officials, 
[ and men of wealth 

gem, gemma, ae, F. 

general, dux, ducis, M. imperator, oris, M. 
Goodbye ! Vale! 

grapes, uva, uvae, F. (in clusters) 
grateful (= thankful), gratus, a, um, 46 
ground, humus, i, F. 
guard, custodio, ire, ivi, itus, 169 
guardian, custos, odis, C. 
guide, dux, ducis, C., 58 


immediately, statim, (Adv.) 
impede, impedio, ire, ivi or ii, Itus 
indeed (= in truth), vero, (Adv.), 93 
influence , auctoritas, tatis, F. 
inform, certidrem facio 
injustice, injustitia, ae, F. 
insolent , insolens, ntis 
instructor, praeceptor, oris, M. 

invalid ! hom5 aeger morbo gravi 
“'v^etujJmariiis, ii, M., 42 


H 

happens, evenit, 100 

happy, felix, icis, 80 

hateful, odiosus, a, um, 47 

hatred, odium, ii, N., 41 

head, caput, itis, N. 

health (good or bad), valetudo, dinis, F. 

healthful (of a place), saluber, bris, bre, 77 

heart, cor, cordis, N., 73 

heat, calor, dris, M. 

heavy, gravis, e 

hill, collis, collis, M. 

historian, rerum scriptor 

hold, keep, teneo, ere, tenui, tentus, 155 

home, domus, domus, F., 84 

honest, probus, a, um 

hoof, ungula, ae, F., 63 

horseman, eques, itis, M. 

hour, hora, ae, F. 

how, quomodo, (Adv ) 

, / immanis, e. vastus, a, um 

g \ immensus, a, um 
hunger, fames, famis, F., 65 
hut, casa, ae, F. 

i 

idleness , otium, otii, N. 41 
.jj( (sick), aeger, gra, grum 
li \(had), malus, a, um 


joy, gaudium, ii, N., 41 
judge, judex, icis, C. 
justice, justitia, ae, F. 


K 

kind, genus, eris, N. 
knowledge, scientia, ae, F. 


lake, lacus, us, M. 

large, grandis, e 

late, sero, (Adv.) 

law (written), lex, legis, F. 

leader, dux, ducis, C., 58 

j 7 f doctus, a, um, P. P. P. 
learned \ gmdituSi a> um> P . p. p. 


letter 


leisure, otium, ii, N. 

littera or litera, ae, F. (of the alphabet) 

\ epistula, ae, F. ,Gr. (a written message) 
level, aequus, a, um. planus, a, um 
level (= the surface), superficies, ei, F. 
life, living, vita, vitae, F. 
light, lux, lucis, F. (of the sun, moon, etc.) 
like, amo, are, avi, atus 
like, similar , similis, similior, simillimus, 90 
lion, leo, leonis, M., 55 
live, vivo, ere, vixi, 161 

277 


THE DICTIONARY 


Eng.-Lat. 


load, , onus, oneris, N., 72 
load, onero, are. avi, atus, 209 
loudly, magna voce, (Adv.) 
love, amor, oris, M. 
lovely, amabilis, e 
lover, amator, oris, M. 
low (= short), brevis, e, 79 

M 

manifold, multiplex, plicis, 80 

manner, modus, i, M. 

memorable, memorabilis, e 

message (or) messenger, nuntius, ii, M., 42 

mile , Sing., mille passus 

miles, Piur., millia passuum 

mind (= the faculty of thinking), mens, mentis, F., 64 

money, pecunia, ae, F. 

month, mensis, mensis, M., 65 

moon, luna, ae, F. 

mother-in-law, socrus, us, F. 

mouse, mus, muris, M. and F., 57 

N 

name, (of a person), nomen, inis, N., 70 
natural, naturalis, e 
never, numquam, (Adv.) 
new, novus, a, um 

night, nox, noctis, F. by night, noctu, 93 
noise, strepitus, us, M. 

nothing, nihil, (indci.) N. 


P 

pack (of a soldier), sarclna, ae, F. 

part, pars, partis, F. 

patience, patientia, ae, F. 

patient, patiens, ntis, P. A. P., 80 

peace, pax, pads, F., 58 

perceive, sentio, Ire, sens!, sus. (sentiunt, 127 ) 

philosopher, philosophus, I, M. Gr., 42 

pile, cumulus, I, M. 

place, locus, i, M., 68 

please, placed, ere, placui, itus, 153 

pleasure, voluptas, tatis, F. 

plenty (of something), copia, ae, F. 

plow, aratrum, I, N. 

poisonous, veneno Infectus 

( the food of the early 1 

porridge, puls, pultis, F. & 64 

[ bread J 

possess, possideo, ere, possedi, sessus 

pound (= 12 oz. or i Roman ib.), libra, ae, F. 

poverty, paupertas, tatis, F. 

power, potestas, tatis, F., 63 

praise, laus, laudis, F., 62 

praiseworthy, laudabilis, e 

present, dono, are, avi, atus 

preserve, conserv’d, are, avi, atus 

prestige, auctoritas, tatis, F. 

prisoner (one taken in war), CaptlVUS, I, M., 33 

prompt, promptus, a, um 

proper, proprius, a, um 


o 


prosper (= thrive), cresco, ere, crevi, cretus, 163 


oar, remus, I, M., 148 

occasion, occasio, onis, F. opportunitas, tatis, 

often, saepe, (Adv.), 93 

old, vetus, veteris, 81 

old age, senectus, utis, F., 141 

old man, senex, senis, M., 141 

on account of, ob (Prep. w. Acc.), 128 

oration, oratio, onis, F., 55 


F. 


prosperous, prosperus, a, um 

•j/l. praeparo, are, avi, atus 
provide j ^ compar5| are> avij ’ atus 


province 


a Augustus^ Italy made by regie, onis, F„ 27 
a ^red?n d l°a f r! taly provincia, ae, F. 


pupil, discipulus, I, M., 42 


purple, purpureus, a, um 

pursuit (= zealous devotion), Studium, ii, N., 41 

278 


THE DICTIONARY 


quickly I C1 ) . , . 

{ celeriter, celerius, celerrime 


cito, citius, 93 


race, genus, eris, N., 72 

raise, tollo, ere, sustull, sublatus, 179 

ram, aries, arietis, M., 63 

real (= true), verus, a, um 

refinement (of manners), humanitas, tatis, F. 

region, regio, onis, F., 55 

remarkable, notabilis, e 

report, nuntio, are, avi, atus 

restless, inquietus, a, um 

f (in money), dlVeS, divitis, 81 
rich l (in spoils), opimus, a, um 

[ (in advantages), cdpioSUS, a, Um 

• i,. , , / rectus, a, um, 72 

J w right, fas j usque est 

ripe, maturus, a, um 
rise, orior, oriri, ortus, 175 
river, fluvius, ii, M. flumen, inis, N. 

robe (=one’s dress), vestis, is, F. ( ^ ladie ® } ’ stola, palla. 

^(of gentlemen), tOga 

rock, saxum, i, N., 39 
rope, restis, restis, F., 65, 67 
royal, regius, a, um 

I cucurri 1 

, curro, ere| curgi jcursus, 


run 


163 


sacred, sacer, sacra, sacrum 
safety, salus, utis, F., 63 

f (=witd), ferus, a, um 

savage^ fierce)> 

saevus, a, um 
save, servo, are, avi, atus 
scanty, exiguus, a, um 

scarce (= rare), rarus, a, um. (= few), paucus, a, um 

secondly (= for the second time), SeCUndo, (Adv.) 

send, mitto, ere, misi, missus, 162 
sense, sensus, us, M. 

sensible (= having sound sense), prudens, ntis, 80 


Eng.-Lat. 


ship, navis, navis, F., 65 

sick, aeger, aegra, aegrum 

sickle, falx, falcis, F., 64 

siege, obsidio, ionis, F. 

silly, fatuus, a, um 

singing, song, cantus, us, M. 

singular, singularis, e 

size, magnitude, dinis, F. 

skilful, peritus, a, um. callidus, a, um 

sky, caelum, i, N. 

slavery, servitus, tutis, F., 63 

SO, SiC, ita, (Adv.) 

soft, mollis, e, 79 

sometimes, aliquando. nonnumquam. (Adv.), 93 

song (= a hymn), carmen, inis, N. 

sound, sonitus, us, M. 

sour, acidus, a, um 

sparrow, passer, eris, M., 56 

speak to, alloquor, loqui, locutus. appello, 1. §£ e j 

spring, ver, veris, N. (of the year), 71 

squirrel, sciurus, i, M. 

stag, cervus, i, M. 

stand, sto, stare, steti, status 

state, civitas, tatis, F., 63 

statesman, vir reipublicae peritus 

step, gradus, us, M., 84 

storm, tempestas, tatis, 63 


straight 


j erectus, a, um 
^ (away), directus, a, um 


stranger (= a new-comer), advena, ae, M. and F. 

straw-thatched, stramineus, a, um 

street, via, viae, F. 

strength, vis, vis, F., 68 

strong, validus, a, um 

sudden, subitus, a, um 

suddenly (= unexpectedly), SUbitO. improvisd. (Adv.) 

suitable, idoneus, a, um 

sunny, apricus, a, um, 48 

supplies (of provisions), commeatus, us, M. 

surpass, (see) excel 


279 


THE DICTIONARY 


Eng.-Lat. 


surpassing, excellens, ntis, P. A. P. 
surround, circumcludo, ere, si, sus 


sweet * 


(to taste), dulcis, e 


therefore, Conj. 


(to smell), suavis, e, 79 

T 

take / ca Pio» ere, cepi, captus, 172 
a e \ sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptus, 162 
( (Noun) gustatus, us, M. 

03 e \(Verb) gusto, are, avi, atus 
than, quam, (Adv.) 

ergo, itaque 
igitur (postpositive), 129 
thick, crassus, a, um 
thief, fur, furis, C., 56 
thing, res, rel, F., 86 
thirst, sitis, is, F., 65 

through, per, (Prep. w. Acc.) 
thus, ita, sic, (Adv.) 
time, tempus, oris, N., 98 
tired (out), defessus, a, um 

to, ad, (Prep. w. Acc.) (motion towards) 

today, hodie, (Adv.), 93 
tomorrow, eras, (Adv.), 93 
tree, arbor, oris, F., 56 
troops, forces, copiae, arum, F. 
true, verus, a, um 

. f (straight) tuba, ae, F. 
trumpet^ curV ed) cornu, us, N., 84 

. ( tyrannis, idis, F. Gr. 

tyranny p 

u 

unsafe, intutus, a, um 

untimely (= unseasonable), importunus, a, um 
untiring (= unwearied), indefessus, a, um 
upon, in, (Prep. w. Acc.) 

f (Noun) USUS, US, M., 85 
^ e \(Verb) utor, uti, usus, 206 
used to, consuesco, ere, consuevi, etus 
useful , utilis, utilior, utilissimus 

V 

minty, in vain, frustra, (Adv.), 93 

, j (= bravery), fortitudo, dinis, F. 
va or< (=courage)t virtu S) tutis, F., 63 


valuable, pretiosus, a, um 
verdant, viridis, e, 48 
vice (Sing.), vitium, ii, N., 41 
view, prospectus, us, M. 
vile, sordidus, a, um, 47 
virtue, virtus, utis, F., 63 
virtuous, probus, a, um 
voice, vox, vocis, F., 58 

w 

n , * A n « wa tt> murus, !, M., 33 
wa o a ci y | ^ walls, moenia, ium, N* 

war, bellum, i, N. 

7 fimbecillus, a, um 
wea \infirmus, a, um. debilis, e 
weather, ( good or bad), tempestas, tatis, F., 63 
weight, pondus, eris, N. gravitas, atis, F. 
welcome, acceptus, a, um, 46 
when, quando. quo tempore 


where, ubi. quo, (Adv.) 
while (= whilst) 


dum (w. Pres. Ind.), 235 

doneC (w. Ind. or Subj.) 


cum 


(w. Pres, and 


Perf. Ind.)j> 226 
(Imp. and \ OOT 
Plup. Subj.)/> 


why? cur? (Adv.) [ 

widely, late, (Adv.) 
wife, uxor, oris, F., 56 
win (= conquer ), vinco, ere, vici, victus, 161 
wind, ventus, i, M., 33 
wisdom, sapientia, ae, F. 
wise, sapiens, ntis 
wisely, sapienter, sapientius, sapientissime, 

wit, sal, salis, M. acumen, inis, N. 

with, cum, (Prep. w. Abl.) 
without, sine, (Prep. w. Abl.) 
wood, lignum, i, N., 133 
work, opus, operis, N., 72 
worth (= value), pretium, ii, N. 
worthy (of), dignus, a, um (w. am. of thing) 
write, scribo, ere, scrips!, scriptus, 162 


(Adv.) 


yearly, quotannis, (Adv.) 


280 


PROPER NOUNS 


281 


PROPER NOUNS 


A. (the abbreviation of the praenomen) AllluS 
Abraham, dndci.) M. Abraham (Church Latin) 
Acestes, ae, M. Acestes, (a fabled king of Sicily) 

[ ’AxtXXeus, the Grecian hero 
Achilles, is, M. Achilles \ of the Trojan war; an ideal 

’ 1 man in strength, beauty, 

l and courage 

AconltUm, l, N. Aconite, (a very poisonous plant) 
Aedes, is, F. (a dwelling of the gods =) A Temple 
Aedui, orum, M. the Haedui , (a tribe in Gaul) 
Aegyptius, ii, M. an Egyptian 

AegyptUS, l, F. Egypt , (once thought to be a part of Asia) 

_ f the descendants of Aeneas, the 
Aeneadae, dum, JVL. j Trojans, who later became the 

l Romans 

Aeneas, ae, IY1. Aeneas, (AiveLas, Vergil’s hero), 76 
Aeschines, is, M. Aeschines { N L<T x' LVr i^ the orator, 

Aesculapius, ii, M. Aesculapius, 164, 165 

Aethiops, opis, M. an Ethiopian, (a Hottentot), 34 

Africanus, a, um, (the surname of the two famous Scipios) 

Alhnnnc a nm A Ihnn / the Alban people were inhabit- 
AiDanUS, a, um, /. uoan { ants of Alba Longa 

Alexander Magnus, Alexander the Great 

... . _ T .. [ a tribe on the 

Allobroges, um, M. the Allob rogesl east bank of 

l the Rhone 

Alpes, ium, F. the Alps 

AmanUS, I, M. (a mountain range between Syria and Cilicia) 
[ (as an Adj.) True 
Amen, (Church Latin) <j (as a Noun) Truth 

[ (as an Adv.) SO be it 

Anchises, ae, M. Anchises[' k J ^^' father of 
Ancus Marcius, (fourth king of Rome), 34 

Seleucus, a general of Alex- 
ander the Great, and his 
most powerful successor, 
. founded 37 cities; 16 of 

Antiochia, ae, r. Antioch which he named Antioch 

after his own father, An- 
tibchus. Greatest of all 
of these was Antioch in 
Syria. 

M. Antonius, Mark Antony, (Cicero’s mortal enemy) 
Apollo, inis, M.. Apollo, (’ AiroWcov, the Sun-god), 105 

AppiUS Claudius, (who began the great Appian Way) 

Apulia, ae, F. Apulia, 27 

Aquilo, onis, M. the North-east wind { aquaT im™ n ’ 

Arar, aris, M. the Saone, (a river in Gaul) 

. t", a t f ’ApxaSia, the Greek Switzer- 

AfCadia, ae, 4. Arcadia j land, the mountain country 

l in the centre of Peloponnesus 

A !_•- -ft/r A 7- ( 'Apxias, the Greek Poet of 

Arcluas, ae, 1V4. Arclliasl Antioch, whom Cicero de- 

l fended 


Ariovistus, i, M. Ariovistus { a “ougw Ca™ 3 ’ 


Aristoteles, is, M. A ristotle { °' 

. _ . . f ’ Actkclulos , son of Aeneas, 

ASCaiUUS, il, JVL Ascamus\ and founder of Alba 

I Longa 

* . -p f 1. Asia Minor, (a Roman province) 

sia, ci o , l « \ 

yZ. One of the three, Europe, Asia, Libya, Zo 

Aspasia, ae, F. Aspasia { ’ A l™ a J f a p ^J^ccompiished 

Athenae, arum, F. Athens, ’AOrjiui, 27 
Atridae, arum, M. Agamemnon and Menelaus 
Atticus, i, M. Atticus, (a most intimate friend of Cicero) 

Atticus, a, um, Attic, Athenian 

_ f 1. Caesar’s successor 

Augustus, 1, M. Augustus 2. The title of all the 

( Roman Emperors 

Aureum Saeculum, the Golden Age, 102 
Aurdra, ae, F. Gr. Dawn (the goddess of the morning) 
Ausonia, ae, F. Ausonia, (A vaovia, Lower Italy ) 
Axona, ae, M. the Aisne, (a river in Gaul) 


B 

Babylon, onis, F. Babylon, 25 
Bacchus, l, M. Bacchus, (god of wine), 105 
Belgae, arum, M. the Belgians, 34 
Bibrax, Ctis, N. Bibrax, (a town of the Remi in Gaul) 
Boduognatus, !, M. (the leader of the Nervii) 
Britanni, drum, M. the Britons, 34 
Britannia, ae, F. Britain = Albion and Hibernia, 25 
Brutus, i, M. Brutus, (the bosom-friend of Cicero) 


1. Stands for GaiuS 

c| 2. stands for Centum, 100 
1 3. stands for Condemns {S , ^aJS£ b " 
Caecina, ae, M.{ Fo ^ 5 ^“?i? erospoketheoration 

. . . , ( Gaius Julius Caesar, 34 

Caesar, aris, J\4. C aesai l general, statesman, orator, 

( author 

Caius, (Gaius), ii, M. Gaius, (a Roman praenomen), 34 
_ ... - tut n -77 R° m an general, who 

CamillUS, 1, 1V1. C amillus { conquered the Etruscans 

I at Veii 

(“The Field of Mars.” A grassy plain 
Parrvnnc lVTartinci along the Tiber, where the people met 
campus marilUS in political meetings, at games, or for 

I military drill, exercise and recreation 

Caninius, ii, M. Caninius { wh h ° ot 7 r s S Consul once a few 
Capitolinus Mons, the Capitoline, (“Capitol Hill”) 
Capua, ae, F. Capua, (celebrated for its wealth), 27 


282 


PROPER NOUNS 


( the most southerly province of Asia 

flnrio. no T? Cnrinl Minor > where originated augury 
Odild, ac, X 1 . \jLlTl CIS ky observation of the flight of 

( birds 

CassiveUaunus, i, M.{^^ 

Catillna, ae, M. Catiline, (“The Great Conspirator”) 

- f Cato the Censor, a rigid judge of 

Cato. oms. M. Cato morals, celebrated above all the 

[ Catos 

Caucasus, i, M. Gr. f the mountain chain between 
’ * L ~ < the Black and Caspian 

the LaUCaSUS ( Seas, very wild and rugged 

Celsus, i, M. Ceta{ the M c Sne edRomanwriteron 

Cethegus, I, M. (a fellow-conspirator of Catiline) 

Cicero, onis, M. Cicero^. SSt^d^SST). 34 

'who was called from his plow to be 
Dictator, and lead the armies. He 
won the war, saved the state, and 
k went back to his plow 

(built by Tarqui- 


Cincinnatus, i, M. 


Circus Maximus, the Great Circus j Hing Too, boo 

( people 

{ Fourth Emperor of Rome, 

A grand-nephew of Augustus, 

Tiberius Claudius Drusus 

Nero Caesar Germanicus 

Cleanthes, is, M. Cleanthes, (a Stoic philosopher) 
Cleopatra, ae, F. Cleopatra, (Queen of Egypt), 29 
Clitarchus, i, M. (the biographer of Alexander the Great) 

Colosseum, ii, N. the Colosseum { th thS!?re at'tme 

( a giant statue strid- 

Colossus, i, M. Gr. the Colossus *| 




Comitium, ii, N. the Comitiuml 


ing the entrance to 
the harbor of the 
Island of Rhodes 
( the voting-place, 
next the Forum, 
behind the Ros- 
trum 


Corinthus, i, F. Corinth (the city) 

f One of Rome’s most accomplished orators, 
CraSSUS. I. TYT.^ and ablest masters of elegant Latinity, 
, , | 140-91 B. C. 

Creta, ae, F. Crete (the island) 

Cupido, dinis, M. Cupid, (son of Venus) 

J,,™ l\/r „ jl? / the old capital city of the Sabines, 
GUreS, lum, IVl. and 1 • (the birthplace of Numa Pompilius 

flvhpl? F CnhpJpl^P&V’ a Phrygian goddess, 
cyoeie, eb, r . o yoeie\ adopted as Ops at Rome 

r* - /y ( ^he Island famous for its mines 

CyprUS, 1, r . Cyprus j of copper, and for its temples 

l to the worship of Venus 


Demosthenes, is, M. Demosthenes ( the greatest of 

l Grecian orators 

DeUS, el, M. God, (of the Hebrews and of the Christians) 
_ . t\ / r • ( Aioyevrjs, “the Snarler,” 

Diogenes, is, JV1. Diogenes > the famous Cynic phii- 

( osopher 

Dionysius, ii, M. Dionysius { a ®ime hvmg in Clcero s 
Divico, onis, M. Divico, (a Helvetian general) 
Divitiacus, i, M. { X"' 1,acdui ’ and brother ot 
Dominus, i, M. 1. The Lord, 2. Christ 

^ r , , ( A paKcoi', the celebrated Law- 

Draco, oms, M. Draco giver of Athens, who wrote 

l his laws in blood 

Druides, um, M. the Druids {^8^^ 
Dumnorix, igis, M. (a warrior of the Haedui) 


Epaminondas, ae, M. 

Epaminondas | 

Epicurus, i, M. Epicurus \ 


the famous general of 
Thebes, killed at Manti- 
nea at the moment of 
victory 

’JZirLKovpos, founder of the 
Epicurean philosophy, 
“Pleasure is the highest 
l good” 

EpirUS, i, F. Epirus, (North of Greece, now Albania) 
TPrioB+Boninc ii 1VT / a son of Vulcan, and Athens’ king. 

Hjncntnomus, n, m. \ He first yoked 4 horses to a car 

Tuscany. A powerful 
state long before the 
coming of the Romans, ,27 
who finally conquered 
and took it in 

Etrusci, orum, M. the Etruscans oi 
Euphrates, is, M. the Euphrates, 25 


Fabius Maximus Cunctator { th ^tTry r by de/ay W ° n 
Fidius, ii, M. the 

Fortuna, ae, F. Fortune, (goddess of luck), 102 


Etruria, ae, F. Etruria 


Forum, i, N. the Forum 


the public centre square in 
every town, where buying 
and selling were done, poli- 
tics discussed, and courts 
of justice held 


D 

Danuvius, ii, M. the Danube, 35 

Dareus, i, M. D™{ the P S eo,sevralki,, * sof 

Delos, i, F. Delos { A ^ A '“ s ;, a i ‘ ri n s l ,‘| l e island in the } , 76 


Aegean 

r 

Delphicus, a, um, Delphic | 


pertaining to Delphi, the 
celebrated city of the 
oracle of Apollo 


A. Gabinius, (Consul A. U. C., 696) 

rjaincj ii M Clniiivi a Roman praenomen, 

LrdilUb, 11, 1VX. Ijai Ub j more correc t th an Cains 

Galba, ae, M. Galba, (chief of the Suessiones in Gaul) 

Cisalpina, u Thc Valley of the Po,” 

Transalpina, Gaul, mod. France, 25 

Galli, orum, M. the Gauls 

Gallus, i, M. a Gaul, 34 


Gallia 


283 


PROPER NOUNS 


Genava, ae, F. Geneva, 27 
German!, orum, M. the Germans, 34 

_ ( Famous “ rhetorician” at Athens. 

Gorgias, ae, M.t Taught “ Art of Persuasion,” outliving 
l Socrates 

r ,_f Tiberius Gracchus 
rac cm j(jaius Sempronius Gracchus 

Graeci, orum, M. the Greeks, 34 
Graecus, a, um, Greek, Grecian 
Graii, orum, (poetic for) Graeci 


sons oi Cor- 
nelia, the 
daughter 
of Scipio 
the Elder 


Jupiter, or 
Juppiter 


Jovis, M. Jupiter or Jove, Ttsvg 


f the mountain ridge extending 
Jura, ae, JM. the Jural from the Rhine southwest, over 

[ 100 miles along the Rhone 


Juvenalis, is, M. Juvenal (= a writer of satire) 


K 


Kartago or Carthago, ginis, F. Carthage 


H 

Hamilcar, aris, M. Hamilcar Barca { ,a n“ nf bal 

( Rome’s terrible enemy, 
leader in the Second 
Punic War 

Helvetii, orum, M. the Helvetians, (mod. Swiss), 34 

( 'H paKXrjs, god of 1 

Hercules, is, M. Hercules j Twdfe^abors > 1 10 

l ever famous J 

Herodotus, i, M. Herodotus j father of 

Hispani, orum, M. the Spaniards 
Hispania, ae, F. Spain 

Homerus, !, M. Homer, ("O/U rjpos, the ancient bard) 

__ . -ri tt . . ( the sister of the three Horatii, 

Horatia, ae, r. Horatiai 29 

Horatius, ii, M. Horace, (the famous Roman Poet), 34 


Horatius Codes 


one of the three heroic warriors, who 
held the bridge alone against the army 
of Porsenna. Livy tells the story 

i: TV/T / a celebrated Roman Orator, con- 
nonensius, ll, lVl. | temporary with Cicero 


I 

Iberus, I, M. Iberus, (a river in Spain, now the Ebro) 

( the day interest was due, 1 

Idus, uum, h. the Idesl the day boys brought to [ 98 

( school their fee j 

( IMP. his title, be- 

Imperator, oris, M. the Emperor | f ^ e . a 

[ ror’s name 

Invictus, a, um, Unconquered, The Invincible 

_ . - • i\ /r r . f 'laoKparm, Orator, and 

Isocrates, is, JV1. Isocrates l teacher of oratory at 

l Athens 


j' a very ancient Roman god, ) 

Janus, i, M. Janus 1 , tw"oppo?ke front do™ , 102 

( to his temple J 

Junius, ii, M. June, (the sixth month), 99 
Juno, onis, F. Juno, 102, 105 


Labienus, i, M. LaMeum^^^ ot Caesar in 
Laronpq um M / the Spartans , Lacedaemonians > 

’ ’ * \the inhabitants of Laconia 

Tnppn f M. Porcius Laeca, one of Catiline’s 
■ua>cl>a ^ fellow-conspirators 

Latinus, a um, Latin 

Latium, ii, Latium, (the broad level land), 27 

Lemannus, i, M. Lake Geneva 

Lentulus, i, M. (a fellow-conspirator of Catiline) 
Lepontii, i5rum, (a tribe dwelling high in the Alps) 
Lernaea Hydra, the Lernaean IIydra[ s] n^ldes 
Libo, onis, M. Libo, (a Roman surname) 

Libycus, a, um, Libyan, (modern African) 

Livius, ii, M. Livy, (the celebrated Roman historian), 34 
Lucanus, a, um, Lucanian, 27, 69 
Lucius, ii, M. Lucius or Luke, (a praenomen) 


- _ _ . [ the title of the 

Lucumo, oms, M. Lucumol Tuscan priests 

l and kings 


141 


T.iina op V T iinn l the moon goddess, her 
i-iUUdr, ditJ, -T . JjIUUL ^ temple was on the Aventine 

Lutetia, ae, F. Lutetia, (modern Paris), 27 
Lycurgus, i, M. Lycurgus ( A ^ S d““ s Law - 
Lysias, ae, M. Lysias { Av £ten? celebrated orator of 


M 

Macedonia, ae, F. Macedonia, 23 

Marcus, i, M. Mark, (a Roman praenomen) 

C "Marine Martmol the conqueror of Jugurtha, w*ho 
. ivianus, M anus | was consul seven times 

Mars, Martis, M. Mars{^ s War, father of Rom- 
Martius, ii, M. March, (originally 1st month of year), 99 

Maximus, a, um, “Greatest,” 91 

Medusa, ae, F. Medusa , (the mother of Pegasus), 110 

Mesopotamia, ae, M.{ th | n 0 S u g‘^ h ? a c t t e 7“ theTigris 


284 


PROPER NOUNS 


Messala, ae, M. Messala, (a Roman surname) 

Milo, onis, M. Mi7o{ at ^ p t x ^“ e e s s vil!torat 
Minerva, ae, F. Minerva, (goddess of wisdom), 105 

v _ _ fa tribe of northwest Belgium, dwelling 

Morini, orum, JVI. j just where the English Channel is 
{ narrowest 

Mosa, ae, M. the Meuse, (a river in Gaul) 

_ f the nine goddesses of 

Musae, arum, F. the Muses \ poetry, music, and 

l the other liberal arts 


N 

NeapoliS, is, F. Naples, (NeairoXcs = Newtown), 27 

f Historian and 

Nepos, otis, M. Cornelius N epos \ A good" friend of 

( Cicero 

Nervil, orum, M. the Nervii, (a tribe in Belgium) 

, 35 


celebrated for its annual 1 


Nilus, i, M. the Nile[ 

Numa Pompilius, (the second king of Rome), 34 


overflow 


O 

j-k - /r /a f Ancients thought the Earth 

OceanUS, 1, JVI. Ocean \ round as a plate, all round 

[ which flowed The Ocean 

Olympia, ae, F. Olympia^^Se t h h e e , d ° lympian 

Olympicus, a, um, Olympic 

Olympus, i, M. Olympus, (the seat of the gods), 105 

Optimus, a, um, “Best,” 91 

Orgetorix, lgis, M. Orgetorix, (chief of the Helvetii) 

Ovidius, U, M. Ovid, (the celebrated Latin Poet), 34 


P 


( son of Helios, who 

StC foi^one 

day so disastrously 

Philippi, orum, M. Philippi (= a city in Macedonia) 
Philippus, i, M. Philip o£ Alexander the 

Phryges, um, M. the Phrygians { a ot A “'° 

L. Calpurnius PlSO, (Consul A. U. C., 696) 

7^7 . ( II Aaron', celebrated Grecian 
Plato, OniS, JVI. Plato { Philosopher, pupil of Socrates, 

l teacher of Aristotle 

Plininc ii TVT PKenml {the Elder), wrote 37 books on Nat- 
riimus, 11 , 1V1. rnny [ ural Science. Died at Pompeii 

. f (the Younger), wrote Letters, 

PliniUS, il, JVI. Pliny \ also a Panegyric of Trajan, the 

( Emperor 

Pluto, onis, M. Pluto, (“King of Hades”) 

Pluvius, a, um, rain-bringing { "j^fheSiringer" 

Poeni, drum, M. the C art h aginians { d the e phoen!a r ans 

Pompeius, Pompejus, i, M. “Pompey the Great” 
Pyrenaei Montes, the Pyrenees 
Priamus, 1 , M. Priam, (the last king of Troy) 


Punicus, a, um, Punic, Carthaginian 
Pyrrhus, i, M. { ° £ Epirus ”>. 

i descended from Achilles 


Pythagoras, ae, M. 


Hvdayopas, the philosopher. 
He taught there are 2 paths 


in life 


the path of Virtue 
the path of Vice 


Q 

Quirites, tium, M. Quirites 


originally the Sabines of 
Cures, 

later, the citizens of Rome 


Parcae, arum, F. 


Padus, I, M. the Po, (the principal river of Italy), 35 

Palaemon, onis, JVI. (a sea-god, a companion of Neptune) 
_ . T the hill whereon 

Palatmus Mons, the Palatine Romulus founded 

l his city Rome 

Pannonicus, a, um, Pannonian{ m Hungary stria " 
f the Three Fates, 

\ Clotho, Lachesis, Atropos 

[ Tla.p6ev6)v, the 

Parthenon, onis, M. the Parthenon j temple o e fMin- 

l erva at Athens 

Parthi, orum, M. the Parthians, 25 

. f one of Caesar’s lieutenants in Gaul. 

Q. PediUS \ Pedius and Augustus were the heirs to Caesar’s 
( estate 

Pegasus, I, M. Pegasus { n ^ a ™'/ s 4 he winged horse of 

Penates, ium, M. the Penates, 102 
Pericles, is, M. Pericles { 


R 

RaciliuS, ii, JVI. (a Roman citizen, once Consul) 

_ _ ^ T f > f the Roman Consul taken pris- 

Regulus, 1, JvL. Begulus oner by the Carthaginians in 

l the 1st Punic War 

Reml, orum, M. (a tribe of Gaul, now Rheims) 


Remus, 1 , M. Remus, (twin-brother of Romulus), 34 
. . f nature’s boundary be- ) 

Rhenus, 1, JVI. T he Rhme\ tween Gaul and Ger-[, 35 

( many J 

RhodanUS, l, JVI. The Rhone, (the outlet of Lake Leman) 


Rhodos, i, F. Gr. Rhodes (the Island) 

Roma, ae, F. Rome, f P(o / ^> 7 , 27 
Romanus, a, um, Roman 
Romulus, 1, JVI. Romulus, (founder of Rome), 34 
Roscius, ii, JVI. Roscius, (a friend of Cicero) 


285 


PROPER NOUNS 


N. 1 The Saturnalia, a festival to 
Saturn. December 17th = 
the modern Christmas season 


J' a neighboring tribe 

Sabini, drum, M. the Sabines j Romans^nde^the 

{ name of Quirites 

Samnites, ium, M. the Samnites 
Sarmatae, arum, M. the Sarmatians, ( the Slavs) 

Saturnalia ( j?™’ 
fiorum, 

Saturnus, i, M. 

( P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major 
_ . P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus 

Scipio, Onis, M. ) Africanus Minor 

| (These two Scipios were the conquerors 
{ of Hannibal and of Carthage) 

Senatus, us, M. the TroT™ 1 ° f 

Seneca, ae, M. Seneca (the instructor of Nero) 

_ . f who dwelt on the 

Sequani, drum, M. the Sequan l •! banks of the 

[ river Seine 

Servius Tullius, (sixth king of Rome), 34 
Sicilia, ae, F. Sicily (the island) 

Ql/ronm 7 NT / a town and promontory near Troy where 
blgeum, 1, IN. | Achilles was buried 

Socrates, is, M. Socrates 76 

’ ’ { ted Grecian Philosopher J ’ 


Sol, Solis, M. the Sun-god 
Solon, onis, M. Solon 


who daily drove his 
four-horse chariot 
from East to West. 
In Greek Helios, 
one of the Titans 


,103 


26A cav, one of the Seven Sages 
of Greece, who made laws for 
Athens 


{ from Tarqumii, 
Etrhria °34 

Themistocles, is, M. Themistocles j famous general 

l of Athens 

Thrax, acis, M. a Thracian 

Tiberinus, a, um, Tiberine, (of the river Tiber) 

Tiberis, Tibris, is or idis, M. The Tiber, 35 

Tiberius, ii, M. Tiberius, (a Roman praenomen) 

A mnino / a Roman citizen, just some 
1 ltus AmpiUS | .. man of the Street » 

Tonans, antis, M. the Thunderer, (epithet of Jove) 
Trebonius, ii, M., Trebonius , (a Roman gens) 
Treveri, drum, M. the Treviri, (modem Treves) 

whose duty was to 
protect the rights 
of the Plebeians 
against the grasp- 
ing Patricians 

- • -» _ „ . fa sea-god, who, when Neptune 

Triton, oms, M. Triton \ bids, blows through a shell 

[ to raise or calm the sea 

Troja, ae, F. Troy, 27 

Tulliola, ae, F. (the daughter of Cicero. A pet name) 

Tusculum was a ] 

Tusculanus, a, um, Tusculan very old town . 27 

l of Latium J , 

Tyrius, a, um, Tyrian, (of the city Tyre) 


u 

UlixeS, is, Ulysses, (’OSvaaevs, & Grecian hero at Troy) 


Tribum, orum, M. the Tribunes 


[ ’EotpoKXrjs. The three 

Sophocles, is, M. Sophocles j £'sc e hy t iu? edian8 

l Sophocles, Euripides 

Sparta, ae, F. Sparta, Lacedaemon, 27tapT>7 

S. P. Q. R. Senatus Populusque Romanus 

Statilius, i, M. (a fellow-conspirator of Catiline) 


Stator, oris, M. the Stayer, (epithet of Jove) 


Stoicus, a, um, Stoic 


a Grecian philosophy, which taught 
man should be equally unmoved by 
good or ill 


Suebi, Suevi, orum, M. the Suevi{ a “Jbe German 

Sulla, ae, M. (the celebrated Roman Dictator) 

Syria, ae, F. Syria, 23 


V 

Vedius, ii, M. Vedius, (a Roman citizen) 

Venus, eris, F. Venus, (goddess of Love and Beauty) 
Vergilius, ii, M. Vergil, (the celebrated Roman Poet) 

Vestales Virgines, the Vestal Virgins , (priestesses) 

TT • .. ,r U . r *• f August 24, 79 A. D. 

Vesuvius, 11, M. Alt. Vesuvius three cities buried; 

[ the elder Pliny killed 

Volcanus, Vulcanus, i, M. Vulcan \ forged Jove’s 

i lightnings 

X 

Xanthus, i, M. Xanthns, CEavdos, a river near Troy) 
Xenophon, ontis, M. Xenophon { Greeks in the Re- 

1 treat of the 10,000 


T 

Tamesis, is, M. the Thames 
Tarentum, i, N. Tarentum, 26 


Z 


Zama, ae, F. Zama, (where Scipio defeated Hannibal) 


Zeno, onis, M. Zeno, (the founder of the Stoics) 


286 


KEY OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 


EARLY LATIN 


Plaut. = T. Maccius Plautus (254-184 B. C.), Writer of Comedy. (Great Roman Comic Dramatist.) 
Enn. = Q. Ennius (239—169 B. C.), Ancient Roman Poet. (Brought hexameter verse from Greece.) 


Ter. = P. Terentius Afer (? 185-159 B. C.), Writer of Comedy. 
Cato = M. Porcius Cato (234-149 B. C.), “ Cato the Censor .” { 


Wrote 6 famous Comedies at Rome, which 
survive. Going to Greece, translated 108 
of Menander’s Comedies; all of wdiieh with 
the poet himself are said to have been lost 
in a storm at sea, on his return voyage. 

Model of pristine Roman virtue. 

Admirer of the philosophy of Pythagoras. 


Pac. = M. Pacuvius (ob. 130 B. C.), Writer of Tragedy. 
Afran. = Lucius Afranius (fl. 100 B. C.), Writer of Comedy. 


Titles of 40 of his popular plays have come 
down to us. Took Menander for his model. 


The Golden Age 

The Golden Age covers the lives of Cicero and Ovid. 
Cicero’s life, 106-43 B. C. Ovid’s life, 43 B. C.-17 A. D. 


Lucr. 
Cat. = 


= T. Lucretius Cams (98-55 B. C.), Poet and Philosopher. { Lci 0 \ E P k u °rui great P ° em the phllosophy 

Gaius Valerius Catullus (84-54 B. C.), Poet. 


Caes. 
Hirt. 
Nep. = 

Cic. = 
Q. Cic 
Sail. = 
Var. = 
Verg. 
Tib. = 
Prop. 
Hor. = 
Liv. = 


Like a Greek poet writing in Latin. Was first Roman to 
cultivate Lyric Poetry with success. Wrote “ In Memo- 
riam ” to his brother; a poem never surpassed in delicacy 
( and pathos. 

• • . . \ r. 77 ' o TT . • “One of the greatest gen- 

= Gaius Julius Caesar (102-44 B. C.), soldier, Statesman, Historian. 


erals and greatest men 
that ever lived." 

(Wrote the 8 th Book of Caesar’s Gallic War.) 


= Aulus Hirtius (ob. 44 B. C.), Historian. 

= Cornelius Nepos (100-24 B. C.), Biographer. { Greeka “ d 

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B. C.), Orator, Philosopher, Politician .{ ^rsucce^ding 
. = Quintus Tullius Cicero (100-43 B. C.), Brother of the Orator. 

G. Sallustius Crispus (86-35 B. C.), Historian. { wrote « , WMw 1 S c 5ugu?Sa 1 . 1 ” e,,, 


the model 
ages.” 


M. Terentius Varro (116-27 B. C.), Polymath. 

= P. Vergilius Maro (70-19 B. C.), Poet. (Most illustrious of all the Latin Poets.) 

Albius Tibullus (54—19 B. C.), Elegiac Poet. (Wrote Elegies of great simplicity and tenderness.) 

= Sex. Aurelius Propertius (50-16 B. C.), Elegiac ^.{“Depicted the fire of passion most vividly 

= Quintus Horatius FlaCCUS (65—8 B. C.), Poet (of highest excellence and popularity in all ages.) 

Titus Livius (59 B. C.-17 A. D.), Historian. (Wrote great history of Rome, from its origin, in 142 books.) 

' Wrote “ Metamorphoses,” 
wdiieh he flung into the fire 
in his despair. Copies sur- 
vived. 

Banished for life by Augustus 
to the shores of the Black 
Sea, near the mouths of the 
Danube, having incurred his 
anger; just how, w^e do not 
know. 

Continued, in this dreadful 
exile, writing poetry for 8 
years, until his death. 

The Silver Age 

The Silver Age covers the authors from the death of Augustus to the death of Hadrian. 

Augustus died August 19, 14 A. D. Hadrian died July 10, 138 A. D. 

Veil. = G. Velleius Paterculus (20 B. C .—30 A. D.). (Wrote Universal History, flattering Tiberius.) 

Col. = L. Junius Moderates Columella (fl. 50 A. D.)J Wrot ? ourleadingworkonRomanAericulturein 


Ov. = P. Ovidius Naso (43 B. C.-17 or 18 A. D.), a popular Roman Pod. 


Curt. = Q. Curtius Rufus (fl. 50 A. D.), Historian. 

287 


\ twelve books. 


Aulus Cornelius Celsus (fl. 50 A. D.), Physician J on Medicine ’ we have - Discovered Mature of 


Quint. 
Mart. 
Suet. 
Plin. = 


{ Wrote great Encyclopaedia. Eight books of which, 
on Medicine, we have. Discovered ligature of 
arteries. His principles even yet wonderfully 
correct. 

= Evangelium Matthaei, the Gospel of Matthew. 

= A. Persius Flaccus (34-62 A. D.), Satirist, a Stoic. (His Satires display “ great moral beauty.”) 

1 Nero’s tc^chor 
and a very 
popular writer. 

Learned all that could 
be learned in his day. 
Died when trying to 
study the volcanic 
eruption which de- 
stroyed Pompeii. 

= M. T. Quintilianus (35-95 A. D.), Roman Rhetorician. (Wrote “institute oratoria.”) 


Cels. 

Matt. 
Pers. 
Sen. = 


Plin. = G. Plinius Secundus (major) (23-79 A. D.), Author of Historia Naturalis. 


= M. Valerius Martialis (41-102 A. D.), Latin Epigrammatist. 

= G. Suetonius Tranquillus (fl. 105 A. D.), Biographer. (Wrote “ Lives of the Twelve Caesars.”) 

= G. Plinius Caecilius Secundus (minor) (62-113 A. D.). {wrote !! PanSric of e Trajan.” 

( “ Unrivalled among Historians.” 
nia /’ 6 “"/nnales” = YeS-bSks 


Juv. = D. Junius Juvenalis (60-130 A. D.), Poet and Satirist. 

Flor. = L. Annaeus Florus (ob. 140 A. D.), Historian. Rome. 


ma,’ 

( of Affairs at Rome, in 16 books. 

His satires, “ Alasterpieces of Denunciation.” 
Paraphrased by Dr. Samuel Johnson. 
Lucilius, Horace, Persius, Juvenal are the 
famous four masters of Roman satire. 


Fest. = 
Gell. = 
Paul. = 
Ulp. = 
Non. = 
Macr. 
Claud. 
Hier. = 
Vulg. = 
Aug. = 

Just. = 

Isid. = 

Inscr. 

Prov. 


LATE LATIN 

= Sext. Pompeius Festus (150 A. D.), Grammarian. 

- Aulus Gellius (fl. 175 A. D.), Grammarian. (Wrote, he said, “to amuse his children.”) 

= Julius Paulus (fl. 200 A. D.), Eminent Jurisconsult. (Wrote 129 books on Law.) 

Domitius Ulpianus (170-228 A. D.), Eminent Jurisconsult. 

-- Nonius Marcellus (? 280 A. D.), Grammarian. { W b^. work 0,1 Leliro ^ p ^ BndGramm “ 0(20 

= AureUus Theodosius Macrobius (fl. 400 A. D.), Critic. { W v^ h I. reatisc °“ Latin and Grcek 
= Claudius Claudianus (fl. 400 A. D.).{ La ^ f a ^ heClaSsicPoets - His statue erected in the Forum of 

One of the most learned of the Latin Fathers of the 
Christian Church. He made the Vulgate Transla- 
tion of the Bible. 


\ Trajan. 

Hieronymus = Saint Jerome (340-420 A. D.). 

Biblia Vulgatae Editionis, The Bible. { 01 ( d 3 Testaments, translated into Latin by St. Jerome 
Aurelius Augustinus (354-430 A. D.). 1 The most famous of the Christian Fathers. 

q . , • . > Denied that Christianity caused the downfall of Rome, 

oaint AUgUStine J He se t the standard of Ecclesiastic Latinity. 

( Justinianus (483-565 A. D.)*\ The Great Lawgiver, 

\ Justinian, the Emperor J (left us the “ Codex, Pandectae, Institutiones,” of Roman Law.) 

Isidorus Hispalensis (570—636 A. D.).l Most learned Linguist of his age. 

Saint Isidore = Bishop of Seville J “ The glory of the Catholic Church.” 

= Inscriptions (upon Arches, Monuments, and Tombs; also in Catacombs.) 

= PrOVerbium, the Proverb (of which the Ancients were very fond.) 


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